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1.
Oliver Montenbruck Yago Andres Heike Bock Tom van Helleputte Jose van den Ijssel Marc Loiselet Christian Marquardt Pierluigi Silvestrin Pieter Visser Yoke Yoon 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(4):289-299
The global navigation satellite system receiver for atmospheric sounding (GRAS) on MetOp-A is the first European GPS receiver
providing dual-frequency navigation and occultation measurements from a spaceborne platform on a routine basis. The receiver
is based on ESA’s AGGA-2 correlator chip, which implements a high-quality tracking scheme for semi-codeless P(Y) code tracking
on the L1 and L2 frequency. Data collected with the zenith antenna on MetOp-A have been used to perform an in-flight characterization
of the GRAS instrument with focus on the tracking and navigation performance. Besides an assessment of the receiver noise
and systematic measurement errors, the study addresses the precise orbit determination accuracy achievable with the GRAS receiver.
A consistency on the 5 cm level is demonstrated for reduced dynamics orbit solutions computed independently by four different
agencies and software packages. With purely kinematic solutions, 10 cm accuracy is obtained. As a part of the analysis, an
empirical antenna offset correction and preliminary phase center correction map are derived, which notably reduce the carrier
phase residuals and improve the consistency of kinematic orbit determination results.
相似文献
Oliver MontenbruckEmail: |
2.
The EUREF permanent network (EPN) is a network of continuously operating global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations, primarily installed for reference frame maintenance. In order to ensure the long term reliability of the EPN products, a thorough station performance monitoring has been initiated and carried out in addition to the routine GNSS data management, processing and analysis. This paper addresses the main factors influencing the quality of the coordinate time series in a permanent GNSS network. Relevant examples, based on the EPN experience are given, the analysis strategy is introduced, the estimated coordinate offsets are published and the importance of this analysis for site velocity estimation is demonstrated. The results are derived from the analysis of the EPN weekly combined solutions covering the period from 1996 to 2003. Our target is the identification, interpretation and elimination of offsets and outliers present in the EPN coordinate time series in order to estimate reliable coordinates and velocities and consequently maintain a high quality kinematic reference network.
相似文献
A. KenyeresEmail: Fax: +36-1-27374982 |
3.
Alan T. Murray Timothy C. Matisziw Tony H. Grubesic 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2007,9(2):103-117
Effective management of critical network infrastructure requires the assessment of potential interdiction scenarios. Optimization
approaches have been essential for identifying and evaluating such scenarios in networked systems. Although a primary function
of any network is the distribution of flow between origins and destinations, the complexity and difficulty of mathematically
abstracting interdiction impacts on connectivity or flow has been a challenge for researchers. This paper presents an optimization
approach for identifying interdiction bounds with respect to connectivity and/or flow associated with a system of origins
and destinations. Application results for telecommunications flow are presented, illustrating the capabilities of this approach.
相似文献
Alan T. Murray (Corresponding author)Email: |
Timothy C. MatisziwEmail: |
Tony H. GrubesicEmail: |
4.
In Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, the receiver measures the pseudorange with respect to each observable
navigation satellite and determines the position and clock bias. In addition to the GPS, several other navigation satellite
constellations including Glonass, Galileo and Compass can/will also be used to provide positioning, navigation, and timing
information. The paper is concerned with the solvability of the navigation problem when the receiver attempts to process measurements
from different constellations. As two different constellations may not be time-synchronized, the navigation problem involves
the determination of position of the receiver and clock bias with respect to each constellation. The paper describes an analytic
approach to account for the two-constellation navigation problem with three measurements from one constellation and two measurements
from another constellation. It is shown that the two-constellation GNSS navigation problem becomes the solving of a set of
two simultaneous quadratic equations or, equivalently, a quartic equation. Furthermore, the zero-crossover of the leading
coefficient and the sign of the discriminant of the quartic equation are shown to play a significant role in governing the
solvability, i.e., the existence and uniqueness of the navigation solutions.
相似文献
Jyh-Ching JuangEmail: |
5.
Artificial neural networks for predicting DGPS carrier phase and pseudorange correction 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Arif Indriyatmoko Taesam Kang Young Jae Lee Gyu-In Jee Yong Beom Cho Jeongrae Kim 《GPS Solutions》2008,12(4):237-247
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to predict the differential global positioning system (DGPS) pseudorange and carrier
phase correction information. Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and autoregressive (AR) models were bounded with neural
networks to provide predictions of the correction. The neural network was employed to realize time-varying implementation.
Online training for real-time prediction of the carrier phase enhances the continuity of service of the differential correction
signals and, therefore, improves the positioning accuracy. When the correction signal from the DGPS was lost, the artificial
neural networks predicted the correction data with good accuracy for the navigation system during a limited period. Comparisons
of the prediction results using the two models are given.
相似文献
Young Jae LeeEmail: |
6.
Reliability analysis is inseparably connected with the formulation of failure scenarios, and common test statistics are based on specific assumptions. This is easily overlooked when processing observation differences. Poor failure identification performance and misleading pre-analysis results, mainly meaningless minimum detectable biases and external reliability measures, are the consequence. A reasonable failure scenario for use with differenced GNSS observations is formulated which takes into account that individual outliers in the original data affect more than one processed observation. The proper test statistics and reliability indicators are given for use with correlated observations and both batch processing and Kalman filtering. It is also shown that standardized residuals and redundancy numbers fail completely when used with double differenced observations.
相似文献
Andreas WieserEmail: Phone: +43-316-8736323Fax: +43-316-8736820 |
7.
Hidden negative spatial autocorrelation 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Daniel A. Griffith 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2006,8(4):335-355
Mostly lip service treatments of negative spatial autocorrelation (NSA) appear in the literature, although spatial scientists confront it in practice. NSA was detected serendipitously in recalcitrant empirical analyses containing a sizeable amount of global positive spatial autocorrelation (PSA) unaccounted for by standard spatial statistical models, and labeled hidden because conventional spatial statistical tools detected only PSA while giving absolutely not hint of NSA existing. The meaning of this phenomenon is explored empirically, with findings including: a better understanding of NSA, spatial filter model construction guidelines, effective illustrations of NSA, and how hidden NSA furnishes a diagnostic for model misspecification.
相似文献
Daniel A. GriffithEmail: Phone: +1-972-8834950Fax: +1-972-8836297 |
8.
High-frequency multipath would be problematic for studies at seismic or antenna dynamical frequencies as one could mistakenly
interpret them as signals. A simple procedure to identify high-frequency multipath from global positioning system (GPS) time
series records is presented. For this purpose, data from four GPS base stations are analyzed using spectral analyses techniques.
Additional data, such as TEQC report files of L1 pseudorange multipath, are also used to analyze the high-frequency multipath
and confirmation of the high-frequency multipath inferred from the phase records. Results show that this simple procedure
is effective in identification of high-frequency multipath. The inferred information can aid interpretation of multipath at
the GPS site, and is important for a number of reasons. For example, the information can be used to study GPS site selections
and/or installations.
相似文献
Clement OgajaEmail: |
9.
Fast direct GPS P-Code acquisition 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
GPS P-Code has a higher chipping rate, better accuracy, and anti-jamming property than C/A code. Traditionally, GPS P-Code acquisition depends on handover from C/A code. This potentially needs long acquisition time. Moreover, when C/A code is not available, it is no longer possible to acquire GPS P-Code through handover from C/A code. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new overlap average method to facilitate hardware design of fast direct P-Code acquisition. It allows the rapid code phase search to acquire GPS P-Code signals, and also decreases the hardware resource requirement. The small size FFT in the proposed methods is very promising for fast FPGA hardware system design using FFT cores. The simulation results and theoretical analysis are included demonstrating the overall performance of the proposed method.
相似文献
Jing PangEmail: Phone: +1-916-2784549Fax: +1-916-2787215 |
10.
Gianfranco Piras Kieran P. Donaghy Giuseppe Arbia 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2007,9(4):311-344
This paper presents an innovative approach to the study of regional economic dynamics within a nonlinear continuous-time econometric
framework—a generalized specification of the Lotka–Volterra system of equations. This specification, which accounts for interdependent
behavior of three industrial sectors and spillover effects of activities in neighboring regions, is employed in an analysis
of five Italian regions between 1980 and 2003. For these regions, we report estimation results, characterize the varying systems
dynamics, analyze the models’ local and global stability properties, and determine via sensitivity analyses which structural
features appear to exert the greatest influence on these properties.
相似文献
Kieran P. DonaghyEmail: |
11.
The accuracy of standalone GPS positioning improved significantly when Selective Availability was turned off in May 2000. With the availability of various public GPS related products including precise satellite orbits and clocks, and ionosphere maps, a single-frequency standalone user can experience even a further improvement of the position accuracy. Next, using carrier phase measurements becomes crucial to smoothen the pseudorange noise. In this contribution, the most critical sources of error in single-frequency standalone positioning will be reviewed and different approaches to mitigate the errors will be considered. An optimal filter (using also carrier phase measurements) will be deployed. The final approach will then be evaluated in a decently long static test with receivers located in different regions of the world. Kinematic experiments have also been performed in various scenarios including a highly dynamic flight trial. The accuracy, in general, can be confirmed at 0.5 m horizontal and 1 m vertical, with static tests. Ultimate results demonstrate an accuracy close to 2 dm (95%) for the horizontal position components and 5 dm (95%) for the vertical in the flight experiment.
相似文献
Anh Quan LeEmail: |
12.
Incorporating spatial variation in housing attribute prices: a comparison of geographically weighted regression and the spatial expansion method 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
Christopher Bitter Gordon F. Mulligan Sandy Dall’erba 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2007,9(1):7-27
Hedonic house price models typically impose a constant price structure on housing characteristics throughout an entire market
area. However, there is increasing evidence that the marginal prices of many important attributes vary over space, especially
within large markets. In this paper, we compare two approaches to examine spatial heterogeneity in housing attribute prices
within the Tucson, Arizona housing market: the spatial expansion method and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Our
results provide strong evidence that the marginal price of key housing characteristics varies over space. GWR outperforms
the spatial expansion method in terms of explanatory power and predictive accuracy.
相似文献
Christopher BitterEmail: |
13.
Hierarchical spatial interaction among the Italian regions: a nonlinear relative dynamics approach 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Regional interactions and spillover effects should be considered as important factors in growth analysis of regional economies.
Using modified versions of the Dendrinos–Sonis model, this paper analyses the spatial hierarchical system of Italy. The interaction
among Italian regions is considered at three different levels of spatial aggregation, the NUTS-1, NUTS-2 and NUTS-3 levels.
Compared to more popular spatial econometric approaches, the Dendrinos–Sonis model and its extensions provide greater flexibility
in the way interaction between regions is handled but the results strongly depend on the choice of a reference region.
相似文献
Geoffrey J. D. HewingsEmail: |
14.
Latent lifestyle preferences and household location decisions 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Lifestyle, indicating preferences towards a particular way of living, is a key driver of the decision of where to live. We
employ latent class choice models to represent this behavior, where the latent classes are the lifestyles and the choice model
is the choice of residential location. Thus, we simultaneously estimate lifestyle groups and how lifestyle impacts location
decisions. Empirical results indicate three latent lifestyle segments: suburban dwellers, urban dwellers, and transit-riders.
The suggested lifestyle segments have intriguing policy implications. Lifecycle characteristics are used to predict lifestyle
preferences, although there remain significant aspects that cannot be explained by observable variables.
相似文献
Jieping LiEmail: |
15.
The ecological fallacy (EF) is a common problem regional scientists have to deal with when using aggregated data in their analyses. Although there is a wide number of studies considering different aspects of this problem, little attention has been paid to the potential negative effects of the EF in a time series context. Using Spanish regional unemployment data, this paper shows that EF effects are not only observed at the cross-section level, but also in a time series framework. The empirical evidence obtained shows that analytical regional configurations are the least susceptible to time effects relative to both normative and random regional configurations, while normative configurations are an improvement over random ones.
相似文献
Raúl RamosEmail: |
16.
Ionospheric climatology derived from gps occultation observations made by the ionospheric occultation experiment 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Paul Straus 《GPS Solutions》2005,9(2):164-173
The ionospheric occultation experiment (IOX) is a GPS occultation sensor with an ionospheric mission focus. IOX measurements of GPS L1 and L2 carrier phase during Earth limb views of setting GPS satellites are used together with the Abel transform to determine vertical profiles of electron density from which F-region peak parameters are determined. Data from a four and a half month period beginning in November 2001 are statistically binned and compared with a climatological model. To account for potential errors in interpretation that could arise from violation of the Abel transform assertion of spherical symmetry, the data are compared to both the climatology and to statistics of simulated ionospheric inversions using the climatological model. General characteristics of the climatology are reproduced by the occultation data. However, several significant discrepancies between the model and the data are observed during this near-solar maximum time period. In particular, average mid-latitude daytime densities are shown to be higher than the climatological prediction and the height of F2 layer in the post-sunset equatorial region is underestimated by up to 150 km.
相似文献
Paul StrausEmail: Phone: +1-310-3365328Fax: +1-310-3361636 |
17.
Torben Schüler 《GPS Solutions》2006,10(2):108-125
Many kinematic GPS applications rely on high accuracy, which usually requires the ambiguities to be fixed. Normally, a reference station in the rover’s vicinity is needed for successful ambiguity resolution. Alternatively, a network surrounding the rover and allowing one to derive area correction parameters is needed. Unfortunately, both approaches are not feasible in certain situations. This paper is a contribution to precise kinematic positioning over long baselines. Atmospheric refraction becomes critical in the error budget, but progress has been made to use numerical weather models to derive tropospheric corrections, for instance. The spatial correlation of both ionospheric and tropospheric propagation delays is investigated in this paper and special attention is paid on the systematic error behavior of tropospheric refraction. The principles developed are applied to an extended reliability test of the ambiguities. Finally, it is demonstrated in positioning experiments that kinematic positioning retrieval with fixed ambiguities is actually possible for baselines between 150 and 300 km with an accuracy of approximately 2 cm in post-mission processing.
相似文献
Torben SchülerEmail: Phone: +49-89-60042587Fax: +49-89-60043019 |
18.
Modeling the geologic architecture of an aquifer and visualizing its three-dimensional structure require lithologic data recorded
during well drilling. Uncertainties in layer boundaries arise due to questionable quality of drilling records, mixing during
the drilling process, which results in blurred contacts, and natural heterogeneity of the geologic materials. An approach
for modeling and visualizing the spatial distribution of aquifer units three-dimensionally based on fuzzy set theory is developed.
An indicator is defined for evaluating the possibility of aquifer existence based on fuzzy set theory and probability principles.
A specific interpolation method for aquifer 3D spatial distribution requiring only very basic borehole log data is proposed.
A 3D modeling and visualization system for aquifers is also developed, which can implement basic GIS functions, like borehole
identification and cross-section creation. The methodology developed is tested using real borehole lithology data available
for an aquifer in British Columbia, Canada.
相似文献
D. M. AllenEmail: |
19.
A spatiotemporal analysis of aggregate labour force behaviour by sex and age across the European Union 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
J. Paul Elhorst 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2008,10(2):167-190
This study investigates the causes of variation in age-specific male and female labour force participation rates using annual
data from 154 regions across ten European Union member states for the period 1983–1997. Regional participation rates appear
to be strongly correlated in time, weakly correlated in space and to parallel their national counterparts. An econometric
model is designed consistent with these empirical findings. To control for potential endogeneity of the explanatory variables,
we use an instrumental variables estimation scheme based on a matrix exponential spatial specification of the error terms.
Many empirical studies of aggregate labour force behaviour have ignored population distribution effects, relying instead on
the representative-agent paradigm. In order for representative-agent models to accurately describe aggregate behaviour, all
marginal reactions of individuals to changes in aggregate variables must be identical. It turns out that this condition cannot
apply to individuals across different sex/age groups.
相似文献
J. Paul ElhorstEmail: |
20.
An exploratory analysis of hierarchical spatial interaction: the case of regional income shares in Indonesia 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Suahasil Nazara Geoffrey J. D. Hewings Michael Sonis 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2006,8(3):253-268
Regional interaction is generally understood as implying movement between regions at the same level of an hierarchy. This paper extends the notion to include an hierarchical system, thus facilitating the consideration of vertical interaction in the analysis of regional interaction. Obviously, vertical interaction is not altogether a new concept. One could find this concept in many analyses related to national-local or federal-state relationships. This paper treats hierarchy in a strict sense; spatial units are interacting one with another within, but not between, presumed super regions. A particular example drawn in this paper is the province-region relationships for the case of Indonesia. In this framework, provinces form a region, and regions form the nation. The Dendrinos–Sonis model is then used as the basis for measuring the hierarchical spatial interaction in Indonesia. The analysis will explore the degree to which complementarity and competitive interaction revealed at one level in the hierarchy persist at lower or higher levels.
相似文献
Geoffrey J. D. HewingsEmail: |