首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
  相似文献   

2.
The effects of aquatic macrophytes on flow and turbulence were studied in a tightly curving meander bend. Three field measurement campaigns were carried out within a one year period to capture effects of seasonal changes in macrophyte cover. They comprised three‐dimensional velocity measurements and mappings of vegetation cover and bathymetry. Flow accelerates and converges over the run into an axial pool in a jet‐like flow pattern bordered by outer and inner bank flow separation zones. The jet and widening of the cross‐section anticipate helical flow until the second half of the bend, where an asymmetric pool developed. Submerged vegetation at the riffles preserves the jet at much lower discharges during the summer period by concentrating high momentum fluid near the surface. Plants locally modify the velocity and stress patterns, reduce bed shear stresses, create zones of fine sediment accumulation and reinforce the bed and banks with roots and rhizomes. Plant patches colonising the banks and the point bar confine secondary flow cells laterally and affect shape and magnitude of the transverse flow profiles near their edges. The morphology of the bend was very stable over the observation period and neither bank erosion nor pool scouring occurred. However, fine sediments accumulate within vegetation patches and in the recirculation zones while the remaining open areas tend to erode slightly. With the decay of macrophytes in winter, sediment accumulations are mobilised again and the bathymetry levels, supporting cyclic models of morphologic change in vegetated bends. In the second part of the paper, semi‐empirical models for the three predominant flow types were tested and discussed; velocity and stress models of vegetated mixing layers and plane turbulent jets, and Rozovskii's model for the transverse flow in bends. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Flow disturbances generated by individual patches of submerged, flexible aquatic vegetation were investigated for two naturally growing macrophyte species, Potamogeton crispus L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L., in a sandy lowland river. Through acoustic Doppler velocimetry, 24 vertical profiles of the 3D velocity field were recorded downstream of each of the patches. The morphological features and biomechanical properties of the plants were also evaluated. The experiments showed the relationship between biomechanical characteristics and turbulence statistics. M. spicatum, which was stiffer and therefore less prone to dynamic reconfiguration, showed a greater effect on velocity damping, causing an increase in Reynold stresses, turbulence intensities, and turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the patch. These effects were present in regions both above and below plant height. In contrast for P. crispus, these effects were present only below plant height. The stiffer plant produced a mixing layer in its wake similar to that of dense plant canopies. The patch of less stiff and more streamlined P. crispus with longer leaves presented a much weaker effect on the flow. In contrast to previous studies conducted with rigid plant surrogates, we concluded that reconfiguration of the living flexible plants allows the plants to minimize drag forces, and therefore, their influence on the flow field was weaker than the effects reported for rigid surrogates.  相似文献   

4.
Saltmarsh vegetation significantly influences tidal currents and sediment deposition by decelerating the water velocity in the canopy. In order to complement previous field results, detailed profiles of velocity and turbulence were measured in a laboratory flume. Natural Spartina anglica plants were installed in a 3 m length test section in a straight, recirculating flume. Different vegetation densities, water depths and surface velocities were investigated. The logarithmic velocity profile, which existed in front of the vegetation, was altered gradually to a skimming-flow profile, typical for submerged saltmarsh vegetation. The flow reduction in the denser part of the canopy also induced an upward flow (the current was partially deflected by the canopy). The skimming flow was accompanied by a zone of high turbulence co-located with the strongest velocity gradient. This gradient moved upward and the turbulence increased with distance from the edge of the vegetation. Below the skimming flow, the velocity and the turbulence were low. The structure of the flow in the canopy was relatively stable 2 m into the vegetation. The roughness length (z0) of the vegetation depends only on the vegetation characteristics, and is not sensitive to the current velocity or the water depth. Both the reduced turbulence in the dense canopy and the high turbulence at the top of the canopy should increase sediment deposition. On the other hand, the high turbulence zone just beyond the vegetation edge and the oblique upward flow may produce reduced sedimentation; a phenomenon that was observed near the vegetation edge in the field.  相似文献   

5.
In this experimental study,the turbulent flow in a channel with vegetation by using sprouts of wheat on channel bed was investigated.Two different aspect ratios of channel were used.An Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure parameters of turbulent flow over submerged sprouts of wheat,such as velocity profiles.The log law and the Reynolds shear stress distribution were applied. Results indicate that the position of the maximum turbulence intensity superposes on the inflection point situated over the top of submerged vegetation cover.Quadrant analysis shows that near the vegetation bed,the sweeps and ejections appear to be the most dominant phenomenon,while far from the vegetated bed,the outward is dominant event.Results also show that the aspect ratio plays an important role on the contribution of the different bursting events for Reynolds stress determination.  相似文献   

6.
The paper addresses the problem of the resistance due to vegetation in an open channel flow, characterized by partially and fully submerged vegetation formed by colonies of bushes. The flow is characterized by significant spatial variations of velocity between vertical profiles that make the traditional approach based on time averaging of turbulent fluctuations inconvenient. A more useful procedure, based on time and spatial averaging (Double-Averaging Method) is applied for the flow field analysis and characterization. The vertical distribution of mean velocity and turbulent stresses at different spatial locations has been measured with a 3D Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) for two different vegetation densities where fully submerged real bushes (salix pentandra) have been used. Velocity measurements were completed together with the measurements of drag exerted on the flow by bushes at different flow depths. The analysis of velocity measurements allows depicting the fundamental characteristics of both the mean flow field and turbulence. The experimental data show that the contribution of form-induced stresses to the momentum balance cannot be neglected. The mean velocity profiles and the spatially averaged turbulent intensity profiles allow inferring that the vegetation density is a driving parameter for the development of a mixing layer at the canopy top in the case of submerged vegetation. Moreover, the net upward turbulent momentum flux, evaluated with the methodology proposed by Lu and Willmarth (1973), appears to be damped for increased vegetation density; this finding can rationally explain the reduction of the suspended sediment transport capacity typically observed in free surface flows over a vegetated bed.  相似文献   

7.
Flow and transport in channels with submerged vegetation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
This paper reviews recent work on flow and transport in channels with submerged vegetation, including discussions of turbulence structure, mean velocity profiles, and dispersion. For submerged canopies of sufficient density, the dominant characteristic of the flow is the generation of a shear-layer at the top of the canopy. The shear-layer generates coherent vortices by Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability. These vortices control the vertical exchange of mass and momentum, influencing both the mean velocity profile, as well as the turbulent diffusivity. For flexible canopies, the passage of the KH vortices generates a progressive wave along the canopy interface, termed monami. The KH vortices formed at the top of the canopy penetrate a distance δ e into the canopy. This penetration scale segregates the canopy into an upper layer of rapid transport and a lower layer of slow transport. Flushing of the upper canopy is enhanced by the energetic shear-scale vortices. In the lower layer turbulence is limited to length-scales set by the stem geometry, and the resulting transport is significantly slower than that of the upper layer.  相似文献   

8.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):905-920
Abstract

A one-dimensional steady-state model was constructed and used to study vertical profiles of longitudinalvelocities in open channel flows through, and above, submerged vegetation. The eddy viscosity was evaluated by using the analogue of the mixing length theory. The model of water velocity profiles takes into account the surface roughness of the channel bottom and the drag exerted by submerged flexible stems. The verification of the calculated velocity profiles was carried out based on data obtained in laboratory experiments. The proportionality coefficients for the analogue of the mixing length formulae in both layers—within homogenous flexible stems and above them—were determined.  相似文献   

9.
The present investigation gives the turnover value and productivity of macrophytes like Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus and Azolla pinnata for the year 1978 at Koylaghat site of the Champanala channel, a southern side spill channel of the river Ganges. The average annual production of all the macrophytes comes to 3.925 g/m2 · d, which is better than the world average of rice cultivated fields. All the important macrophytes in the present investigation are replaced annually. In contrast to pond and reservoir ecosystems, where the productivity of macrophytes is highest in the rainy season, in the Champanala channel the most of the macrophytes are absent from July to December and maximal productivity was about 4 g/m2 · d from February to April. The difference in the development of macrophytes in standing and flowing waters results from the fact that in the rainy season increasing flow velocity, sudden fluctuations in water column depth and other destabilising factors produce unfavourable conditions for macrophytes in flowing waters.  相似文献   

10.
Based on the detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis, a new three-layer model is proposed to predict the vertical velocity distribution in an open channel flow with submerged vegetation. The time averaged velocity and turbulence behaviour of a steady uniform flow with fully submerged artificial rigid vegetation was measured using a 3D Micro ADV, and the vertical distribution of velocity and Reynolds shear stress at different vegetation height, vegetation density and measuring positions were obtained. The results show that the velocity profile consists of three hydrodynamic regimes (i.e. the upper non-vegetated layer, the outer and bottom layer within vegetation); accordingly different methods had been adopted to describe the vertical velocity distribution. For the upper non-vegetated layer, a modified mixing length theory combined with the concept of ‘the new vegetation boundary layer’ was adopted, and an analytical model was presented to predict the vertical velocity distribution in this region. For the bottom layer within vegetation, the depth average velocity was obtained by numerically solving the momentum equations. For the upper layer within vegetation, the analytical solution was presented by expressing the shear stress as a formula fitted to the experimental data. Finally, the analytical predictions of the vertical velocity over the whole flow depth were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, and the good agreement proved that the three-layer model can be used to predict the velocity distribution of the open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation.  相似文献   

11.
Field measurements were conducted to study the influence of aquatic vegetation on flow structures in floodplains under combined currents and wind-driven waves. Wave and turbulent velocities were decomposed from the time series of instantaneous velocity and analysed separately. In the present study, the wind waves were small, leading to the ratios of wave excursion (Ew) to stem spacing (S) for all cases tested here were less than 0.5. This caused the vertical distributions of time-averaged velocity (Uhoriz) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) impacted by vegetation similar with the vegetated flow structures under pure current conditions. For emergent vegetation, Uhoriz and TKE distributed uniformly through the entire water column or increased slightly from bed to water surface. Similar distributions were present in the lower part of submerged vegetation. In the upper part of submerged vegetation, Uhoriz and TKE increased rapidly toward water surface and TKE reached its maximum near the top of vegetation. The measured wave orbital velocity (Uw) fitted linear wave theory well through the entire water depth for both the emergent and submerged cases, so that with small Ew/S the wave velocity was not attenuated within vegetation and Uw within canopy can be predicted by the linear wave theory under combined currents and waves. However, wind-driven waves made the turbulence generated near the top of canopy penetrate a deeper depth into vegetation than predictions under pure current conditions.  相似文献   

12.
The long‐term (10–100 years) evolution of tidal channels is generally considered to interact with the bio‐geomorphic evolution of the surrounding intertidal platform. Here we studied how the geometric properties of tidal channels (channel drainage density and channel width) change as (1) vegetation establishes on an initially bare intertidal platform and (2) sediment accretion on the intertidal platform leads to a reduction in the tidal prism (i.e. water volume that during a tidal cycle floods to and drains back from the intertidal platform). Based on a time series of aerial photographs and digital elevation models, we derived the channel geometric properties at different time steps during the evolution from an initially low‐elevated bare tidal flat towards a high‐elevated vegetated marsh. We found that vegetation establishment causes a marked increase in channel drainage density. This is explained as the friction exerted by patches of pioneer vegetation concentrates the flow in between the vegetation patches and promotes there the erosion of channels. Once vegetation has established, continued sediment accretion and tidal prism reduction do not result in significant further changes in channel drainage density and in channel widths. We hypothesize that this is explained by a partitioning of the tidal flow between concentrated channel flow, as long as the vegetation is not submerged, and more homogeneous sheet flow as the vegetation is deeply submerged. Hence, a reduction of the tidal prism due to sediment accretion on the intertidal platform, reduces especially the volume of sheet flow (which does not affect channel geometry), while the concentrated channel flow (i.e. the landscape forming volume of water) is not much affected by the tidal prism reduction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Studies on emergent flow over vegetative channel bed with downward seepage   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
Experimental observations in a tilting flume having a bed covered with rice plants (Oryza sativa) are used to analyse the flow characteristics of flexible emergent vegetation with downward seepage. The flow velocity for no-seepage and with seepage is reduced by, on average, 52% and 33%, respectively, as the flow reaches the downstream end with vegetation. Higher Reynolds stress occurs at the start of the vegetation zone; hence, bed material transport occurs in this region. The results indicate that the bed is no longer the primary source of turbulence generation in vegetated flow; rather it is dominated by turbulence generated by the vegetation stems. The local effect of the presence of vegetation causes variations in the hydrodynamic characteristics along the vegetated portion of the channel, which leads to erosion and deposition in the vegetation zone. The experiments show that vegetation can provide considerable stability to channels by reducing channel erosion even with downward seepage.  相似文献   

14.
自1960s以来,抚仙湖沿岸带沉水植物群落发展迅速,而监测频率相对不足.为了解抚仙湖沉水植物群落现状及过去60年内的变化趋势,于2016年7月,对抚仙湖全湖沉水植物进行调查,并结合以往多次调查数据进行趋势分析.本次调查设置了36条样带共41个样点.在实测数据验证后,使用卫星多光谱相机数据基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)计算全湖沉水植物分布面积.此外,计算了物种在沿岸带植被区的平均生物量、优势度和群落多样性指数.结果表明:抚仙湖沉水植物2016年夏季分布面积为5.14 km2,平均生物量(鲜重)密度为9.8 kg/m2,最高48.7 kg/m2,全湖总现存量(鲜重)5.02×104t;共采集到沉水植物13种(类),隶属于5科6属.其中,生物量最高的物种是金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum),其次是黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum);出现频度最高的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是苦草(Vallisneria natans)和篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus);物种优势度最大的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是金鱼藻和黑藻;抚仙湖各样点沉水植物香农-威纳多样性指数介于0.05～1.28之间,全湖平均值为0.75;除轮藻类外,沉水植物群丛的冠层在1.5～4 m之间,其中金鱼藻群丛冠层最高.丝状附着藻大量出现,附着在高大的沉水植物冠层上的生物量远远多于附着在基质上的;丝状附着藻主要附着在群落上层沉水植物100 cm以内的植冠上.在过去的60年来,抚仙湖沉水植物分布面积、全湖总生物量和物种丰富度呈增加的趋势;低矮的草甸型物种如轮藻类、苦草等优势度下降,高大的冠层型沉水植物如穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻等成为优势种;外来物种伊乐藻在最近几年出现并成为次优势种;丝状附着藻生物量增加.以上结果表明,目前抚仙湖沉水植物群落处于生物量、分布面积和多样性最高的阶段,是维持和保护的关键时期.但相比于国外类似湖泊,抚仙湖沉水植物丰富度一直较低,目前冠层型植物占优势、外来物种快速发展和丝状附着藻增殖的态势,将会引起群落结构不稳定,如果不加以保护和管理,可能会朝着富营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,进而对沿岸带水质产生不利影响.除了进一步控制抚仙湖入湖营养负荷外,我们建议对群落上层高大的冠层型沉水植物进行收割,收割深度为100 cm,从而控制冠层型沉水植物以及附着在其上的丝状附着藻,为草甸型沉水植物的发展创造条件,引导抚仙湖沉水植物群落向贫营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,但其可行性尚需开展研究.  相似文献   

15.
Quantifying incipient sediment motion in vegetated open channel flow is pivotal for estimating bed load transport and the aquatic ecological environment in rivers.A new formula is developed to predict the critical flow velocity for incipient sediment motion in the presence of emergent vegetation,by incorporating the influence of vegetation drag that characterizes the effects of mean flow and turbulence on sediment movement.The proposed formula is shown to agree with existing experimental data.Mo...  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

The presence of aquatic vegetation in riverine and lacustrine environments alters the mean and turbulent flow structure and thus impacts the fate and transport of sediment and contaminants. Turbulent flows through Vallisneria natans (V. natans) and Potamogeton malaianus (P. malaianus) were investigated in a laboratory flume. The impact of plant morphology on mean velocity profile and turbulence distribution was analysed and discrepancies in flow alteration caused by different types of macrophyte were highlighted. Results show that a dense canopy of submerged macrophyte leads to a velocity profile featuring a counter velocity gradient in the lower part of the canopy. Negative Reynolds stress and its local maximum were observed there. Discrepancies in flow structure caused by different morphologies of both tested plants were further identified. With smaller frontal area in the lower part of the canopy, P. malaianus causes a much bigger gradient and local maximum in the velocity profile, and thus a larger local stress maximum than V. natans. The mean velocity gradient around the top of canopy, the Reynolds stress and the turbulence kinetic energy at the canopy interface are smaller than for the flow through the V. natans canopy. Larger reduction of the mean velocity within the V. natans canopy makes the suspended sediment of fine particles more easily deposited than in the P. malaianus canopy.  相似文献   

17.
Measurements from a fixed‐bed, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model of a stream in northeastern Vermont demonstrate the importance of forested riparian vegetation effects on near‐bank turbulence during overbank flows. Sections of the prototype stream, a tributary to Sleepers River, have increased in channel width within the last 40 years in response to passive reforestation of its riparian zone. Previous research found that reaches of small streams with forested riparian zones are commonly wider than adjacent reaches with non‐forested, or grassy, vegetation; however, driving mechanisms for this morphologic difference are not fully explained. Flume experiments were performed with a 1:5 scale, simplified model of half a channel and its floodplain, mimicking the typical non‐forested channel size. Two types of riparian vegetation were placed on the constructed floodplain: non‐forested, with synthetic grass carpeting; and forested, where rigid, randomly distributed, wooden dowels were added. Three‐dimensional velocities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter at 41 locations within the channel and floodplain at near‐bed and 0·6‐depth elevations. Observations of velocity components and calculations of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Reynolds shear stress and boundary shear stress showed significant differences between forested and non‐forested runs. Generally, forested runs exhibited a narrow band of high turbulence between the floodplain and main channel, where TKE was roughly two times greater than TKE in non‐forested runs. Compared to non‐forested runs, the hydraulic characteristics of forested runs appear to create an environment with higher erosion potential. Given that sediment entrainment and transport can be amplified in flows with high turbulence intensity and given that mature forested stream reaches are wider than comparable non‐forested reaches, our results demonstrated a possible driving mechanism for channel widening during overbank flow events in stream reaches with recently reforested riparian zones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
滇池沉水植物的分布格局及其水环境影响因子识别   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
研究滇池沉水植物的分布及其与水环境因子的关系,对于滇池沉水植物的恢复具有重要的指导意义.2016年4-11月对滇池24个典型点位沉水植物群落特征进行调查,共发现16个调查区存在9种沉水植物,以篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)、微齿眼子菜(P.maackianus)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、马来眼子菜(P.wrightii)等为主,沉水植物主要分布在近岸3 m以内水域,盖度在10%左右.主成分分析结果表明,总氮、总磷、悬浮物、化学需氧量和叶绿素a浓度是影响沉水植物种类和生物量的主要因素,透明度是影响沉水植物盖度的主要因素;典范对应分析结果显示,滇池沉水植物的分布主要受水体中营养盐含量和化学需氧量的影响,穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻对有机物和藻类的耐受能力较强,马来眼子菜和篦齿眼子菜适于生长在高营养盐的环境.滇池沉水植物恢复初级阶段的关键是降低水体中化学需氧量、抑制藻类的生长,其次是控制水体营养盐浓度.按照"一区一策"的原则,草海东风坝内和外海南部适于进行沉水植物恢复,外海北部实行控藻治理,外海东部需改善水体有机物浓度和营养盐条件,外海西部以沉水植物自然保育为主.  相似文献   

19.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(1):42-56
Submerged vanes are hydrofoils utilized to manage the sediment transport through the river by generating the turbulence in the flow in the form of helical currents.The vanes are placed in the flow with respect to its direction at angle of 10°to 40°.In the current study,an attempt has been made to study the effect of the introduction of vanes in form of rows on parameters like turbulence intensities,Reynolds stresses,turbulent kinetic energy,anisotropy index,and the velocity profile of the flow.It is observed that the profile of variation of turbulence intensities,turbulent kinetic energy,vertical Reynolds stress and velocity over three different marked verticals on a transect are nearly identical whereas a large scatter is observed in the variation of transverse Reynolds stress over the vertical of the aforementioned vertical locations.This observation suggests that flow turbulence is homogeneous over the vertical while scattering in the variation of the transverse Reynolds stress component may be attributed to the presence of secondary currents in the flow.After introducing rows of submerged vanes,the bed turbulence is reduced,hence,helping reduce many scour related phenomenon.It is also observed that a vortex occurred at 0.85 times the height of the vane and the variation of turbulence quantities in the presence of vanes shows the existence of a peak in these quantities.It is observed that as flow moves away from the vane rows,due to the interaction of vortices and the action of vorticity,vortices dampens down and the flow regains homogeneity.After the introduction of submerged vane rows,bed shear stress reduces as fluid from the surface replaces the slow-moving fluid near the bed due to the secondary currents generated by the vanes leading to reduction in the magnitude of turbulence intensities,Reynolds stresses,and turbulent kinetic energy near the bed.The anisotropy index is observed to increase near the bed as induced secondary currents enhanced the turbulence production in the near bed region.All the profiles of parameters obtained in the current study show the existence of a peak or inflexions at a height of 0.85 H from bed(Where,H is the height of the submerged vane).Profiles of parameters obtained in the current study suggest that as the vorticity dampens the vane-generated secondary currents,the scattering in the profiles along the vertical reduces and profiles are observed to regain the variation which they had before the introduction of vane rows,suggesting that flow turbulence has regained its homogeneity.  相似文献   

20.
The flow patterns in confluence channel and the simulation of confluence flow are more complex than that in straight channel. Additional terms in the momentum equations, i.e. dissipation terms, denoting the impact of turbulence, and dispersion terms, denoting the vertical non‐uniformity of velocity, show great impacts on the accuracy of numerical simulations. The dissipation terms, i.e. the product of eddy viscosity coefficient and velocity gradient, are much larger than those of the flow in straight channel. In this study, the zero equation model and the depth‐averaged k‐ε model are used to analyse the impact of eddy viscosity. Meanwhile, the dispersion terms in the momentum equation, depending on the vertical non‐uniformity of velocity, are usually neglected in routine simulation. With the use of detailed experimental data for verification, this study presents the distribution of parameters of vertical non‐uniformity and the intimated connection between non‐uniformity parameters and accuracy of numerical simulations of confluence flow with depth‐averaged models. The results present that simulation accuracy of confluence flow is very sensitive to the turbulence modes, which cannot be handled by normal, simple turbulence model. On the contrary, the impact of dispersion terms is both flow‐condition‐dependent and place‐dependent, and such impact is negligible when secondary circulation is weak. The results indicate the key elements in modelling confluence flow and are helpful for selecting suitable numerical model and solving engineering problems encountered in confluence channel. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号