首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 40 毫秒
1.
2008年1月南方一次冰冻天气中冻雨区的层结和云物理特征   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  
陶玥  史月琴  刘卫国 《大气科学》2012,36(3):507-522
2008年1月中下旬, 我国南方经历了四次历史罕见的冰冻雨雪天气。本文针对2008年1月25~29日的一次典型冻雨天气过程, 在实测资料、NCEP再分析资料综合分析的基础上, 利用中国气象科学研究院 (CAMS) 中尺度云分辨模式对1月28日~29日的冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟, 研究了冰冻天气形成的大气层结及云系冻雨区云的宏微观结构特征, 初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程及云物理成因。结果表明, 深厚而稳定的逆温层和低空冷层的存在是大范围冻雨出现的直接原因。此次南方冰冻过程中, 湖南和贵州两地冻雨形成的云物理机理不同, 不同冻雨区上空为两种不同类型的云, 对应两种不同的云微物理结构和大气层结结构。湖南冻雨区云层较厚, 云顶温度较低, 属于混合相云, 云中高层存在丰富的冰相粒子 (雪的比含水量最大)。湖南冻雨在 "冷—暖—冷" 层结下, 通过 "冰相融化过程" 形成, 即在锋面之上的对流层中层水汽辐合中心内形成的雪, 从高空落入暖层, 雪融化形成雨, 再下落到冷层后, 形成过冷雨滴, 最后接触到温度低于 0℃的物体或降落到地面上, 迅速冻结形成冻雨。而贵州冻雨区云层较薄, 云顶温度较高, 属于暖云, 中高层基本无冰相粒子, 低层为云水和雨水 (云水的比含水量最大)。贵州冻雨是在 "暖—冷" 层结下通过 "过冷暖雨过程" 形成的。即水汽沿锋面抬升, 在对流层中低层的水汽辐合中心内, 经过冷却凝结成云滴, 通过碰并云滴增长的雨滴下落到低空冷层, 形成的过冷却雨滴直接冻结形成冻雨。  相似文献   

2.
Based on earlier experimental studies, the ice nucleating abilities of further pollen types were investigated in the immersion and contact freezing modes. The studies were carried out at the Mainz vertical wind tunnel with freely floating supercooled droplets down to − 28 °C. The pollen had diameters between 26 and 28 μm and correspondingly low sink velocities around 2.5 cm s− 1. The radii of the studied drops were calculated from the recorded wind velocity and for both freezing modes the radii of the observed droplets varied between 315 and 380 μm. Immersion freezing experiments were conducted with pollen particles added to the droplets while in contact freezing experiments supercooled droplets were subjected to a burst of pollen particles. The median freezing temperatures found in the immersion freezing mode were: − 13.5 °C (alder), − 21.5 °C (lombardy poplar), − 21.0 °C (redtop grass) and − 19.8 °C (kentucky blue). The median freezing temperatures in the contact freezing mode were found as: − 12.6 °C (alder), − 17.9 °C (lombardy poplar), − 18.7 °C (redtop grass) and − 16.1 °C (kentucky blue). The results show that the ice nucleating ability of pollen is not restricted to single pollen types but seems to be a general pollen property.  相似文献   

3.
Sulfate-coated dust particles in the free troposphere over Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Airborne aerosol collections were performed over Wakasa bay (36°00′N, 135°30′E) in March and Kumano open sea (34°00′N, 136°50′E) and Seto (35°10′N, 137°10′E) in July 2001 at altitudes between 1.0 and 5.8 km. The particles were individually analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Relatively large mineral-dust (mostly clay) particles were abundant in the March samples. They also dominated in July in the mid-troposphere higher than 4 km altitude, whereas sea salt and ammonium sulfate were more abundant at lower altitudes. Ca-coated grid samples show many traces of aqueous sulfate droplets. The proportions of former sulfate droplets to the total collected particles apparently increased with increasing relative humidity at the time of sampling. TEM analysis revealed that a significant fraction of these former droplets enclose mineral-dust particles as well as sea salt, soot, and fly ash. Some enclose mixtures of mineral-dust, sea-salt, soot, and fly ash particles. The results provide evidence that mineral dust from the Asian continent could acquire coatings of sulfate while being transported in the free troposphere. The mineral-dust particles probably acquired the sulfate coatings either through heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO2 and subsequent oxidation or through coagulation with cloud or fog droplets. The presence of the mixed particles in sulfate droplets also indicates that aggregation of particles of different origins occurred through cloud processing. Such sulfate-coated dust particles would affect cloud formation, precipitation, and chemistry of the free troposphere.  相似文献   

4.
The influence of freezing drizzle on wire icing during freezing fog events   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Both direct and indirect effects of freezing drizzle on ice accretion were analyzed for ten freezing drizzle events during a comprehensive ice thickness, fog, and precipitation observation campaign carried out during the winter of 2008 and 2009 at Enshi Radar Station (3017'N, 10916'E), Hubei Province, China. The growth rate of ice thickness was 0.85 mm h－1 during the freezing drizzle period, while the rate was only 0.4 mm h－1 without sleet and freezing drizzle. The rain intensity, liquid water content (LWC), and diameter of freezing drizzle stayed at low values. The development of microphysical properties of fog was suppressed in the freezing drizzle period. A threshold diameter (Dc) was proposed to estimate the inuence of freezing drizzle on different size ranges of fog droplets. Fog droplets with a diameter less thanDc would be affected slightly by freezing drizzle, while larger fog droplets would be affected signicantly. Dc had a correlation with the average rain intensity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. The relationships among the microphysical properties of fog droplets were all positive when the effect of freezing drizzle was weak, while they became poor positive correlations, or even negative correlations during freezing drizzle period. The direct contribution of freezing drizzle to ice thickness was about 14.5%. Considering both the direct and indirect effects, we suggest that freezing drizzle could act as a catalyst causing serious icing conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The freezing temperatures of single supercooled drops of binary and ternary sulfuric and nitric acid solutions were measured while varying the acid concentration. An acoustic levitator was used which allows to freely suspend single solution drops in air without electrical charges thereby avoiding any electrical influences which may affect the freezing process. The drops of typically 500 µm in radius were monitored by a video camera during cooling cycles down to − 85 °C to simulate the upper tropospheric and stratospheric temperature range. The present data confirm that liquid solution droplets can be supercooled far below the equilibrium melting point by approximately 35 °C. They follow the general trend of the expected freezing temperatures for homogeneous ice nucleation.  相似文献   

6.
Characterization of aerosol optical properties, such as aerosol optical depth, Angstrom exponent, and volume size distribution at the semiarid site of Tombstone Arizona (31°23′N, 110°05′W, 1408 m) will be presented for one annual cycle. In this region, extensive observations of selected optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) have been made in the past and reported on in the literature. Less is known about other optical characteristics that are important in climate modeling and remote sensing. New observational techniques and inversion methods allow for the expansion of the earlier information. Observations have been taken with a state of the art sun photometer for a 1-year period and their analysis will be presented here. Monthly mean AODs at 500 nm were found to be in the range of 0.03–0.12; the monthly mean Angstrom exponent ranged from 0.9 to 1.6, being higher in spring and summer and lower in late fall and winter. Volume size distributions exhibit clear dominance of smaller particles, with a gradual increase in size from winter to spring and into summer. Annual variation of the radii of the smaller and the larger particles ranged between 0.05–0.4 and 4–8 μm, respectively. Radiance measurements at 940 nm were used to estimate precipitable water. The retrieved values compared within limits of uncertainty with independently derived estimates from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) regional weather forecast model. An interesting outcome from this study was the consistency found in aerosol optical depths as observed in this study and those derived about two decades ago.  相似文献   

7.
Summary This study examines the impact of ice formation and growth processes on freezing drizzle formation in stably stratified clouds. In particular we investigate the reason why freezing drizzle is rarely observed in clouds with top temperatures less than –15°C. We also investigate the sensitivity of freezing drizzle formation to the Hallett Mossop secondary ice process (Hallet and Mossop, 1974). The evaluation is performed by simulating cloud formation over a two-dimensional idealized mountain using a detailed microphysical scheme. The height and width of the two-dimensional mountain were designed to produce an updraft pattern with extent and magnitude similar to documented freezing drizzle cases. The simulations show that: (i) drizzle formation is very sensitive to the ice crystal concentration, with a significant reduction in the area over which drizzle forms and the maximum drizzle water content as the cloud top temperature decreases below –10°C, and (ii) secondary ice crystal formation has a significant effect on drizzle formation at cloud top temperatures below –10°C.The above two factors are likely the main cause for the lack of freezing drizzle at cloud top temperatures less than –15°C. We also found that neglecting the depletion of ice forming nuclei resulted in considerable overestimation of the ice crystal concentration and suppression of drizzle, even for the –10°C case.  相似文献   

8.
基于飞机观测资料的降水粒子反射率因子阈值分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
降水粒子对云的生消和演化有非常重要的影响。毫米波雷达适合观测非降水云和弱降水云。利用毫米波雷达数据判断云内降水粒子生成与否有很高的实用价值。本文利用飞机观测的云滴谱数据计算云的反射率因子。将其与雷达探测值进行比对,发现两者有较好的一致性。因此利用滴谱计算的降水粒子反射率因子阈值可以作为雷达判断降水粒子生成的指标。通过分析滴谱计算云滴和降水粒子的反射率因子的概率密度函数可以得到用于区分云滴和降水粒子的反射率因子阈值。通常,云滴的反射率因子不超过-5dBz,降水粒子的反射率因子高于-20dBz,-15~-12dBz可作为判断降水粒子出现的阈值。  相似文献   

9.
运用中尺度数值模式WRF3.5.1对2011年1月1日贵州境内的一次冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,研究了本次过程的大气层结、冻雨区云系的宏微观结构和云物理特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程和成因。结果表明,贵州境内的冻雨区(26°N~29°N)具有冷性和部分"冷—暖—冷"的温度层结,在高层没有显著的冰相粒子,冻雨区是相对较强的水汽辐合中心,丰富的水汽输送在冷性的环境条件下形成云滴,进而碰并产生雨滴,过冷雨水主要通过暖雨过程形成;雨滴继续下落至近地层并保持过冷雨水形式,最后接触到低于0°C的物体或地面,迅速冻结而产生地面冻雨。  相似文献   

10.
To further investigate the influence of cloud base temperature, updraft velocity and precipitation particle constitution on cloud electrification, five thunderstorms in various regions of China were simulated by using the three-dimensional compressible hailstorm numerical model including inductive and non-inductive charging mechanisms. The results indicate that changes of cloud base temperature have an influence on the initial electrification. Comparison of the above cases shows that in the case of warm cloud base and moderate updraft velocity (< 20 m s−  1), active electrification occurred below the − 10 °C level before moving upward to the − 20 °C level. In contrast, when cloud base is cold and updraft velocity is intensive, the main charging region is at the − 20 °C or even higher level. In that case, the vertical extent of the main negative charge region becomes larger with the increase of cloud base temperature. Apart from the main dipolar or tripolar charge structure, some smaller charge regions with relatively high values of charge density may also appear. Frozen drops, originating mainly from supercooled raindrops, mainly get electrified through charging interactions with snow at or below the − 20 °C level. They are responsible for the negative charge region near the melting level at the initial stage of precipitation if there is a large supercooled raindrop content. Non-inductive charging during hail-snow collisions is rather weak, resulting in the charge density on hail of no more than − 0.01 nC m− 3.  相似文献   

11.
During the Antarctic summer 1994/95 the values of downward and upward flux densities of both solar and terrestrial radiation were recorded at 1200 m for a period of 1 month on the Reeves Nevè Glacier (lat 74°39′S, long 161°35′E), near the Italian base of Terra Nova Bay. The relations proposed by Swinbank [Swinbank, W.C., 1963. Long-wave radiation from clear skies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 89, 339–348], Idso and Jackson [Idso, S.B., Jackson, R.D., 1969. Thermal radiation from the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5397–5403] and Deacon [Deacon, E.L., 1970. The derivation of Swinbank's long-wave radiation formula. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 96, 313–319] associating the long-wave atmospheric radiation flux only to the air temperature at screen level were tested in extreme Antarctic climatological condition. A relation between the long-wave radiation flux and both screen air temperature and cloud cover fraction in accordance to the height of the cloud base was defined using the Kasten and Czeplak relationship that relates the solar radiation flux and the cloud cover index. The study of the incoming short-wave radiation flux from the clear sky and that reflected by the surrounding snow cover allowed for highlighting the role of surface geometry on the albedo measurements.  相似文献   

12.
In the present study, the precipitation near Büyükçekmece Lake, which is one of the important drinking water sources of Istanbul city, was studied during October 2001–July 2002. Seventy-nine bulk precipitation samples were collected at two sampling stations near the Lake (41°2′35″N, 28°35′25″E and 41°5′30″N, 28°37′7″E). The study comprised the determination of H+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in bulk deposition rain event samples. The average volume-weighted pH value was found to be 4.81, which points out that the rain is slightly acidic. High sulfate concentrations were observed together with high H+ ion values. Sulfur emissions were the major cause for the observed high hydrogen ion levels. On the basis of factor analysis and correlation matrix analysis, it has been found that in this region, acid neutralization is brought about by calcium rather than the ammonium ion. The varimax rotated factor analysis grouped the variables into four factors, which are crustal, marine and two anthropogenic sources.  相似文献   

13.
The Florida Current flows through the Straits of Florida, which starts as a zonal channel and turns to become a meridional channel. The spatial structure of the Florida Current and its transport, potential vorticity, and related dynamical properties are investigated using a three-dimensional, baroclinic, primitive equation model with a mesoscale-admitting (5.6 km) horizontal resolution and 25 vertical (sigma: terrain-following) levels. At 83°W, the Florida Current fills only a portion of the channel; however, due to the interaction with the shoaling bottom topography (from a maximum depth of over 2000 m at 83°W to less than 800 m at 27°N) and the narrowing Straits of Florida (from a maximum width of about 170 km at 83°W to about 110 km at 27°N), the Florida Current fills the entire channel at 27°N, and the potential vorticity distribution is altered. The specified transport of 28.6 Sverdrup (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) from the Loop Current at the western boundary and the inflow from the Old Bahama Channel of 1.9 Sv converge into the meridional channel. With an additional inflow of 1.2 Sv from the Northwest Providence Channel, the simulated total transport of 31.8 Sv at 27°N is comparable to the STACS (Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies) mean transport of 31.7 Sv. Both vertically and laterally integrated subsectional transports are examined at transects 83°W, 82°W, 81°W, 25°N, 26°N, and 27°N. The potential vorticity increases (decreases) on the cyclonic (anticyclonic) side of the Florida Current at 27°N compared to 83°W. The downstream variation of static stability, relative vorticity, and Froude number is also examined. While the vertical shear is strong only on the northern side at 83°W it is comparable on the both western and eastern sides downstream at 27°N, reaching to the bottom of the meridional channel. Large values of the Froude number exist only in the upper 300 m of the zonal channel, but they reach to the bottom of the meridional channel.  相似文献   

14.
In the summer of 2005, one negative lightning flash was artificially triggered in Shandong Province (117°48′ E, 37°42′N), middle latitude region of eastern China. The flash included 10 return strokes, and the geometric mean value of the current peak was 11.9 kA (the average value was 12.6 kA) with a maximum of 21.0 kA and a minimum of 6.6 kA, similar to the subsequent return strokes in natural lightning. The geometric mean value of half peak width was 39 μs (the average value was 40 μs), which was much larger than the usual result. Based on the Diendorfer and Uman (DU) model, the return-stroke current waveforms and charge distribution along the lightning channel are discussed. The simulated current waveforms, being divided into breakdown and corona current components, are in agreement with the optical measurements when the two different discharge time constants are properly chosen.  相似文献   

15.
The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C3H8, CO2) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds.  相似文献   

16.
Land Surface Processes Experiment (LASPEX) was conducted over semi-arid region of western India in 1997. As a part of this program, wind and temperature observations were taken using slow as well as fast response sensors over a semi-arid station Anand (22°35′N, 72°55′E) situated in Gujarat state of India. Turbulent parameters such as drag coefficient and sensible heat flux were estimated using eddy correlation method and aerodynamic roughness length was estimated using wind profiles. The analysis has been carried out for the data representing summer, monsoon and winter seasons. It was found that the wind speed does not exceed 5 ms− 1 during the observational period considered in this study. Relationship of aerodynamic drag coefficient and roughness length with wind speed and stability has been investigated. Aerodynamic roughness length was greater in the stable conditions when the wind speed was low and it reduced drastically during convective conditions. The resulting values of aerodynamic roughness length and drag coefficient for the monsoon period agree well with values reported in literature over Indian subcontinent for homogeneous grass covered surfaces.  相似文献   

17.
利用WRF v4.0中尺度模式及0.25 °×0.25 °高分辨率的GDAS分析资料,对2017年6月15日发生在华南的一次典型暖区暴雨过程进行数值研究。多源观测资料对比分析表明,Thompson aerosol aware云微物理方案与YSU边界层方案组合合理再现了此次暴雨的演变过程。观测与模拟的强风速下传、低层风场切变及降水之间存在较好的对应关系,强的雷达反射率与水汽通量散度中心一致。在中尺度对流系统（MCS）发展和成熟阶段,冷池的出流抬升是新生对流的重要触发条件,地形的动力抬升作用并非主导。云微物理分析指出,由于华南上空充沛的水汽及过冷雨水,雪的最大来源项表现为水汽凝华成雪,而霰的最大来源项为过冷雨滴碰并冰晶、雪并冻结成霰。在零度层之下的1.5 km区域,冰相粒子的融化率可达暖雨过程（1×10-4g/(kg·s)的2倍,暗示其在融化层对雨水形成的支配作用,而雪霰的重力沉降扮演了重要角色。此外,相变过程显著影响着大气的温度变化,当对流云底较低时,低层的水汽凝结将抵消雨水蒸发导致的冷却作用,减弱地面冷池的强度。   相似文献   

18.
In early 2008, a persistent cold and snowy weather process occurred in South China. Severe freezing rain (FR) and blizzards hit the region, which was not seen in the past 50 years. This work studied the disaster at its most severe stage (25 January-2 February 2008) and addressed the reason for the occurrence of three rainfall types and particularly the FR that resulted from the temperature inversion and low surface temperature. Evidence suggests that the south-to-north distribution of rainfall, FR, and snowfall was determined by the surface temperature conditions and the stratification features of the northward-tilting front in the mid-lower troposphere over different parts of South China. Under the above frontal conditions,the temperature inversion in the mid-lower troposphere and the cold ground temperature took place and the FR formed. The temperature layer (> 0°C) inside the inversion in this region depended on necessary intensity, depth, and height of the inversion, i.e., the depth of the inversion can be neither too thick or low nor too thin or high. For those too thick and low (too thin and high) inversions, the precipitation fell as rain (snow and ice pellets). In the early 2008 case, the 0-6°C layer occupied 650-850 hPa, below which was the sub-freezing level with temperature < 0°C. With the presence of the low sub-freezing level, FR or ice damage could occur even at the 0-1°C surface temperature condition. Besides, even in the absence of a suitable inversion, a low ground temperature might have made ice-covered water and supercooled drops or water from melted ice freeze rapidly into ice at the surface, and the ground ice maintained and accumulated,which resulted in the severe disaster.  相似文献   

19.
A total of 48 precipitation samples have been collected from individual precipitation events at the Nam Co Monitoring and Research Station for Multisphere Interactions (Nam Co Station, 30°47′N, 90°58′E; 4730 m a.s.l) located in the central Tibetan Plateau from August 2005 to August 2006. All samples were analyzed for major cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (Cl−, NO3− and SO42−), conductivity and pH. Precipitation pH values ranged from 6.03 to 7.38 with an average value of 6.59. The high pH is due to large inputs of crustal aerosols in the atmosphere, which contain a large fraction of carbonate. Ca2+ is the dominant cation in precipitation with an average value of 65.58 μeq L− 1 (4.91–301.41 μeq L− 1), accounting for 54% of the total cations in precipitation. HCO3− is the predominant anion, accounting for 62% of the total anions. When compared with data from a snow pit in the Zhadang Glacier 50 km away (5800 m a.s.l), major ion concentration in precipitation at the Nam Co Station is much higher due to local aerosol inputs. Correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicate that regional crustal aerosols and species from combustion emissions of residents are the major sources for these ions, lake salt aerosols from the Nam Co nearby and regional mineral aerosols from dry lake sediments are secondary sources, and sea salt contribution is the least due to the long distance transport.  相似文献   

20.
Observational study of surface ozone at an urban site in East China   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
In this study, we present the observational data of near surface ozone and some meteorological parameters during 2004, at an urban site (36°42′ N, 117°08′ E, 34.5 m a.s.l.) of Jinan, China. Hourly ozone concentrations exceeding the standard value of China, 100 ppbv, were observed for 65 h (in 23 days) from April to October, and values exceeding US NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standard) for 1 h ozone, 120 ppbv, were observed for 15 h (in 7 days) from late May to early July. Ozone formation presented the phenomenon of “weekend effect”, especially in summer. Monthly variation of ozone coincided with temperature except for July and August. The low ozone levels in July and August may be due to the short sunshine duration and much rainfall during this period. Among these meteorological parameters, daily averaged ozone shows a significant correlation with temperature (r = 0.66) in the year and with relative humidity (r = − 0.75) in summer. Throughout the year, high ozone concentrations were mainly associated with the wind from 180 to 247.5°, while high ozone concentration seemed to have no obvious correlation with a given wind direction in summer. An anomalous nocturnal high ozone episode during 23–25 May 2004 was investigated. Growth fractions of ozone during the nighttime episode were 62.2% and 71.1% for 23 and 24 May, respectively. Synoptic analysis shows that favorable synoptic condition had presumably elevated the background ozone level in this region. Backward trajectory analysis shows that the increase of ozone concentration and the relatively constant high ozone concentrations during the night of May 23 might originate from the transport of ozone rich air mass above boundary layer. Transport of ozone from Yangtze Delta and East Central China might be a significant process for the high ozone level during night May 24 at Jinan.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号