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观测和研究表明,地球内部存在着不同程度的介质非均匀性,由地震波所揭示的介质非均匀尺度可达8个数量级。根据散射体与地震波长之间的大小关系,将地球内部介质非均匀性分为两类：即大尺度非均匀性（长波长非均匀性）和小尺度非均匀性（短波长非均匀性）。在当代地震学中,用确定性方法研究大尺度非均匀性已是众所共知的事情,目前技术方法也已比较成熟;对小尺度非均匀性的研究则是一个全新的研究领域,其理论探索和方法研究还处于起步阶段,本文重点对3D小尺度介质非均匀性进行了研究。 相似文献
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地震学百科知识(十二)——地震波散射 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
正广义地说,由地球介质的任何三维非均匀性引起的地震波场畸变均可称为地震波散射。不过,通常地震波散射是指由地球小尺度(与波长相比)非均匀性引起的、不适合用射线理论(几何射线)研究的地震波场畸变现象。例如,波场传播方向的偏折和分裂,P波和S波的相互转换,地震尾波的产生,地震波的走时和振幅横跨观测台阵的随机起伏变化等。1地球介质的不均匀性及地震波散射随着对地球结构认识的深入,经典的球 相似文献
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横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛分布的一种各向异性介质.针对这种介质,我们对各向同性介质的最小走时树走时模拟方法进行了推广,推广后的方法可适用于非均匀、对称轴任意倾斜的横向各向同性介质模型.为保证计算效率,最小走时树的构建采用了一种子波传播区域随地震波传播动态变化的改进算法.对于弱各向异性介质,我们使用了一种新的地震波群速度近似表示方法,该方法基于用射线角近似表示相角的思想,对3种地震波（qP, qSV和qSH）均有较好的精度.应用本文地震波走时模拟方法对均匀介质、横向非均匀介质模型进行了计算,并将后者结果与弹性波方程有限元方法的模拟结果进行了对比,结果表明两者符合得很好.本文方法可用于横向各向同性介质的深度偏移及地震层析成像的深入研究. 相似文献
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实际地层中地震波传播普遍存在速度和衰减各向异性现象,研究黏弹各向异性介质中高频地震波传播理论有助于揭示地震波的传播特征.本文针对黏弹性VTI介质,从Christoffel矩阵的解析特征值出发推导出qP、qSV和qSH波的复相速度和复射线速度的解析表达式,并应用实射线追踪方法确定出均匀复射线速度矢量,由此计算出实射线速度和实射线衰减以及实射线品质因子.基于非均匀复相速度和均匀复射线速度的解析表达式,推导了实射线慢度和实射线衰减关于黏弹性模量(包括弹性模量和Q值)的敏感度核函数,该敏感度核函数反映各个黏弹性模量对地震波复走时的影响程度.不同岩石样本的数值计算结果显示,实走时对弹性模量更为敏感,而射线衰减(虚走时)对弹性模量和Q值的敏感程度相当.本研究可为黏弹性VTI介质中地震射线追踪和复走时层析成像提供理论基础. 相似文献
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在复杂区域应力场的作用下, 大范围扩容各向异性(extensive-dilatancy anisotropy, EDA)造成的裂隙定向排列形成了地壳内部介质的不均匀性。 因此, 地壳介质各向异性的描述不仅限于横向各向同性(transversely isotropic, TI)的理论。 我们首先利用自相关函数随机扰动得到水平向小尺度速度不均匀, 然后利用这种不均匀性描述地壳介质中EDA裂隙定向排列所造成的介质各向异性, 利用数值模拟弹性波在该介质中的传播过程验证了利用介质的不均匀性构建介质的各向异性是一个有效、 可靠的方法。 可以将此方法应用到复杂地壳介质结构中, 了解地震波在复杂地壳各向异性介质中的传播特征。 相似文献
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实际的地震勘探遇到的是复杂随机介质,常规层状介质地震波场理论已经不能适应于高精度地震工作,需要进一步发展非均匀介质地震波场理论.本文首次给出了运用分形方法建立三维随机介质的具体算法;其次引入了三维锥形函数来压制建模时产生的离散误差;最后,通过建立几种三维随机介质模型来讨论尺度系数和豪斯特指数对模拟结果的影响,并且简单构建了区域多尺度随机介质模型.模拟的结果表明,分形方法可以更方便、灵活地模拟三维随机介质.针对南海某地区生物礁储层非均质性强的特点,在建立生物礁速度模型时,对目标区充填了多尺度的分形随机介质,波动方程正演模拟结果表明,分形随机介质可以用来描述生物礁等非均质性储层. 相似文献
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实际地层中传播的地震波普遍存在速度各向异性和能量衰减现象,因此基于弹性介质假设条件下的地震射线正反演算法具有一定的局限性,而研究黏弹性各向异性介质中的地震波传播规律可为揭示地下结构提供更加可靠的理论依据.射线追踪技术是揭示高频地震波传播特性的有效手段之一,然而绝大多数研究仅限于弹性介质.针对黏弹性各向异性介质,本文首先给出了一种射线速度和振幅衰减的计算方法,然后结合改进型最短路径算法,在实空间内实现了计算复杂介质模型中地震波(qP,qSV,qSH)的射线路径和传播走时以及能量衰减(虚走时).该算法适用于复杂黏弹性各向异性介质.误差分析结果显示,实走时的最大相对误差小于0.13％,虚走时的最大相对误差小于0.55％,表明该算法具有较高的计算精度. 相似文献
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本文采用随机介质描述地球内部大尺度背景场上存在的小尺度不均匀性和自组织结构;文中没有采用传统的层状网格结构,提出了块状结构来描述复杂的二维自组织结构的方法,分别以高斯型、指数型和von Karman型等自相关函数描述各向同性和各向异性非均匀分布自组织特征;采用射线追踪分析了不同分布特征自组织结构对地震波运动学和动力学特征参数的影响;结果表明,由于地球内部介质的自组织性存在,地震波射线轨迹可能发生明显的畸变; 不同偏移距处,地震反射振幅减弱或增强; 自组织结构从高斯型到von Karman型,在小尺度上表现更大的非均匀性,因此走时和振幅表征依次更强的平均效应. 相似文献
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JOS M. CARCIONE 《Geophysical Prospecting》1992,40(7):761-783
When a seismic signal propagates through a finely layered medium, there is anisotropy if the wavelengths are long enough compared to the layer thicknesses. It is well known that in this situation, the medium is equivalent to a transversely isotropic material. In addition to anisotropy, the layers may show intrinsic anelastic behaviour. Under these circumstances, the layered medium exhibits Q anisotropy and anisotropic velocity dispersion. The present work investigates the anelastic effect in the long-wavelength approximation. Backus's theory and the standard linear solid rheology are used as models to obtain the directional properties of anelasticity corresponding to the quasi-compressional mode qP, the quasi-shear mode qSV, and the pure shear mode SH, respectively. The medium is described by a complex and frequency-dependent stiffness matrix. The complex and phase velocities for homogeneous viscoelastic waves are calculated from the Christoffel equation, while the wave-fronts (energy velocities) and quality factor surfaces are obtained from energy considerations by invoking Poynting's theorem. We consider two-constituent stationary layered media, and study the wave characteristics for different material compositions and proportions. Analyses on sequences of sandstone-limestone and shale-limestone with different degrees of anisotropy indicate that the quality factors of the shear modes are more anisotropic than the corresponding phase velocities, cusps of the qSV mode are more pronounced for low frequencies and midrange proportions, and in general, attenuation is higher in the direction perpendicular to layering or close to it, provided that the material with lower velocity is the more dissipative. A numerical simulation experiment verifies the attenuation properties of finely layered media through comparison of elastic and anelastic snapshots. 相似文献
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V.B. Piip 《Geophysical Prospecting》2001,49(4):461-482
A method using simple inversion of refraction traveltimes for the determination of 2D velocity and interface structure is presented. The method is applicable to data obtained from engineering seismics and from deep seismic investigations. The advantage of simple inversion, as opposed to ray‐tracing methods, is that it enables direct calculation of a 2D velocity distribution, including information about interfaces, thus eliminating the calculation of seismic rays at every step of the iteration process. The inversion method is based on a local approximation of the real velocity cross‐section by homogeneous functions of two coordinates. Homogeneous functions are very useful for the approximation of real geological media. Homogeneous velocity functions can include straight‐line seismic boundaries. The contour lines of homogeneous functions are arbitrary curves that are similar to one another. The traveltime curves recorded at the surface of media with homogeneous velocity functions are also similar to one another. This is true for both refraction and reflection traveltime curves. For two reverse traveltime curves, non‐linear transformations exist which continuously convert the direct traveltime curve to the reverse one and vice versa. This fact has enabled us to develop an automatic procedure for the identification of waves refracted at different seismic boundaries using reverse traveltime curves. Homogeneous functions of two coordinates can describe media where the velocity depends significantly on two coordinates. However, the rays and the traveltime fields corresponding to these velocity functions can be transformed to those for media where the velocity depends on one coordinate. The 2D inverse kinematic problem, i.e. the computation of an approximate homogeneous velocity function using the data from two reverse traveltime curves of the refracted first arrival, is thus resolved. Since the solution algorithm is stable, in the case of complex shooting geometry, the common‐velocity cross‐section can be constructed by applying a local approximation. This method enables the reconstruction of practically any arbitrary velocity function of two coordinates. The computer program, known as godograf , which is based on this theory, is a universal program for the interpretation of any system of refraction traveltime curves for any refraction method for both shallow and deep seismic studies of crust and mantle. Examples using synthetic data demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm and its sensitivity to realistic noise levels. Inversions of the refraction traveltimes from the Salair ore deposit, the Moscow region and the Kamchatka volcano seismic profiles illustrate the methodology, practical considerations and capability of seismic imaging with the inversion method. 相似文献
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The first-order perturbation theory is used for fast 3D computation of quasi-compressional (qP)-wave traveltimes in arbitrarily anisotropic media. For efficiency we implement the perturbation approach using a finite-difference (FD) eikonal solver. Traveltimes in the unperturbed reference medium are computed with an FD eikonal solver, while perturbed traveltimes are obtained by adding a traveltime correction to the traveltimes of the reference medium. The traveltime correction must be computed along the raypath in the reference medium. Since the raypath is not determined in FD eikonal solvers, we approximate rays by linear segments corresponding to the direction of the phase normal of plane wavefronts in each cell. An isotropic medium as a reference medium works well for weak anisotropy. Using a medium with ellipsoidal anisotropy as a background medium in the perturbation approach allows us to consider stronger anisotropy without losing computational speed. The traveltime computation in media with ellipsoidal anisotropy using an FD eikonal solver is fast and accurate. The relative error is below 0.5% for the models investigated in this study. Numerical examples show that the reference model with ellipsoidal anisotropy allows us to compute the traveltime for models with strong anisotropy with an improved accuracy compared with the isotropic reference medium. 相似文献
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地下介质中普遍存在着各向异性,当前基于各向异性的地震波射线追踪多是在弱各向异性介质中进行且采用群速度近似表示方法,这些近似方法在强各项异性介质中会导致很大误差而无法真正模拟地震波的传播规律。根据地下普遍存在各向异性的事实和地震波基本传播规律,提出利用牛顿迭代法高效求解群速度,基于Paraview平台自动化构建三维地质模型,采用最短路径法进行地震波射线追踪模拟及可视化,实现对复杂三维地质的速度不均匀性和各向异性的表达,为三维地质模型的构建和地震波射线追踪模拟及可视化提供一种新思路,并以华北克拉通山西断陷带北部局部区域为例进行研究。结果表明,该方法能够减少由各向异性对地震波传播模拟造成的影响,清晰表达了研究区地质结构和各向异性特点,在对复杂三维地质结构的解读中能够较好应用。 相似文献
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CDP mapping in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. Part I: Method and effectiveness 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Transverse isotropy with a tilted axis of symmetry (TTI) causes image distortion if isotropic models are assumed during data processing. A simple anisotropic migration approach needs long computational times and is sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio. This paper presents an efficient, general approach to common-depth-point (CDP) mapping to image the subsurface in TTI media from qP-wave seismic data by adding anisotropic and dip parameters to the velocity model. The method consists of three steps: (i) calculating traveltimes and positions of the CDP points; (ii) determining CDP trajectories; (iii) CDP imaging. A crucial step is the rapid computation of traveltimes and raypaths in the TTI media, which is achieved by the Fermat method, specially adapted for anisotropic layered media. The algorithm can image the subsurface of a given model quickly and accurately, and is suitable for application to a bending reflector. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by comparing the raypaths, the traveltimes and the results of CDP mapping, when assuming isotropic media, transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry (TIV), and TTI media. 相似文献
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Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for anisotropy of PP- and PS-wave in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous media 
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下载免费PDF全文 A single set of vertically aligned cracks embedded in a purely isotropic background may be considered as a long-wavelength effective transversely isotropy (HTI) medium with a horizontal symmetry axis. The crack-induced HTI anisotropy can be characterized by the weakly anisotropic parameters introduced by Thomsen. The seismic scattering theory can be utilized for the inversion for the anisotropic parameters in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous HTI media. Based on the seismic scattering theory, we first derived the linearized PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients in terms of P- and S-wave impedances, density as well as three anisotropic parameters in HTI media. Then, we proposed a novel Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of PP- and PS-wave for six elastic and anisotropic parameters directly. Tests on synthetic azimuthal seismic data contaminated by random errors demonstrated that this method appears more accurate, anti-noise and stable owing to the usage of the constrained PS-wave compared with the standards inversion scheme taking only the PP-wave into account. 相似文献
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准确模拟TTI介质中弹性波的传播是研究地震各向异性、AVO反演的基础. 在二维加权近似解析离散化(WNAD)算法的基础上, 本文发展的并行WNAD算法是一种研究三维横向各向同性(TI)介质中弹性波传播的、快速高效的数值模拟方法. 我们首先介绍三维WNAD方法的构造过程, 然后与经典的差分格式--交错网格(SG)算法进行了比较. 理论分析和数值算例表明, WNAD算法比交错网格算法更适合在高性能计算机上进行大规模弹性波场模拟. 同时, 本文利用并行的WNAD方法研究了弹性波在TTI介质中的传播规律, 观测了TI介质中弹性波传播的重要特征:横波分离、体波耦合和速度各向异性等. 在TTI介质分界面处, 弹性波产生更加复杂的折射、反射和波型转化, 使得波场非常复杂, 研究和辨别不同类型的波能够加深我们对由裂隙诱导的各向异性介质的认识. 相似文献
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井间地震数据直达波走时层析成像 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用矢量射线追踪正演模拟技术计算地震波直达波传播的路径及走时,进而利用射线走时及路径的内插,发展了弯曲射线迭代反演技术.该方法可用来重建井间地层的速度图像.基于所发展的方法,我们对较为复杂的典型地质模型进行了井间速度重建.结果表明该方法是一项快速、高精度的走时层析成像技术. 相似文献