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1.
It is obvious to anyone working on or dealing with underground mining operations, production gaps have to be opened in the ground during mining. The ground layers just above these gaps collapse toward production lines resulting in horizontal and vertical movements both inside and on the earth's surface. These movements are referred to as mining subsidence which eventually causes technical, economic, social and environmental hazards to natural and cultural structures on the surface. It is substantially crucial to the general and regional characteristics of these subsidence occurrences in the underground mining region so it can be possible to mitigate the subsidence induced damages and problems both in the ground and on the surface. Subsidence observations, thus, are conducted inside and on the ground by employing geodetic, geophysical and geotechnical methods with the aim to determine the characteristics and parameters of subsidence occurrence in a region evaluating these subsidence observations. The Zonguldak Hard Coal Basin and Kozlu Coal Production Region within the basin are places where urbanization and underground mining operations are intensively under way. Therefore it is vitally important to continuously monitor the horizontal and vertical displacements formed due to the underground mining in the basin and to determine the subsidence parameters so that it may be possible to forestall the subsidence induced issues that may occur in the near future. This study yields information and computations about the subsidence parameters determined under the light of three periods of geodetic observations carried out in the region. Using the three periods of GPS and precise leveling observations, the average slope angle values resulting from vertical displacements in the study region were obtained from the adjusted coordinates and height differences, and estimated as 16″.67 in positive (+) direction and 18″.03 in negative (−) direction. The horizontal unit deformation parameters, on the other hand, were computed as 0.28 mm/m for the extension parameter while 0.26 mm/m for compression parameter along the routes chosen in the Kozlu region. 相似文献
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Effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in Zonguldak hard coal region in Turkey 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
Gallerias are the underground constructed results of mining. As these space in underground layers collapse, horizontal and vertical ground movements occur and movement which may reach the earth’s surface are known as mining subsidence. The result of underground displacement may cause surface ground movement which can be detrimental to masonry buildings especially in hard coal regions. Thorough familiarity with general and regional characteristics of an affected area can assist reduction of the effects. Zonguldak and the nearby settlement area, with a population of 300,000, constitute the centre of a hard coal basin where extensive mining has a history extending through 160 years. Mining constitutes the main economic activity in this region, and consequently influences every aspect of life. This study’s intent is to identify the effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in the mining area of Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey and illustrate them with selected images of damaged masonry buildings. Also included are satellite and mining galleria images. 相似文献
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Summary Subsidence planning and control must be an integral part of mine design in order to minimize the economic impact of underground mining on the surface. Precalculation of surface deformations which may cause damage to surface structures must be performed and damage criteria must be established, if the response of structures to such movements is to be determined and the extent of damages to be assessed. In this paper the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS), which can be used to predict accurately the vertical and horizontal parameters of surface movements due to underground mining, is discussed. The Subsidence Response Modelling Program (SRMP), which can be applied to evaluate the response of buildings to subsidence-induced movements, is also reviewed. Finally, an example is presented demonstrating the applicability of these techniques for subsidence design and control. 相似文献
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地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
地下采煤会导致地表下沉盆地的形成。然而地下水尤其是承压水的流失即水位降低对地表下沉盆地的形成存在不可忽视的影响，而对两者之间的关系及其过程的力学机理是岩移领域亟待研究的课题之一。矿区地下水位降低的主要原因为承压水通过采动裂隙向下渗流、煤层开采前顶板岩溶含水岩层的疏干以及地面人为钻井取水。根据对一具体矿区地下水位下降对地表沉陷影响实测数据的分析得出，在以采煤为主导条件导致地表下沉的过程中，几乎全部的开采沉陷量中均包含有由于含水层释水而造成的沉陷量。通过对上覆岩层力学机理分析，指出水位降低对覆岩移动、地表下沉的影响是由于一定地质条件下可渗水性岩石的物理力学特性、渗水对其它岩石的软化、释水后原冲积层的压密固结以及水渗透过程中的水岩耦合作用等因素综合作用所致。同时，在以上理论的基础上还探讨性地建立了地下水位下降对地表下沉贡献模型，在此模型基础上可以建立2个或2个以上影响因素对地表下沉的贡献模型。最后以框图形式概括了地下水位下降及其对地表下沉影响的综合过程。 相似文献
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Application of a Generalised Influence Function Method for Subsidence Prediction in Multi-seam Longwall Extraction 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The purpose of mining subsidence prediction is to produce a reliable assessment of ground movement arising from underground mineral extraction. The results of the prediction are used to assess the likelihood of the associated effects on surface structures. In most countries, the assessment of mining subsidence has become an essential part of mining plans, which must be approved by relevant government bodies and mining regulators. It is therefore important to develop a subsidence prediction method that is suitable for a particular country or mine field. Further to the recent development of a Generalised Influence Function Method (GIFM) for subsidence prediction at RMIT University, a case study in Hunter coalfield of in New South Wales, Australia is presented to illustrate the applicability of the GIFM approach for subsidence prediction in multi-seam longwall mining. A computer program is used to calculate subsidence, horizontal displacement and principle strains arising from the extraction of longwall panels. The observed subsidence across the longwall panels and the corresponding ground movements are compared to the model’s output and the results analysed. A discussion of the discrepancies between the GIFM models and the behaviour of complex geological strata is presented. The GIFM method is found to be a powerful tool when applied to complex extraction configurations and can produce useful output for mining subsidence assessments. Of particular importance is its ability to provide both tensile and compressive strain information over the whole affected areas which would otherwise not have been available for the assessment of damage potential to surface structures. 相似文献
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Deniz Arca Hulya Keskin Citiroglu Hakan S. Kutoglu Cetin Mekik Tomonori Deguchi 《Natural Hazards》2017,87(1):307-322
Kozlu is a mining town only 5 km away from the main city of Zonguldak and initially was not favored for settlement due to its rugged and hilly topography. However, along with hard coal production in large quantities throughout the years came the industrialization at its full speed with plenty job opportunities which then gave rise to intense population in the region where there were only a few sheds and slums just a century ago. Workers migrating to Kozlu in thousands needed dwellings to live in, but the law, so-called the Coal Basin Restrictions Law which came in effect in 1910, hindered the implementation of zoning plans. Planned housing was not possible in the region not until the abolishment of the law in 1986. During these 76 years, the settlement in the area mostly by the mining and industry workers was carried out without proper zoning plans, usually on demand basis. Today because of this unplanned housing and harsh topography, the Kozlu settlement area (KSA) has a history of being attraction point for many natural and man-made disasters which can be summarized as are topography, geological and carstic structure, mining activities and mass movements. In this study, a settlement suitability map is produced for the study area using a geographic information system. The map produced is designated into four settlement suitability zones, namely suitable to settlement, slightly suitable to settlement, suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. It clearly shows that 24.73% of the study area lies in suitable and slightly suitable to settlement areas while the bulky rest pertains to suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. The latest studies show that the 37.5% of the buildings and houses in the KSA are situated on the lithologic units identified as hydrogeological permeable and semipermeable, 7.8% on carstic caverns and a hefty rate of 47.6% on the surfaces deformed by mining-induced subsidence. Therefore, it is needless to claim that the administrators of Kozlu should promptly develop a settlement plan for the welfare of the city. 相似文献
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地面塌陷的模式及特殊危害 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地面塌陷有三种模式，即冒落式地面塌陷、沉陷式地面塌陷和地堑式地面塌陷。它们造成的特殊危害分别有塌陷地震、形成槽形移动盆地和产生崩塌、滑坡。 相似文献
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Dynamic Subsidence Characteristics in Jharia Coalfield,India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Amar Prakash Ajay Kumar Kalendra Bahadur Singh 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(3):627-635
Surface ground movements are usually described by a number of characteristic indices such as vertical displacement, horizontal strain and slope, which are an inevitable consequence of underground mining. Every point at the surface over a panel is subjected to strain and slope during mining and its investigation is essential to assess the safety of surface structures. Therefore, the behaviour of dynamic active and residual subsidence was studied for a few panels of Jharia coalfield. The subsidence and slope were linearly related to time. Compressive and tensile strains showed typical fluctuating characteristic behaviour. The rate of mining being a key and controlling parameter for rate of subsidence their inter-relationship was developed, which showed a rational trend. Compressive and tensile strains and slope showed poor correlation with rate of face advance. 相似文献
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宁夏石嘴山矿区位于西部黄河流域,其煤矿采空区沉陷导致地表生态和环境问题频发,对其采煤沉陷分析将对西部黄河流域煤矿区的环境修复有一定的积极作用。为研究缓倾斜煤层采空区围岩应力与位移场演化特征,以宁夏石嘴山矿区为对象,基于FLAC3D数值模拟软件,建立缓斜煤层开采三维数值模型,计算分析采空区围岩应力、塑性区及位移变化规律,并基于两时相DEM叠加统计分析地表位移变化,与数值模拟结果进行相互验证。结果表明:地下开采引起应力重分布,采空区顶板及煤柱出现明显的应力集中现象,最大主应力呈现从煤层顶板向地表递减的变化趋势;越靠近采空区顶部的岩层垂直位移越大,随着远离采空区逐渐减少,开采完成后地表垂直位移最大值约12 m;随着采空区面积的不断增大,采空区四周及角隅处塑性区逐步延伸扩大,且以剪切破坏为主;地面沉陷盆地不对称,2个沉降中心均发生在沉陷盆地中部且偏下山方向,下山方向比上山方向影响范围更大;数值模拟计算的沉降量与两时相DEM叠加统计分析的变化量结果及趋势基本一致,研究成果可为煤炭安全开采提供参考依据,为地表沉降监测提供新方法。 相似文献
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地下采矿引起的地表下沉的动态过程模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析了由地下采矿引起地表下沉的动态过程的Knothe时间函数模型的不足,在原Knothe时间函数中增加了一个以常数k为参数的幂指数,增加参数后的时间函数模型经理论分析符合地表点下沉的动态过程、速度变化过程和加速度变化过程;改进后的时间函数模型中参数c决定地表点下沉过程时间的长短,参数k决定地表点在时间轴上的下沉路径及达到最大速度所需的时间;用改进后的时间函数模型对某矿沉陷盆地倾向主断面上下沉量最大点的下沉过程的观测资料进行了拟合,即用经验方法确定参数c后,再用最小二乘法确定参数k。研究结果表明,该模型可较准确地拟合实测曲线。用改进后的时间函数模型结合沉陷盆地主断面的剖面函数模型,建立了主断面地表下沉曲线变化的动态过程模型,该模型可求出沉陷主断面或沉陷盆地某一点在某一时刻的下沉量、下沉速度和加速度。 相似文献
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Marian Marschalko Işık Yilmaz David Lamich Marián Drusa Darja Kubečková Tomáš Peňaz Tereza Burkotová Vladimír Slivka Martin Bednárik David Krčmář Miloš Duraj Alena Sochorková 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(1):11-20
This article aims to explain and demonstrate the origin and development of a subsidence basin caused by coal mining as well as to point out important aspects of this phenomenon in engineering geology. Engineering geology needs to deal with a number of issues related to the origin and development of subsidence basins in areas affected by deep coal mining. An interesting case study from the Upper-Silesian Basin in the northeast of the Czech Republic near the Polish border is presented in this paper. There is a clear time chronological succession in the ground surface changes manifested by a ground subsidence gradation, both in their absolute values as well as in their spatial distribution. The phenomenon is documented by aerial photo time series, which optimally depict the origin and development of the subsidence. In the study area, there are changes in the landscape elements and it is essential to be considered in future land use plans. The marginal conditions of the Quaternary geological structure and hydrogeological conditions are responsible for an unconfined aquifer which manifests there as a water body in an undrained depression in the course of the ground subsidence. 相似文献
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煤矿开采所产生的地表沉降、开裂、塌陷等地质灾害,造成地表民房不同程度的损坏。为准确分析矿山开采对地表民房的损坏,从矿山开采造成地表沉降影响范围,矿山开采最大冒落高度与导水裂隙带高度,矿山开采引起地表最大水平移动值、最大曲率值、最大倾斜值等因素来研究分析。综合分析认为：引起地表民房损坏的主要原因一是地表民房正处在采动影响范围内;二是开采冒落带与裂隙带高度已经波及至地表,从而引起地表出现沉降与裂缝等现象,引发房屋开裂等损坏现象;三是煤矿采空区所产生的最大曲率值远远大于地表建筑允许变形值。该方法对研究煤矿开采造成地表民房损坏成因分析具有一定指导意义。 相似文献
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In order to overcome the shortage that point-based data acquisition techniques cannot retrieve the whole basin subsidence caused by underground mining, and to avoid complex splicing of terrestrial 3D laser scanner (TLS) point cloud data and the errors caused by such splicing, GPS/TLS combined technology is employed for mining subsidence monitoring. The basic idea of the monitoring technology is put forward. In this article, an application of the method to a coal mining area in China is presented. Support vector machine (SVM) model for GPS level conversion in the mining area is established, and a comparative analysis of SVM, BP neural network and polynomial established local quasi-geoid in the mining area is conducted. Ground surface digital elevation model (DEM) of the mining area is established by using TLS point cloud data, and the ground surface dynamic subsidence basin is obtained through a subtraction of two DEMs. The results indicate that the quasi-geoid established by using SVM model features a relatively high level of stability and accuracy and that the established mining surface DEM and subsidence basin can provide the fundamental data for the reconstruction of ecological environment in the mining area. GPS/TLS combined monitoring technology is a new monitoring technology, which entangles the advantages of both GPS and TLS and could offset their disadvantages, thus obtaining complementary advantages. According to analysis on its application in the mining area, we conclude that the technology is feasible and has a great application prospect for the mining area purposes. 相似文献
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研究开采沉陷灾害发生及发展的动态过程具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。因采场上覆岩层及采矿过程的复杂性,全面研究采矿过程中上覆岩层的移动及地表的沉陷具有很大的难度,以研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉变化过程的时间序列为切入点,对开采沉陷的动态过程进行了研究。通过研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉量的时间序列发现,Weibull（韦布尔）函数可较准确地拟合和描述地表观测点的下沉过程曲线。煤层开采地表移动过程的FLAC3D模拟研究发现,同一沉陷区内各观测点的下沉过程在时间和空间上具有独立性。在该基础上,将概率积分沉陷曲线模型与Weibull时间序列函数相结合,给出沉陷区主剖面的动态下沉、倾斜和曲率曲线的唯象学模型,经实例证明建模思路是可行的。 相似文献
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文章介绍了黑宝山-木耳气盆地的经济地理秦件，地质环境背景，阐述了盆地的主要环境地质问题。第一环境地质问题即自然环境中存在的与地质有关的各种问题，它是由内动力地质作用和外动力地质作用引起的；区内主要有冻土。第二环境地质问题即由于人类各种工程、经济活动而引起昀与地质环境有关的问题；如水土流失、矿井塌陷、地表水、地下水及土壤污染等。论述了各环境地质问题产生的地区，分析了各主要问题的特征，形成条件及危害。 相似文献
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