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1.
网格嵌套技术对一次中尺度对流系统降水过程模拟的影响 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用非静力中尺度模式MM5对2002年7月22日12:00~23日12:00(世界时,下同)长江流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验,主要讨论了网格嵌套技术对降水和中尺度对流系统的影响。结果表明:三重嵌套在D1,D2域选用积云参数化方案后,模拟的雨区收缩,虚假降水中心相对减少,降水强度及分布更接近观测值。在模式非线性动力、热力及湿物理过程共同驱动下,通过嵌套网格的双向相互作用,使可分辨云尺度的细网格域D3将其信息通过嵌套边界向次细网格域D2传递,然后再通过D2域边界向粗网格域D1域传递。同样,动力、热力反馈也会反向进行。结果将有助于改进各网格域的预报效果。但对D1网格域系统位置及其发展演变过程的影响相对小些;另外,通过双向多重嵌套,可提高模式预报区域的分辨率,特别是提高模式关键预报区域的分辨率,这也就有可能改进预报的中尺度物理场,使其能够较真实地描写大气实况。 相似文献
2.
利用WRF模式,研究了模式水平和垂直网格分辨率对台风“天鸽”（2017）模拟的影响。结果表明:水平分辨率的改变会对台风路径造成一定的影响,这种影响与改变水平分辨率以后所引起的台风强度和结构的变化有关。使用更高的水平分辨率时模拟的台风强度往往更强。此外,改变垂直分辨率对台风的路径模拟也有一定的影响。采用双曲正切的垂直分层方法,提高垂直层数,模式大气的垂直分辨率都有增加,但是在低层和高层垂直分辨率的增加更大。低层和高层垂直分辨率增加,模拟的台风强度增强。模式的水平分辨率和垂直分辨率之间匹配才能比较好地模拟台风,双向嵌套模式在提高嵌套层数的同时也要增加模式的垂直分辨率。台风强度和结构变化密切相关,台风强度增强的重要原因是台风云墙随着分辨率的增加更加陡峭,垂直风速随着水平分辨率的提高逐渐增强。 相似文献
3.
The performance of one-way and two-way nesting techniques is assessed in this study using model results produced by a regional ocean circulation modelling system for the eastern Canadian shelf. The assessment is made in terms of dynamical consistency between the parent model (PM) and child model (CM), representation of general circulation features, and reduction of numerical noise generated during the interaction of the PM and CM. It is demonstrated that the feedback from the CM to the PM in numerical experiments using two-way nesting ensures that the large-scale circulation produced by the PM and CM be dynamically consistent over the region where the two model domains overlap. In comparison with one-way nesting, two-way nesting leads to a better representation of coastal currents over the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Scotian Shelf and improves the large-scale circulation in the results produced by the PM. This study also examines an alternative two-way nesting technique based on the semi-prognostic method in which differences between the PM and CM densities are used to adjust the horizontal momentum balance in the PM. Model results demonstrate the advantage of the semi-prognostic method in eliminating numerical noise during the feedback from the CM to PM while ensuring dynamical consistency between the two model components. 相似文献
4.
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3 (MM5V3) was used to simulate extreme heavy rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin in June 1999. The effects of model's horizontal and vertical resolution on the extreme climate events were investigated in detail. In principle, the model was able to characterize the spatial distribution of monthly heavy precipitation. The results indicated that the increase in horizontal resolution could reduce the bias of the modeled heavy rain and reasonably simulate the change of daily precipitation during the study period. A finer vertical resolution led to obviously improve rainfall simulations with smaller biases, and hence, better resolve heavy rainfall events. The increase in both horizontal and vertical resolution could produce better predictions of heavy rainfall events. Not only the rainfall simulation altered in the cases of different horizontal and vertical grid spacing, but also other meteorological fields demonstrated diverse variations in terms of resolution change in the model. An evident improvement in the simulated sea level pressure resulted from the increase of horizontal resolution, but the simulation was insensitive to vertical grid spacing. The increase in vertical resolution could enhance the simulation of surface temperature as well as atmospheric circulation at low levels, while the simulation of circulation at middle and upper levels were found to be much less dependent on changing resolution. In addition, cumulus parameterization schemes showed high sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Different convective schemes exhibited large discrepancies in rainfall simulations with regards to changing resolution. The percentage of convective precipitation in the Grell scheme increased with increasing horizontal resolution. In contrast, the Kain-Fritsch scheme caused a reduced ratio of convective precipitation to total rainfall accumulations corresponding to increasing horizontal resolution. 相似文献
5.
四川地形复杂多样,暴雨频发,常诱发山洪、泥石流等灾害。在利用中尺度模式对复杂地形区域的暴雨进行研究时,模式水平分辨率的选取缺乏定量依据。为了揭示四川地形的复杂特征和给中尺度模式水平网格分辨率的选取提供定量依据,利用二维离散余弦变换,对四川地形高度场和暴雨分布场进行谱分解,根据暴雨分布特征分区讨论了四川盆地地形特征,同时利用地形谱方差和数值试验定量讨论了数值模式水平分辨率的选取问题,得到主要结论有:(1)二维离散余弦变换能较好地表现出研究区域各向异性的复杂特征;(2)雅安地区和四川盆地西北部的地形谱与降水谱有较好的同相关系,盆地东北部和盆地中部的地形谱与降水谱在波长较大处出现反相关系;(3)针对某个区域的地形特征,可以通过计算模式能分辨的地形方差与总地形方差的比值来确定合适的中尺度模式水平网格分辨率。 相似文献
6.
A numerical nesting system is developed to simulate wintertime climate of the eastern South Pacific-South America-western
South Atlantic region, and preliminary results are presented. The nesting system consists of a large-scale global atmospheric
general circulation model (GCM) and a regional climate model (RCM). The latter is driven at its boundaries by the GCM. The
particularity of this nesting system is that the GCM itself has a variable horizontal resolution (stretched grid). Our main
purpose is to assess the plausibility of such a technique to improve climate representation over South America. In order to
evaluate how this nesting system represents the main features of the regional circulation, several mean fields have been analyzed.
The global model, despite its relatively low resolution, could simulate reasonably well the more significant large-scale circulation
patterns. The use of the regional model often results in improvements, but not universally. Many of the systematic errors
of the global model are also present in the regional model, although the biases tend to be rectified. Our preliminary results
suggest that nesting technique is a computationally low-cost alternative for simulating regional climate features. However,
additional simulations, parametrizations tuning and further diagnosis are clearly needed to represent local patterns more
precisely.
Received: 18 February 1999 / Accepted: 31 May 2000 相似文献
7.
雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响——以西苕溪流域为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
天气雷达估测降雨是径流模拟和洪水预报的重要信息之一。由于雷达网格降雨存在误差,且误差随着网格水平尺度的增大而减小,因此对于径流模拟,高分辨率的雷达降雨数据并不意味着径流模拟的精度更高。采用FSS(Fractions Skill Score)方法和HEC-HMS模型(Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System)分析江苏省西苕溪流域雷达估测降雨水平分辨率对径流模拟的影响。在2010年和2011年夏季两场降雨实例中,雷达估测降雨在不同降雨阈值情况下,FSS达到目标精度值对应的最小有效水平尺度为2~8 km,分别以2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨和雨量站测雨作为HEC-HMS模型输入进行径流模拟,结果表明:基于不同水平分辨率的雷达估测降雨的径流模拟结果与实测径流资料基本吻合,雷达估测降雨2、4、6、8 km水平分辨率的变化对径流模拟效果的影响不明显。 相似文献
8.
High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 2: effects of increased greenhouse cases 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
We report results from the highest-resolution simulations of global warming yet performed with an atmospheric general circulation model. We compare the climatic response to increased greenhouse gases of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) climate model, CCM3, at T42 and T170 resolutions (horizontal grid spacing of 300 and 75 km respectively). All simulations use prescribed sea surface temperatures (SST). Simulations of the climate of 2100 ad use SSTs based on those from NCAR coupled model, Climate System Model (CSM). We find that the global climate sensitivity and large-scale patterns of climate change are similar at T42 and T170. However, there are important regional scale differences that arise due to better representation of topography and other factors at high resolution. Caution should be exercised in interpreting specific features in our results both because we have performed climate simulations using a single atmospheric general circulation model and because we used with prescribed sea surface temperatures rather than interactive ocean and sea-ice models. 相似文献
9.
10.
To examine the effect of radar data assimilation and increasing horizontal resolution on the short-term numerical weather prediction, comparative numerical experiments are conducted for a Huabei (North China) torrential rainfall event by using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and ARPS Data Analysis System (ADAS). The experiments use five different horizontal grid spacings, i.e., 18, 15, 9, 6, and 3 km,respectively, under the two different types of analyses: one with radar data, the other without. Results show that, when radar data are not used in the analysis (i.e., only using the conventional observation data), increasing horizontal resolution can improve the short-term prediction of 6 h with better representation of the frontal structure and higher scores of the rainfall prediction, particularly for heavy rain situations. When radar data are assimilated, it significantly improves the rainfall prediction for the first 6 h, especially the locality and intensity of precipitation. Moreover, using radar data in the analysis is more effective in improving the short-term prediction than increasing horizontal resolution of the model alone, which is demonstrated by the fact that by using radar data in the analysis and a coarser resolution of the 18-km grid spacing, the predicted results are as good as that by using a higher resolution of the 3-km grid spacing without radar data. Further study of the results under the radar data assimilation with grid spacing of 18-3 km reveals that the rainfall prediction is more sensitive to the grid spacing in heavy rain situations (more than 40 mm) than in ordinary rain situations (less than 40 mm). When the horizontal grid spacing reduces from 6 to 3 km, there is no obvious improvement to the prediction results. This suggests that there is a limit to how far increasing horizontal resolution can do for the improvement of the prediction. Therefore, an effective approach to improve the short-term numerical prediction is to combine the radar data assimilation with an optimal horizontal resolution. 相似文献
11.
The coupled atmospheric (global and local)-diagnostic rainfall model (called QPM) simulation is performed with various resolutions in order to discover the most appropriate nesting process in simulating a heavy rainfall event which led to an extreme amount of rainfall and flash flood in July 2008 over the Korean Peninsula. A series of experiments consists of six QPM simulations given 40 and 20 km global runs, two 7.8 km local runs from single nesting and other two 2.2 km local runs from double nesting. Four verification approaches focused on accuracy and efficiency are carried out in order to evaluate the coupled model system performance. The results show that the QPM simulated total accumulated rainfall from 20 km global run or 7.8 km local runs successfully captures the observed rainfall over a spatial observation network. Furthermore, the evaluation of the peak rainfall amount and the rainfall area over a given time interval demonstrates that the QPM forecast from either 20 km global run or 7.8 km local runs shows the best agreement with observation. In addition, the quantitative evaluation of the model performance by computing simple statistical measures presents the good agreement between the simulations and the observation, especially when the QPM forecasts are produced by the 7.8 km resolution local model. Finally, the modeling system which couples 40 km global-7.8 km local models and the diagnostic rainfall model is proved to be the best nesting approach in the natural disaster prediction system when considering the accuracy and efficiency. However, the verification for the nesting processes over the long-term period still deserves to be studied for a successful prediction system. 相似文献
12.
"99.8"山东特大暴雨形成机制的数值模拟分析 总被引：20，自引：9，他引：11
利用双重嵌套的非静力数值模式MM5V3,成功地模拟了1999年8月11~12日山东诸城发生的特大暴雨。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次特大暴雨是在弱冷空气侵入台风低压环流,热带辐合带北伸的形势下形成的;倾斜涡度发展是特大暴雨及中尺度低涡产生、发展的重要机制,鲁东南有利的地形对中尺度低涡的形成具有重要作用;台风低压倒槽顶部的强辐合作用首先触发上升运动,产生强降水,强降水位于低层气旋性暖式切变最明显的地方;强降水释放的凝结潜热使高层气层增暖,高层辐散加强,引起低层中尺度低涡强烈发展,导致降水增幅。可见,CISK机制是特大暴雨和中尺度低涡加强的另一种机制。 相似文献
13.
In this study,an extreme rainfall event that occurred on 25 May 2018 over Shanghai and its nearby area was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model,with a focus on the effects of planetary boundary layer(PBL)physics using double nesting with large grid ratios(15:1 and 9:1).The sensitivity of the precipitation forecast was examined through three PBL schemes:the Yonsei University Scheme,the Mellor?Yamada?Nakanishi Niino Level 2.5(MYNN)scheme,and the Mellor?Yamada?Janjic scheme.The PBL effects on boundary layer structures,convective thermodynamic and large-scale forcings were investigated to explain the model differences in extreme rainfall distributions and hourly variations.The results indicated that in single coarser grids(15 km and 9 km),the extreme rainfall amount was largely underestimated with all three PBL schemes.In the inner 1-km grid,the underestimated intensity was improved;however,using the MYNN scheme for the 1-km grid domain with explicitly resolved convection and nested within the 9-km grid using the Kain?Fritsch cumulus scheme,significant advantages over the other PBL schemes are revealed in predicting the extreme rainfall distribution and the time of primary peak rainfall.MYNN,with the weakest vertical mixing,produced the shallowest and most humid inversion layer with the lowest lifting condensation level,but stronger wind fields and upward motions from the top of the boundary layer to upper levels.These factors all facilitate the development of deep convection and moisture transport for intense precipitation,and result in its most realistic prediction of the primary rainfall peak. 相似文献
14.
15.
This study evaluates the performance of a regional climate model in simulating two types of synoptic tropical weather disturbances: convectively-coupled Kelvin and easterly waves. Interest in these two wave modes stems from their potential predictability out to several weeks in advance, as well as a strong observed linkage between easterly waves and tropical cyclogenesis. The model is a recent version of the weather research and forecast (WRF) system with 36-km horizontal grid spacing and convection parameterized using a scheme that accounts for key convective triggering and inhibition processes. The domain spans the entire tropical belt between 45°S and 45°N with periodic boundary conditions in the east–west direction, and conditions at the meridional/lower boundaries specified based on observations. The simulation covers 6 years from 2000 to 2005, which is long enough to establish a statistical depiction of the waves through space-time spectral filtering of rainfall data, together with simple lagged-linear regression. Results show that both the horizontal phase speeds and three-dimensional structures of the waves are qualitatively well captured by the model in comparison to observations. However, significant biases in wave activity are seen, with generally overactive easterly waves and underactive Kelvin waves. Evidence is presented to suggest that these biases in wave activity (which are also correlated with biases in time–mean rainfall, as well as biases in the model’s tropical cyclone climatology) stem in part from convection in the model coupling too strongly to rotational circulation anomalies. Nevertheless, the model is seen to do a reasonable job at capturing the genesis of tropical cyclones from easterly waves, with evidence for both wave accumulation and critical layer processes being importantly involved. 相似文献
16.
由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
2004年8月26-28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关.采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程.结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用.涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的.对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果.等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因.低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果.因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送. 相似文献
17.
Sandeep Sahany V. Venugopal Ravi S. Nanjundiah 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,109(3-4):115-128
The performance of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) in simulating an extreme rainfall event is evaluated, and subsequently the physical mechanisms leading to its initiation and sustenance are explored. As a case study, the heavy precipitation event that led to 65 cm of rainfall accumulation in a span of around 6 h (1430 LT–2030 LT) over Santacruz (Mumbai, India), on 26 July, 2005, is selected. Three sets of numerical experiments have been conducted. The first set of experiments (EXP1) consisted of a four-member ensemble, and was carried out in an idealized mode with a model grid spacing of 1 km. In spite of the idealized framework, signatures of heavy rainfall were seen in two of the ensemble members. The second set (EXP2) consisted of a five-member ensemble, with a four-level one-way nested integration and grid spacing of 54, 18, 6 and 1 km. The model was able to simulate a realistic spatial structure with the 54, 18, and 6 km grids; however, with the 1 km grid, the simulations were dominated by the prescribed boundary conditions. The third and final set of experiments (EXP3) consisted of a five-member ensemble, with a four-level one-way nesting and grid spacing of 54, 18, 6, and 2 km. The Scaled Lagged Average Forecasting (SLAF) methodology was employed to construct the ensemble members. The model simulations in this case were closer to observations, as compared to EXP2. Specifically, among all experiments, the timing of maximum rainfall, the abrupt increase in rainfall intensities, which was a major feature of this event, and the rainfall intensities simulated in EXP3 (at 6 km resolution) were closest to observations. Analysis of the physical mechanisms causing the initiation and sustenance of the event reveals some interesting aspects. Deep convection was found to be initiated by mid-tropospheric convergence that extended to lower levels during the later stage. In addition, there was a high negative vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature suggesting strong atmospheric instability prior to and during the occurrence of the event. Finally, the presence of a conducive vertical wind shear in the lower and mid-troposphere is thought to be one of the major factors influencing the longevity of the event. 相似文献
18.
Quantitative forecast experiment of a heavy rainfall event over Korea in a global model: horizontal resolution versus lead time issues 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, we examine the deterministic predictability of heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula using a global model, the Global/Regional Integrated Model system, by focusing on the effects of horizontal resolution and lead time prior to the onset of the target event. The control run reproduces locally concentrated heavy rainfall over the mid-western part of the Korean peninsula on 27–29 July 2011, with a model setup of about 25 km grid spacing and 24 h in advance of the onset of heavy rainfall. We found that small-scale features are represented well at higher resolution, but without significant change in the distribution of rainfall. Increase of lead time reduces the predictability of large-scale features, accompanying a northward shift of major rainfall. At lower resolution, the accuracy of the heavy rainfall prediction decreases more rapidly as lead time increases. We concluded that the increase in predictability of heavy rainfall achieved by enhancing horizontal resolution is promising, but an additional set of experiments also indicates that efforts should be made to improve the physics packages in models. 相似文献
19.
本文以自嵌套方式，将一个有限区域暴雨数值模式编制成单向和双向的套网格模式，同时又将这两个套网格模式分别与Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式进行了单向嵌套。形成了单向，双向两个双重套网格模式。运用这两个模式对１９９１年７月江淮流域的一次特大暴雨过程进行了数值试验。 相似文献
20.
We have investigated the role of convective parameterization in simulations of heavy precipitation systems at grey-zone (2–10 km) resolutions using an approach similar to that used in “observing system simulation experiment”. Simulations with a 1-km grid serve as benchmark simulations. The impacts of convective parameterization at greyzone resolutions (i.e., 3, 6, and 9 km) are then investigated. This study considers two heavy precipitation systems including one associated with a mesoscale cyclone generated over the Shandong Peninsula on 24–25 July 1991, and the other associated with a cloud cluster occurred on 15–16 July 2009. The present study indicates that convective parameterization does not affect much the simulations of the two heavy precipitation systems with 3-km grid size. However, it significantly affects simulations for grid sizes of 6 and 9 km. Simulations with the Kain-Fritsch scheme produce deficiencies such as relatively small heavy rainfall area, smaller maximum precipitation rate, wider area of weak precipitation, etc. Simulations without convective parameterization have also some negative effects such as the overprediction of area-averaged precipitation rate and others. A modified trigger function in the Kain-Fritsch scheme is found to improve the simulations of the heavy precipitation systems over the Korean Peninsula by reducing excessive trigger of convection, especially for simulations with 6- and 9- km grids. 相似文献