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引入一维加权平均的谱分析方法定量研究四川地形强迫对该区域降水分布的影响。结果表明:纬向地形和冬季降水谱峰锁相于同一波长（475.8 km）,呈共振关系,地形与其他季节降水呈漂移关系,这与经向和纬向上环流变动有关,即冬季纬向环流占主导,纬向地形触发的大气波动对冬季降水策动作用大;夏季降水是各种不同尺度系统相互作用的结果,地形是重要因素之一。经向和纬向地形特征尺度分别为296.8 km和475.8 km,反映了地形强迫的中尺度特征,且纬向地形谱峰比经向大1个数量级,纬向强迫更明显。夏季降水谱峰比冬季大2个数量级,降水系统纬向特征尺度比冬季小约150 km,说明夏季在纬向地形强迫下,降水系统尺度减小的同时其强度大大增加,这在一定程度上可以解释中尺度对流性降水在夏季偏多。四川夏季最大降水位于雅安地区,其地形扰动比四川整体扰动更明显,故产生的降水也更大。夏季降水和经向地形锁相于同一波长（37.1 km）,经向地形对雅安夏季强降水起关键作用。 相似文献
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高原东侧陡峭地形对一次盆地中尺度涡旋及暴雨的数值试验 总被引：4，自引：19，他引：4
利用MM5中尺度模式,对2003年8月8~10日发生在四川盆地的一次强降水过程进行了数值模拟。分析表明:MM5模式较成功地模拟出2003年8月8~10日发生在高原东侧陡坡地形区域的四川盆地西北部的大暴雨过程。在本次暴雨过程中,中尺度涡旋有利于盆地上空正涡度输送和辐合上升运动的维持,有利于降水的维持和强降水的发生。地形对中尺度涡旋活动的影响主要表现在:复杂陡峭的地形扰动有利于中尺度涡旋的形成。保留真实地形,在青藏高原东部到盆地西部,涡旋活动频繁;降低地形高度和坡度,不仅减少了涡的个数,还减弱了涡的强度,并改变了涡的生成源地以及涡的移动路径;不考虑地形使得青藏高原到四川盆地西部涡旋活动明显减少,且涡移动速度加快;仅降低地形高度而不改变地形坡度,对该地区的涡旋活动无明显的影响;仅保留青藏高原地形,高原地区涡旋活动频繁,无地形地区涡明显减少。数值试验还表明,地形与涡旋的活动及降水的分布密切相关。 相似文献
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四川地区一次暴雨过程的观测分析与数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本文首先利用多种资料,对2010年8月18~19日四川地区一次引发了泥石流次生灾害的暴雨天气过程开展了观测分析,进一步利用中尺度模式WRF对此次降水过程开展了高分辨率数值模拟,并利用模拟资料对暴雨过程进行了初步诊断分析。结果指出:(1)此次暴雨过程具有强降水持续时间短、短时降水强度大、局地性强等特点,在空间和时间上都具有明显中尺度特征;强降水主要发生在汶川—雅安断裂带陡峭地形附近,与地形关系密切;(2)中高纬度“两脊一槽”环流形势及其缓慢变化、副热带高压(简称副高)与高压脊叠加形成“东高西低”形势,为此次暴雨天气过程提供了有利的大尺度条件;西南涡的发展加强及其与副高西侧边缘强风速带的相互作用,增强了川西陡峭地形的抬升效应,促发暴雨发生;而四川盆地中多个中尺度云团的发生、发展与暴雨的发生直接相关;(3)WRF模式较好地模拟再现了此次降水过程,模拟结果初步诊断分析显示,在四川盆地复杂地形及大尺度环流背景发展和演变的影响下,稳定层结盖的进退、低层东南风的加强和减弱以及不稳定能量的累积与释放控制着暴雨过程的发生与结束。 相似文献
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利用MM5中尺度模式,对2003年8月8～10日发生在四川盆地的一次强降水过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明(1)MM5模式准确地预报出盆地西北部大暴雨过程,在降水的中心强度和位置预报上非常接近实况.(2)盆地不稳定能量聚集是本次暴雨产生的内在条件,冷暖空气交汇是本次暴雨发生的触发因子,源源不断的水汽输送和冷平流输送,以及中尺度涡旋区辐合上升运动与正涡度耦合有利于低值系统的发生、发展和维持,从而导致该地区强降水.(3)MM5中尺度模式在高原东侧陡坡地形区域具有业务应用前景. 相似文献
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积云对流参数化方案对梅雨锋暴雨过程模拟的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用MM5模式,选用4种积云对流参数化方案对2002年7月长江流域梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值试验,讨论了同一水平分辨率下不同参数化方案对降水特征、中尺度特征和云物理特征模拟的影响。结果表明:不同方案对强降水中心落区影响不是很大,但对降水强度有较大影响;4种方案次网格尺度和网格尺度降水对总降水贡献不同;GR和KF方案的闭合假设中考虑次网格尺度湿下沉气流,可一定程度再现一些中尺度特征;4种方案模拟的云物理量特征存在很大差别。 相似文献
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次网格地形坡度坡向参数化及其对区域气候模拟的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
随着数值模式水平分辨率的提高，模式下垫面特征的描述更加仔细，针对东亚地区复杂的地形和植被特征，发展适合非均匀下垫面的地表通量参数化方案，对改进数值模式和刻画高原附近地区复杂地形动力和热力。效应的能力非常必要。本文通过计算次网格地形坡度、坡向参数及其对到达地面短波辐射通量的影响，提出次网格地形热力效应的参数化方案，改进数值模式中复杂地形区域地面热量平衡的计算。利用p—σ区域气候模式的数值试验结果表明，次网格地形热力效应参数化方案的引入，对东亚地区夏季气候尤其是降水的模拟有明显的改进。 相似文献
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四川盆地东北部中尺度MCS暴雨过程分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2009年6月19日凌晨至23时四川盆地东北部生了一次由MCS单体带来的大暴雨天气过程。本文主要对该大暴雨过程的天气尺度环流背景、中尺度系统特征和地形作用等进行了分析。结果显示:(1)高空低槽和地面冷锋位于四川盆地北部为此次暴雨发生提供了有利的大尺度背景;(2)卫星云图及多普勒雷达回波表现出本次暴雨过程的直接系统是中尺度MCS单体;(3)能量、动力及水汽等的时空分布有利于MCS在四川盆地东北部产生;(4)非平衡值显示在MCS发展前几个小时其附近区域的大气已由平衡状态转为较强的非平衡状态,而在暴雨最强时刻,大气的非平衡性减弱并逐渐转为的准平衡状态;(5)大巴山地形抬升垂直速度对大暴雨的发生有促进作用。 相似文献
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尝试将计算流体力学软件FLUENT用于复杂地形风场的精细模拟研究,进行的一系列数值模拟试验表明:由于采用了中尺度模式较少采用的计算机辅助建模、非结构化网格和有限体积法等技术,FLUENT可以实现复杂地形乃至极度陡峭地形上的风场模拟,完成普通中尺度模式难以完成的任务。相比于普通中尺度模式,FLUENT可以更为精确地描述下垫面的复杂地形特征,因而能够在小尺度范围内得到分辨率更高、且更为准确的复杂地形上的近地层风场模拟结果。 相似文献
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青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次强降水天气过程的影响 总被引：12，自引：19，他引：12
利用高分辨率中尺度模式分析资料,研究了青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次暴雨天气发生发展的影响。结果显示,青藏高原地形对大气环流的动力阻挡作用形成了本次暴雨过程的水汽输送通道,青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构造成了四川西北部和黄河上游的强水汽辐合中心,并使低层高能舌和能量锋区位于海拔较低的四川盆地,在四川盆地对流层低层建立起位势不稳定层结。青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构引起了低层偏东气流强烈的垂直上升运动,最强的垂直上升运动出现在东西风垂直切变与陡峭地形交汇处,激发不稳定能量释放,促使强对流猛烈发展,暴雨过程中高原东侧还有一个中尺度涡旋的发生发展相伴。青藏高原东侧暴雨区最显著的热力特征是高温高湿区域仅出现在对流层低层,最显著的动力特征是强涡度柱也仅出现在对流层低层。 相似文献
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Terrain characteristics can be accurately represented in spectrum space. Terrain spectra can quantitatively reflect the effect of topographic dynamic forcing on the atmosphere. In wavelength space, topographic spectral energy decreases with decreasing wavelength, in spite of several departures. This relationship is approximated by an exponential function. A power law relationship between the terrain height spectra and wavelength is fitted by the least-squares method, and the fitting slope is associated with grid-size selection for mesoscale models. The monotonicity of grid size is investigated, and it is strictly proved that grid size increases with increasing fitting exponent, indicating that the universal grid size is determined by the minimum fitting exponent. An example of landslide-prone areas in western Sichuan is given, and the universal grid spacing of 4.1 km is shown to be a requirement to resolve 90% of terrain height variance for mesoscale models, without resorting to the parameterization of subgrid-scale terrain variance. Comparison among results of different simulations shows that the simulations estimate the observed precipitation well when using a resolution of 4.1 km or finer. Although the main flow patterns are similar, finer grids produce more complex patterns that show divergence zones, convergence zones and vortices.Horizontal grid size significantly affects the vertical structure of the convective boundary layer. Stronger vertical wind components are simulated for finer grid resolutions. In particular, noticeable sinking airflows over mountains are captured for those model configurations. 相似文献
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"99.8"山东特大暴雨形成机制的数值模拟分析 总被引：11，自引：9，他引：11
利用双重嵌套的非静力数值模式MM5V3,成功地模拟了1999年8月11~12日山东诸城发生的特大暴雨。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次特大暴雨是在弱冷空气侵入台风低压环流,热带辐合带北伸的形势下形成的;倾斜涡度发展是特大暴雨及中尺度低涡产生、发展的重要机制,鲁东南有利的地形对中尺度低涡的形成具有重要作用;台风低压倒槽顶部的强辐合作用首先触发上升运动,产生强降水,强降水位于低层气旋性暖式切变最明显的地方;强降水释放的凝结潜热使高层气层增暖,高层辐散加强,引起低层中尺度低涡强烈发展,导致降水增幅。可见,CISK机制是特大暴雨和中尺度低涡加强的另一种机制。 相似文献
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To examine the effect of radar data assimilation and increasing horizontal resolution on the short-term numerical weather prediction, comparative numerical experiments are conducted for a Huabei (North China) torrential rainfall event by using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and ARPS Data Analysis System (ADAS). The experiments use five different horizontal grid spacings, i.e., 18, 15, 9, 6, and 3 km,respectively, under the two different types of analyses: one with radar data, the other without. Results show that, when radar data are not used in the analysis (i.e., only using the conventional observation data), increasing horizontal resolution can improve the short-term prediction of 6 h with better representation of the frontal structure and higher scores of the rainfall prediction, particularly for heavy rain situations. When radar data are assimilated, it significantly improves the rainfall prediction for the first 6 h, especially the locality and intensity of precipitation. Moreover, using radar data in the analysis is more effective in improving the short-term prediction than increasing horizontal resolution of the model alone, which is demonstrated by the fact that by using radar data in the analysis and a coarser resolution of the 18-km grid spacing, the predicted results are as good as that by using a higher resolution of the 3-km grid spacing without radar data. Further study of the results under the radar data assimilation with grid spacing of 18-3 km reveals that the rainfall prediction is more sensitive to the grid spacing in heavy rain situations (more than 40 mm) than in ordinary rain situations (less than 40 mm). When the horizontal grid spacing reduces from 6 to 3 km, there is no obvious improvement to the prediction results. This suggests that there is a limit to how far increasing horizontal resolution can do for the improvement of the prediction. Therefore, an effective approach to improve the short-term numerical prediction is to combine the radar data assimilation with an optimal horizontal resolution. 相似文献
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The effects of sea-breeze interactions with synoptic forcing on the PBL height over complex terrain are investigated through the use of a 3-D mesoscale numerical model. Two of the results are as follows. First, steep PBL height gradients—order of 1500 m over a grid interval of 10 km — are associated with the sea-breeze front and are enhanced by the topography. Second, a significant horizontal shift in the maximum PBL height relative to the mountains, is induced by a corresponding displacement of the thermal ridge due to the mountains, in the presence of large scale flow. 相似文献
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The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3 (MM5V3) was used to simulate extreme heavy rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin in June 1999. The effects of model's horizontal and vertical resolution on the extreme climate events were investigated in detail. In principle, the model was able to characterize the spatial distribution of monthly heavy precipitation. The results indicated that the increase in horizontal resolution could reduce the bias of the modeled heavy rain and reasonably simulate the change of daily precipitation during the study period. A finer vertical resolution led to obviously improve rainfall simulations with smaller biases, and hence, better resolve heavy rainfall events. The increase in both horizontal and vertical resolution could produce better predictions of heavy rainfall events. Not only the rainfall simulation altered in the cases of different horizontal and vertical grid spacing, but also other meteorological fields demonstrated diverse variations in terms of resolution change in the model. An evident improvement in the simulated sea level pressure resulted from the increase of horizontal resolution, but the simulation was insensitive to vertical grid spacing. The increase in vertical resolution could enhance the simulation of surface temperature as well as atmospheric circulation at low levels, while the simulation of circulation at middle and upper levels were found to be much less dependent on changing resolution. In addition, cumulus parameterization schemes showed high sensitivity to horizontal resolution. Different convective schemes exhibited large discrepancies in rainfall simulations with regards to changing resolution. The percentage of convective precipitation in the Grell scheme increased with increasing horizontal resolution. In contrast, the Kain-Fritsch scheme caused a reduced ratio of convective precipitation to total rainfall accumulations corresponding to increasing horizontal resolution. 相似文献
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Numerical Simulation of Torrential Rainfall and Vortical Hot Towers in a Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective System 
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下载免费PDF全文 A cloud-resolving model simulation of a mesoscale convective system （MCS） producing torrential rainfall is performed with the finest horizontal resolution of 444 m. It is shown that the model reproduces the observed MCS, including its rainfall distribution and amounts, as well as the timing and location of leading rainbands and trailing stratiform clouds. Results show that discrete convective hot towers, shown in Vis5D at a scale of 2-5 kin, are triggered by evaporatively driven cold outflows converging with the high-θe air ahead. Then, they move rearward, with respect to the leading rainbands, to form stratiform clouds. These convective towers generate vortical tubes of opposite signs, with more intense cyclonic vorticity occurring in the leading convergence zone. The results appear to have important implications for the improvement of summertime quantitative precipitation forecasts and the understanding of vortical hot towers, as well midlevel mesoscale convective vortices. 相似文献
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Summary A numerical prediction model is described which uses the full set of prognostic equations on a domain roughly the size of the United States with a 96 km horizontal grid resolution and six sigma-coordinate levels. Within this grid resides a nested domain of approximately 1000×1000 km with 24 km horizontal resolution. In this nested grid only modifications to the wind field by the better resolved terrain are considered on the lowest two sigma levels. The terrain effects necessitate adjustments in the location of these two sigma levels. Adjusted wind fields cause modifications in the mass and moisture divergence fields, hence in precipitation. These modifications are averaged into the appropriate meteorological fields on the larger grid.The algorithms used by our model allow continuous interaction between both grids with high computational efficiency.The relative importance of synoptic forcing and terrain is demonstrated for the cases of the Big Thompson, Colorado, flood of 1976 and the Cheyenne, Wyoming, flood of 1985.With 15 Figures 相似文献