共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
无论是靠近还是远离火山的地方都会遭受到火山活动带来的灾害 ,火山灾害大多是由火山喷发直接造成 ,也有一些是火山平静时产生的。火山喷发的气体、火山泥流 ,火山引起的山崩 ,火山熔岩流 ,火山碎屑流和火山灰都会造成人类生命财产的损失。例如 ,1980年美国华盛顿州的圣海伦斯山的火山泥流、山崩、火山碎屑流和火山灰 ,1989年至 1990年阿拉斯加多面堡头山的火山泥流 ,196 0年、1986年和 1990年夏威夷 kilanea火山喷出的气体和熔岩流 ;195 0年、1984年 ,冒纳罗亚火山溶岩流 ;哥伦比亚内华达德1985年的火山泥流 ;Hulla火山 1994年的火山泥流… 相似文献
2.
在回顾总结了国外火山碎屑流灾害分析模型研究历史的基础上,本文选取了Flow3D模型对我国东北地区长白山天池火山未来大喷发可能产生的火山碎屑流进行了灾害区域划分。以长白山天池火山现代地形为依据,设定了11条未来爆炸式火山喷发时产生的火山碎屑流的可能流动线路。模拟结果表明,在喷发柱高度为10km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为13.7km;在喷发柱高度为20km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为35.4km;在喷发柱高度为30km的情况下,灾害区划最大半径为57.8km。在此基础上,得出了长白山天池火山未来发生中规模、大规模和超大规模火山喷发时火山碎屑流的覆盖范围,完成了我国第一幅长白山天池火山碎屑流灾害区划图。 相似文献
3.
研究了长白山天池火山1000年和5000年前2次大喷发产生的浮岩和火山灰的微观特征,通过TEM-EDX和SEM-EDX分析了浮岩中的火山玻璃和长石晶屑的表面特征及风化层厚度。5000年前大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层平均厚度3·74μm,1000年前大喷发为0·98μm;5000年前大喷发浮岩中的长石表面风化溶蚀度大于1000年前大喷发物中的长石;两次大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层化学组成与火山玻璃相比富Al和Fe而Si减少。综合上述特征认为,天池火山喷发物中矿物的微观特征的差异与火山喷发年代和喷发环境有关。因此,系统研究天池火山喷发物的微观特征是十分必要的,并且具有一定的应用价值 相似文献
4.
长白山天池火山位于中国和朝鲜两国边境线上, 借助国际合作, 对分布于中朝两国境内的天池火山喷发物进行了较系统的野外考查, 选择层序完整的火山喷发物剖面, 对天池火山进行整体研究. 在此基础上, 系统测定了天池火山历史时期大喷发从早期到晚期喷出的气体成分和含量, 进而探讨了该火山气体对环境的影响及其造成的火山灾害, 并利用天池火山气体成分和含量开展了该火山未来喷发危险性及其潜在火山灾害预测研究, 这一方法对进一步开展我国大陆活火山的喷发预测及其火山灾害防御研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
5.
大地震和火山喷发发生在消减带、大断层、火山和洋脊处。它们主要由板块运动所驱动,但其他因素也能触发地震和火山活动。例如,虽然证据一直是零零星星的,但长期以来潮汐一直被认为与大地震和火山的产生有关系。Geology上近期发表的 相似文献
6.
长白山天池火山研究进展 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
长白山天池火山距今４１０５年以来至少发生过两次大规模喷发。其最近的一次大喷发发生于公元８５０～１０４０年间。估计了这次喷发的喷发物体积和Ｃ１，Ｆ，Ｓ等的释放量。数值模拟表明，该次大喷发对全球气候变化产生过重要影响，最近的地球物理探测结果显示，在该火山下面存在地壳和上地幔双层岩浆房。认为该火山现在仍是一座具潜在灾害性大喷发危险的现代活动火山。 相似文献
7.
通过对2016年全球活动火山监测信息的统计,2016年共有96座火山记录到喷发活动,主要分布在环太平洋俯冲带及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上。火山预警等级共有4个,可以标识火山的危险程度,本文根据火山每个预警等级在全年52次监测信息报道中的出现次数,将96座活动火山按危险程度划为4类,并对每类的火山活动作出了详细描述。2016年的火山喷发也造成了人员伤亡和财产损失,印度尼西亚是受火山灾害影响最严重的国家。此外,根据火山灰柱海拔高度的整理及近年活动火山数量的调查,推测2016年的火山活动仅会使火山附近区域的天气受到影响,应不会引起全球性的气候异常。 相似文献
8.
9.
沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。 相似文献
10.
11.
A large number of in-situ volcanic reservoirs have been discovered from the Meso-Cenozoic rift basin group in eastern China.Based on drilling results in combination with geological and geophysical analysis,a case study from the Early Cretaceous Xujiaweizi fault-depression shows that the formation mechanism of in-situ volcanic reservoirs is characterized by"fault-controlled body,body-controlled facies,facies-controlled reservoir,and reservoir-controlled accumulation".In other words,deep faults control the volcanic eruption type,volcanic body,and gas reservoir distribution;the volcanic body determines the spatial distribution of volcanic facies and volcanic gas reservoir size;the volcanic facies control reservoir physical properties and effective thickness of gas formation;the volcanic reservoir properties control gas reservoir type and gas productivity.The result is useful to guiding the discovery of in-situ volcanic gas reservoirs in faulted basins in both theory and practice. 相似文献
12.
Introduction From the records of Wudalianchi volcanic group eruption in 1720~1721 obtained from the Man ethnic group files of Heilongjiang General Yamen in Qing Dynasty (WU, 1998; CHEN, WU, 2003), we have discovered the eruption time, state, material and scale of Laoheishan and Hu-oshaoshan volcanoes, as well as numerous seismic records. These historical materials are discov-ered for the first time although the study on Wudalianchi volcanic group has a long history. These earthquakes co… 相似文献
13.
The plume height represents a crucial piece of evidence about an eruption, feeding later assessment of its size, character, and potential impact, and feeding real-time warnings for aviation and ground-based populations. There have been many observed discrepancies between different observations of maximum plume height for the same eruption. A comparison of maximum daily height estimates of volcanic clouds over Indonesia and Papua New Guinea during 1982–2005 shows marked differences between ground and satellite estimates, and a general tendency towards lower height estimates from the ground. Without improvements in the quality of these estimates, reconciled among all available methods, warning systems will be less effective than they should be and the world's record of global volcanism will remain hard to quantify. Examination of particular cases suggests many possible reasons for the discrepancies. Consideration of the satellite and radar cloud observations for the 1991 Pinatubo eruptions shows that marked differences can exist even with apparently good observations. The problem can be understood largely as a sampling issue, as the most widely reported parameter, the maximum cloud height, is highly sensitive to the frequency of observation. Satellite and radar cloud heights also show a pronounced clumping near the height of the tropopause and relative lack of eruptions reaching only the mid-troposphere, reinforcing the importance of the tropopause in determining the eruption height in convectively unstable environments. To reduce the discrepancies between ground and satellite estimates, a number of formal collaboration measures between vulcanological, meteorological and aviation agencies are suggested. 相似文献
14.
More than 40 late Cenozoic monogenetic volcanoes formed a volcanic belt striking NNW from Keluo, through Wudalianchi to Erkeshan in NE China. These volcanoes belong to a unified volcano system, namely Wudalianchi volcanic belt(WVB for short). Based on the volcanic evolution history and the nature of monogenetic volcanic system, we estimate that the volcanic system of WVB is still active and has the potential to erupt again. Hence, this paper studied the temporal-spatial distribution and volcanic eruption types to evaluate the possible eruption hazard types and areas of influence in the future.
Volcanic field characteristics and K-Ar radiometric data suggest two episodes of volcanism in the WVB, the Pliocene to early Pleistocene volcanism(4.59~1.00MaBP)and the middle Pleistocene to Holocene volcanism(0.79Ma to now). The early episode volcanoes are distributed only in the north of WVB(mainly in Keluo volcanic field), featured by effusive eruption, and mainly formed monogenetic shield, whose base diameter is large and slope is gentle. However, the late episode eruptions occurred over the entire WVB. The explosive eruption in this stage formed numerous relatively intact scoria cones of explosive origin. Meanwhile the effusive eruption formed widely distributed lava flows.
Both effusive eruption and explosive eruption are common in WVB. The effusive eruption formed monogenetic shields and lava flows. The resulting pahoehoe lava, aa lava and block lava appeared in WVB. There are three end-member types of explosive eruption driven by magmatic volatile. Violent Strombolian eruption has the highest degree of fragmentation and mass flux, characterized by eruption column. Strombolian eruption has the high degree of fragmentation, but low mass flux, featured by pulse eruption. Hawaiian eruption has low degree of fragmentation, but high in mass flux, generating large scoria cones. In addition, this paper for the first time found phreatomagmatic eruption in WVB, which formed tuff cone. Transitional eruptions are also common in WVB, which have certain characteristics among the end-member eruption types. Besides, certain volcanoes displayed multiple explosive eruption types during the whole eruption span.
According to the volcanic temporal-spatial distribution and eruption characteristics in WVB, the potential volcanic hazards in future are constrained. It appears that the violent Strombolian and Strombolian eruption will not have significant impact on aviation safety in the vertical direction. In the radial direction, the ejected volcanic bomb can reach as far as 1km from the vents and the fallout tephra may disperse downwind over a distance ranging from 1~10km. The major hazard of Hawaiian eruption and effusive eruption comes from lava flow, and its migration distance may reach 3.0~13.5km for pahoehoe lava and 2.9~14.9km for aa lava. The base surge in phreatomagmatic eruption can reach a velocity of 200~400m/s, and the migration distance is around 10km. This is a big threat that people should pay more attention to and take precautions in advance. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the real-time observation of the volcanoes in the WVB, especially those formed in the late episode as well as near the active fault. 相似文献
15.
16.
Subduction induced compressional stress, lateral displacement faults probably linked to the NW extension of the Polochic-Motagua fault system, and local magma emplacement create a complex geological setting for the El Chichon volcano.Gravity analysis reveals that the principal structures in the area correspond to synclines and anticlines. Downward continuation of the gravity field suggests the presence of magma emplacement SE of the volcano. This magmatic emplacement appears to be the principal cause of the truncation of the syncline in which the volcano lies.Analyses of earthquakes occurring after eruptions show that the vertical distribution of events is confined to a roughly cylindrical zone which correlates well with the region of magmatic emplacement inferred from the gravity analysis.Even though more than 350 km separate the volcano from the Middle American trench, the compressional stress regime reported for the area may correlate with subduction stress (N30°E). However, the strike direction for the principal faults in the zone, N60°W, permits us to postulate that the NW extension of the Polochic-Motagua fault system is implicated in the local tectonics of the El Chichon area. 相似文献
17.
国外火山减灾研究进展 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
概述了国外近期火山灾害减轻进展,内容包括：火山灾害分类,识别高危险性火山,灾害识别、评价和分带,火山监测和喷发预测。减轻火山灾害的工程措施以有火山应急管理等方面。并对几次重大火山喷发灾难实例作了介绍和分析比较 相似文献
18.
A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
L.G. Mastin M. Guffanti R. Servranckx P. Webley S. Barsotti K. Dean A. Durant J.W. Ewert A. Neri W.I. Rose D. Schneider L. Siebert B. Stunder G. Swanson A. Tupper A. Volentik C.F. Waythomas 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):10
During volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash transport and dispersion models (VATDs) are used to forecast the location and movement of ash clouds over hours to days in order to define hazards to aircraft and to communities downwind. Those models use input parameters, called “eruption source parameters”, such as plume height H, mass eruption rate Ṁ, duration D, and the mass fraction m63 of erupted debris finer than about 4 or 63 μm, which can remain in the cloud for many hours or days. Observational constraints on the value of such parameters are frequently unavailable in the first minutes or hours after an eruption is detected. Moreover, observed plume height may change during an eruption, requiring rapid assignment of new parameters. This paper reports on a group effort to improve the accuracy of source parameters used by VATDs in the early hours of an eruption. We do so by first compiling a list of eruptions for which these parameters are well constrained, and then using these data to review and update previously studied parameter relationships. We find that the existing scatter in plots of H versus Ṁ yields an uncertainty within the 50% confidence interval of plus or minus a factor of four in eruption rate for a given plume height. This scatter is not clearly attributable to biases in measurement techniques or to well-recognized processes such as elutriation from pyroclastic flows. Sparse data on total grain-size distribution suggest that the mass fraction of fine debris m63 could vary by nearly two orders of magnitude between small basaltic eruptions ( 0.01) and large silicic ones (> 0.5). We classify eleven eruption types; four types each for different sizes of silicic and mafic eruptions; submarine eruptions; “brief” or Vulcanian eruptions; and eruptions that generate co-ignimbrite or co-pyroclastic flow plumes. For each eruption type we assign source parameters. We then assign a characteristic eruption type to each of the world's 1500 Holocene volcanoes. These eruption types and associated parameters can be used for ash-cloud modeling in the event of an eruption, when no observational constraints on these parameters are available. 相似文献
19.
科洛火山群的新生代火山共有23座,坐落于科洛河两岸,火山岩面积约为350km2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩.由于地处NE向断陷盆地这一特殊的构造位置,科洛地区的火山活动及展布主要受到区域基底断裂的制约.火山喷发形式总体为中心式,属斯通博利式火山.火山活动可划分为上新世、更新世和全新世3期.上新世在断陷盆地边缘形成了一系列NE向线性展布的中心式溢出型火山,其中部分火山因风化剥蚀而失去了原有的火山地貌特征,仅保留盾形熔岩台地.早更新世火山活动相对平静.中-晚更新世火山活动仍受到NE向基底断裂的控制,但喷发中心、喷发方式及喷发强度均发生改变,火山由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成.进入全新世以后南山喷发,其火山结构保存完好,裸露的熔岩台地保留了较好的微地貌特征.该期火山亦由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流构成.在科洛火山群的火山活动过程中,其熔岩流覆盖了早期沉积地层,并对盆地中的河流进行了改造,最终导致该区断陷盆地初始地貌的改变. 相似文献
20.
Volcanic ash fallout subsequent to a possible renewal of the Vesuvius activity represents a serious threat to the highly urbanized area around the volcano. In order to assess the relative hazard we consider three different possible scenarios such as those following Plinian, Sub-Plinian, and violent Strombolian eruptions. Reference eruptions for each scenario are similar to the 79 AD (Pompeii), the 1631 AD (or 472 AD) and the 1944 AD Vesuvius events, respectively. Fallout deposits for the first two scenarios are modeled using HAZMAP, a model based on a semi-analytical solution of the 2D advection–diffusion–sedimentation equation. In contrast, fallout following a violent Strombolian event is modeled by means of FALL3D, a numerical model based on the solution of the full 3D advection–diffusion–sedimentation equation which is valid also within the atmospheric boundary layer. Inputs for models are total erupted mass, eruption column height, bulk grain-size, bulk component distribution, and a statistical set of wind profiles obtained by the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis. We computed ground load probability maps for different ash loadings. In the case of a Sub-Plinian scenario, the most representative tephra loading maps in 16 cardinal directions were also calculated. The probability maps obtained for the different scenarios are aimed to give support to the risk mitigation strategies. 相似文献