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1.
We studied the feeding ecology of the Andean hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga) in three areas with different land use in Patagonia. Two areas were heavily grazed by sheep or horses and wild exotic herbivores and the third area was lightly grazed by cattle. In each area, we assessed skunk diet, prey abundance and carrion availability. Skunks were generalist feeders, with invertebrates composing the bulk of their diet, but also consumed small vertebrates and carrion. Differences in diet composition were found among areas, mainly because skunks consumed more beetle larvae in the sheep area and more cricetines and spiders in the exotic-herbivore area. All prey but rodents were significantly more abundant in spring and summer than in fall and winter, but skunk diets were similar among seasons. In the sheep area, where the soil was most disturbed, we found reduced abundances of invertebrate prey and rodents. High consumption of beetles during autumn and winter when these were least abundant and in the sheep area indicates that skunks had a preference for beetles and their larvae. We conclude that Andean hog-nosed skunks in Patagonia might be negatively affected by reductions of their main prey due to soil and plant alterations by livestock.  相似文献   

2.
Three-week old soybean (Glycine max) plants were subjected to a factorial combination of four regimes of soil matric water potential (ψm=−0·03, −0·5, −1·0 and −1·5 MPa), two levels of supplementary Zn (O and 20 mgl−1) and two levels of foliar IAA application (O and 10 mgl−1). Under control conditions (no Zn, no IAA), increasing soil drying progressively retarded shoot and root growth (length and dry mass production), reduced leaf relative water content (RWC) and decreased the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and shoot soluble sugars (SS), but increased soluble sugar content of roots and lowered osmotic water potential of shoots and roots (osmotic adjustment). Total free amino acid (TAA) content increased in shoots but decreased in roots whereas contents of soluble proteins (SP) decreased in shoots and roots. The effect of water stress was statistically significant (p<0·05) and had a major effect (as indicated by η2values) on leaf RWC, shoot and root dry masses and osmotic potential. Supplementary Zn improved root growth at all levels of stress and shoot growth under severe stress. Improvement of growth was positively correlated with the internal tissue Zn concentrations (r=0·91 and 0·86 for shoot and 0·94 and 0·82 for root length and dry mass respectively). Exogenous IAA raised (p<0·05) RWC, Chl, DM (slightly), root SS, and SP, whereas shoot TAA was lowered. Effects on root TAA and shoot SS were more complex: they were lowered at zero stress and raised under severe stress. IAA and Zn in combination had additive effects on Chl, growth and osmotic potential, but their combined effects on SP and TAA were more complex. It is concluded that the treatment of soybean plants grown under conditions of low soil water potentials and Zn deficiency with Zn and IAA solutions counteracted the deleterious effects of stress, especially at high stress levels, and helped stressed plants to grow successfully under these adverse unfavourable conditions.  相似文献   

3.
The germination behaviour of five Helianthemum species (H. almeriense, H. appeninum, H. cinereum, H. hirtum, H. squamatum) has been studied under controlled conditions. Constant 15, 20 or 25 °C and alternating 25/15 °C temperature regimes and 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod conditions were used. Presowing treatments applied were manual scarification, boiling water, hot water, dry heat and sulphuric acid. Germination values recorded were final germination percentage and germination rate expressed as days to reach 50% of the final germination percentage (T50). Incubation temperature had no significant effect on final germination percentage for untreated seeds of the five Helianthemum species. However, variation due to temperature was significant for scarified seeds, with the lowest germination percentage attained at 25 °C. In all Helianthemum species studied, the highest germination percentages were obtained by manual scarification of seeds. Germination rate of scarified seeds decreased as germination temperature increased. The different presowing treatments investigated allowed some germination in some species, but none were any better than manual scarification. The high germination among most species studied, following mechanical rupture of the seed coat, shows that the mechanism of dormancy lies in the seed coat. The physical dormancy caused by impermeable seed-coat appears to be the main reason of poor germination of untreated seeds of Helianthemum species studied.  相似文献   

4.
台特玛湖干涸湖盆区风蚀沙漠化快速发展,发育了以新月形沙丘和风蚀坑（主要为槽状坑和碟状坑）为主的风沙地貌。风蚀坑的发育不仅受来流风影响,还与坑内三维流场有关。基于风洞实验和计算机流体力学（Computational fluid dynamics, CFD）数值模拟,对风蚀坑三维流场进行了探究。结果表明：（1） 从入风侧到出风侧,槽状风蚀坑和碟状风蚀坑底面的风速均呈减速—加速—减速—加速的变化模式,上口所在水平面的风速变化呈加速—减速—加速变化模式,上口气流压强也相应地发生变化,槽状风蚀坑和碟状风蚀坑整体呈低压—高压—低压变化模式,其中槽状坑变化更为明显。（2） 两种形状风蚀坑对气流均具有一定的吸附效应,使坑外一定范围的风沙流被吸入坑内,聚集能量和风沙流,加剧风蚀坑风蚀发育。（3） 风蚀坑加剧了地表侵蚀,侵蚀程度与风蚀坑尺度有关,风蚀坑尺度越大,对地表侵蚀越强。本文直观展示了两种典型风蚀坑中的三维速度、压力、风沙流流向分布,揭示了风蚀坑的风沙流吸附机制,研究结果可加深对风蚀坑形态动力学的理解,也可为内陆干涸湖盆沙漠化防治提供理论指导。  相似文献   

5.
Results of analyses of 86 years of precipitation records for Calgary, Canada, showed that there were three periods of above normal precipitation and three periods of precipitation significantly below normal. This pattern gave the precipitation climate a quasi-periodic appearance. The average number of precipitation-days was 134 per annum. The reduction in the frequency of precipitation-days in dry years was not as significant as the equivalent reduction in precipitation amounts. A significant upward trend in the frequency of precipitation-days, which correlated with a similar trend in cloud cover, was not repeated in precipitation amounts. The upward trend in both cloud cover and precipitation-day frequency is believed to be related to urban growth and the corresponding heat island. This enhancement is more pronounced in the fall and winter months than in the spring and summer.  相似文献   

6.
Variation in growth, physiology and ionic relations patterns of Allenrolfea occidentalis, a perennial halophyte of dry habitats, was studied under field conditions from May 1996 to November 1997. An A. occidentalis community has a characteristic soil pH of 7·3–8·3. During the two years, the population was exposed to great variations in soil salinity, from 29 to 146 dS m−1, and soil moisture, ranging from drought (9·2%) to wet (19%). The salt concentrations were significantly higher in the surface soil layers than in the subsurface layers. Seasonal changes in dry weight are directly related to soil salinity stress. Allenrolfea occidentalis had greater growth and biomass production under saline conditions. Na+and Cl−ions were accumulated in plant tissues in much greater amounts than K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Soil salinities were significantly reduced at the end of the growing season. Water potentials of the shoots decreased significantly with increasing salinity. The plant (Fv/Fmratio) was more affected by salinity and irradiation levels during the summer period.  相似文献   

7.
Extraction and characterization of mucilage in Opuntia spp.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) mucilage is an interesting ingredient for the food industry because of its viscosity properties. We studied the conditions for the extraction and precipitation of the plants mucilage. Extraction conditions were: pad/water ratios (1:51:7), extraction temperature, (40±2 and 16±2 °C) and extraction time (4, 8 and 16 h). For the precipitation of the mucilage two types of alcohol (ethanol and isopropyl alcohol) and two water/alcohol ratios (1:3 and 1:4) were used.No differences were found in any of the measured variables among the different extraction or precipitation methods.The average mucilage yield after drying was 1.48% based on fresh weight (f.w.) and 19.4% based on dry weight (d.w.).The dried mucilage had in average 5.6% moisture; 7.3% protein; 37.3% ash; 1.14% nitrogen; 9.86% calcium and 1.55% of potassium. The colour analysis showed a high L* value and the chromatic co-ordinates were in the yellow-greenish spectrum.The use of isopropyl alcohol is recommended in ratio 1:3, since its commercial value is lower in comparison with ethanol.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of salinity, temperature, light and their interactions on the rate and final percentage of germination were evaluated for the invasive shrub Prosopis juliflora, grown under arid environmental conditions of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Seeds that were not treated with NaCl germinated well in a wide range of temperatures and in both full light and complete dark. Seed germination decreased significantly with the increase in both NaCl concentration and temperature. Optimal germination percentage occurred at 25 °C. The inhibitory effect of high salinity on final germination percentage was greater at 40 °C than at 15 and 25 °C. Germination was completely inhibited in 400 mM NaCl at 40 °C and in 600 mM NaCl at 25 °C. However, germination rate was significantly greater at 40 °C than at 15 and 25 °C in lower salinities and the reverse was true at higher salinities. Germination in light was significantly greater than in the dark at lower salinity levels and high temperature.  相似文献   

9.
During November 1997, an extreme rainfall event caused flooding in the Olary Creek and created a terminal lake within mallee vegetation on Nagaela Station, far western New South Wales. To assess the effect of this rare event on native flora, six 25×25 m2 grazing exclusion plots were established on flooded (4), and un-flooded control (2) areas. We investigated (i) the distribution of Nicotiana glauca in relation to the 1997 flooding event (ii) the variation in density of N. glauca soil-stored seed between soil in control and exclosure plots (iii) the allelopathic effects of N. glauca on germination of Lactuca sativa seeds. Analysis of N. glauca stem sections revealed a maximum of five growth rings, confirming an origin following the 1997 flood event. At a September 1998 assessment, no N. glauca were found across flooded and control plots. In October 2000 N. glauca occurred at densities of 24 and 12 N. glauca seedlings ha−1 in the flooded unfenced and fenced plots respectively. No N. glauca individuals were recorded either from control fenced or unfenced plots. The soil-stored seed study revealed that larger numbers of N. glauca seeds were recovered from the flooded open plot (1936±968) than in flooded fenced plots (856±428.12) but none was found in the control plots. Leachates obtained from dry leaves and twigs had a significantly greater negative impact (p>0.001) on germination of L. sativa seeds than leachates obtained from fresh leaves and bark. This study showed that the density of N. glauca is high in areas where grazing had eliminated competition from native shrubs and grasses. N. glauca is potentially a serious weed along the Olary Creek and ephemeral lake boundaries. Management strategies such as reducing grazing pressure from native and introduced animals and/or effective eradication programs should be adopted, to minimize further infestation.  相似文献   

10.
An understanding of seasonal changes in pasture biomass, production and offtake of different range types is fundamentally important for the efficient management of livestock grazing. However, few studies have quantified these changes for transhumance systems, despite the fact that transhumance is still the main form of livestock management in several regions of the world and is often critical for the livelihoods of the people. One such area is the Northern Areas of Pakistan, where six villages and their pastures were selected for study. Pastures were categorized within foothill, dry temperate and alpine range types, and seasonal biomass, production and offtake of the vegetation was estimated by clipping paired caged and uncaged quadrats. The alpine range type had by far the highest biomass and offtake; the foothill and dry temperate range types were much more sparsely vegetated. Although alpine pastures were heavily used, particularly in spring, there was no evidence for consistent over-utilization of pasture resources. Within the dry temperate range type, production was highest during spring but significantly under-used. This indicates a potential for increased use of dry temperate pastures during spring, an important period both for early recovery of livestock body condition after winter and to reduce the heavy pressure on the alpine pastures at this time.  相似文献   

11.
浑善达克沙地风蚀坑形态特征及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
闫德仁 《地理科学》2016,36(4):637-642
风蚀坑是沙质草原固定沙地活化的主要表现形式,其持续活化的结果将导致沙漠化扩展和生态环境恶化。采用实地测量方法,测定了129个风蚀坑走向、长度、宽度等形态指标。研究表明：① 研究区风蚀坑形态特征受NW、SW和W 3个风向的综合影响;② 风蚀坑走向呈WNW-ESE（112.5°）走向,有74.5%的风蚀坑走向（100°~120°）与SW风垂直,和W风呈20°左右的夹角,并影响风蚀坑的几何形状特征;③ 按风蚀坑长宽比值所反映的几何形状,可划分为卵圆形、长条形、狭长形和带形风蚀坑;依风蚀坑的地表形态特征,可划分为碟形、梯形、沟谷形、杯形和坡形5种风蚀坑。  相似文献   

12.
Atriplex canescens is a relatively common dioecious shrub in western North America. It is considered a valuable forage resource for both wild and domestic herbivores. Sex ratios and shrub dimensions were recorded in stands of tetraploid A. canescens that had been either protected from cattle grazing or summer- or winter-grazed by cattle for at least 20 years. Stem diameter and crown shape were used as surrogates for shrub age which could not be estimated by counting growth rings. Shrub sex ratios in exclosures were significantly more female biased than the empirically derived ratio for tetraploid A. canescens (55 female:35 male: 10 monecious). Conversely, shrub sex ratios in grazed pastures were not significantly different from the empirical ratio. Proportion of female shrubs in exclosures was significantly higher than in grazed pastures. Proportion of male shrubs, on the other hand, was similar in exclosures and grazed pastures. Winter-grazed shrub stands were apparently younger than both summer-grazed and protected shrubs. Protected shrubs appeared to be the oldest. Grazed female shrubs were apparently younger than grazed males, however, shrub ages of protected male and female shrubs were apparently not different. Cattle-grazing may have affected female shrubs more negatively at this site, causing gender-based differential mortality, and/or sex-shifting. Such processes could account for the differences in sex ratios, and for the apparent gender-related differences in shrub age that were observed.  相似文献   

13.
A large number of blowouts and playas occur in the marginal sectors of the aeolian deposits located in the southern sector of the Duero Depression (Tierra de Pinares) in Spain. The blowouts are relict landforms that were developed on sand sheets by deflation during dry periods with lower vegetation cover and a deeper water table. The studied blowouts form complexes of NW–SE and NNW–SSE elongated hollows with accompanying dunes up to 4 km long in the leeward margins. Some hollows host lakes or swampy areas related to a shallow water table. The dunes formed by NE–ENE winds show steep windward slopes and gentle leeward slopes. The studied playas, with prevalent NNW–SSE orientations, result from the aeolian excavation of terrace deposits and the underlying marly bedrock. It is probable that the formation of these depressions in an initial stage was related to deflation processes affected preferentially NNW–SSE sandy channels perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. The precipitation of salts in the playas generates aggregates of clay particles (peloids) that are easily removed by the wind. Once the bottom reached the substratum, the deepening of the depressions progressed by the deflation of particles produced by weathering of the argillaceous bedrock.  相似文献   

14.
This study assessed the nutritive value of the most important forage species of the Calden forest (central semi-arid La Pampa, Argentina), for samples collected in fall, winter and spring, under grazing conditions and during two successive years, for ranges of good and fair conditions. The crude protein concentration (CP) of short-winter grasses (Piptochaetium napostaense, Poa ligularis, Stipa clarazii and Hordeum stenostachys) was about 10%. Mid-winter grasses (S. tenuissima and S. gynerioides) never reached 6% CP. Summer grasses (Digitaria californica and Trichloris crinita) ranged from 7% to 9% CP. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was similar among short-winter and summer grasses (40–50%). Mid-winter grasses had the lowest IVDMD for all seasons (<40%). Effects of sampling year and range condition on CP were consistently significant only for short-winter grasses. Good condition ranges provide a more acceptable forage supply than fair condition ranges.  相似文献   

15.
ENSO循环与黄河上游径流的丰枯   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
分析了黄河上游径流主要形成区——唐乃亥以上流域的气象和水文特性,在此基础上,根据 El Nino 现象及 La Nina 现象与黄河上游径流的丰枯的对应关系,探讨了 ENSO 事件对黄河上游径流的影响。统计结果表明,ENSO 现象与黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域的径流丰枯有着密切的关系。总体而言,伴随着 El Nino 事件的发生,黄河上游出现枯水的概率较大,而黄河上游的洪水常伴随着 La Nina 事件发生。  相似文献   

16.
This paper presents data on the germination traits of five perennials (Allium polyrrhizum, Agropyron cristatum, Arenaria meyeri, Artemisia frigida and Artemisia santolinifolia) widespread in the mountain steppes of southern Mongolia. Germination and seed viability were assessed at three alternate temperatures (8/4 °C, 20/10 °C, 32/20 °C), three levels of osmotic stress (deionized water; −0.5 MPa, −1 MPa Mannitol solution), and under conditions of alternate light/darkness versus complete darkness. The results of a factorial ANOVA with treatments and species as main effects showed that all five species germinated best at higher temperatures, with only Agropyron cristatum showing some seed mortality. Osmotic stress reduced seed viability and total germination in all five species. Darkness had no influence on viability, but positively affected seed germination of Allium polyrrhizum and Agropyron cristatum. We therefore conclude that, in the field, germination of all five species is mainly controlled by ambient temperatures and water availability, both of which drop towards the end of summer when dispersal takes place and effectively delay seedling recruitment until the next vegetation period.  相似文献   

17.
风蚀坑形态-动力学研究进展   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
孙禹  杜会石  刘美萍  哈斯 《地理科学》2015,35(7):898-904
风蚀坑是沙质海岸、湖岸及干旱、半干旱区沙质草原地区受风蚀作用形成的洼地。受风蚀坑地形的影响,坑内气流的风速、风向发生了变化,通过输沙过程的局部差异改变了风蚀坑的蚀积格局,并对风蚀坑形态进行改造。而形态的变化又反作用于近地表气流,由此产生风蚀坑形态-动力学的响应与反馈。总结并扼要评述国内外近年来风蚀坑形态-动力学及其发育演化方面的研究进展,分析现有研究的不足,以期对今后此类研究提供借鉴。  相似文献   

18.
In 1995, mapping and classification of riparian vegetation along the Mojave River in southern California revealed an 8-km reach in which riparian cottonwoods (Populus fremontii Wats.) were stressed or dying. We tested a set of predictions based on the inference that cottonwood decline was an indirect result of lowered water-table levels following flood-related channel incision. Comparisons of topographic cross-sections from 1963 and 1997, indicated a net change in channel elevation between −0·71 and −3·6 m within zones of cottonwood stress and mortality. Ages of young cottonwood and willow stems adjacent to the present channel and radial stem growth of surviving cottonwoods were consistent with the inference that channel incision, associated with sustained flooding in January and February of 1993, lowered channel elevations throughout the affected reach. Well records and soil redoximorphic features indicate that channel incision caused net water-table declines 1·5 m on portions of the adjacent flood plain where cottonwood stand mortality ranged between 58 and 93%. In areas where water-table declines were estimated to be <1·0 m, stand mortality was 7–13%.  相似文献   

19.
Hesperaloe funifera(Agavaceae) is being investigated as a new specialty-fiber crop for arid lands. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reduced solar radiation on photosynthesis and growth in this CAM species.Peak CO2uptake integrated through 24 h was found to be highest during the fall. Although shading greatly reduced CO2uptake in fall and winter, the decrease was not statistically significant for the spring and summer. Total biomass was significantly different for the three light treatments, with average fresh weights of 5243 g, 4488 g, and 3671 g for the full-sun, 53%-sun, and 20%-sun treatments, respectively. The greatest differences were found in the crown growth, which would affect future production of both leaves and flower stalks.Photosynthesis and growth results suggest that the cultivation ofHesperaloe funiferawill be favored in well-lit environments characteristic of arid or semi-arid climates.  相似文献   

20.
High soil temperatures influence seedling emergence as well as the performance of plant organs and yields. Temperatures of above 40°C were recorded in the topsoil of the Ferralsols of the semi-arid areas of SE-Kenya during the rainy season. Experiments were conducted in the climatological laboratory of the University of Trier, Germany, on two legumes (green grams and common beans var. kathika), grown by smallholder farmers in the study area under varying soil temperature conditions. The main objective was to examine the effect of soil temperature on various parameters: seedling emergence, crop water requirements, leaf area index and phenology of the two legumes. The simulated climatological laboratory conditions were similar to those at Kiboko, SE-Kenya. This study confirmed that under high soil temperature conditions, green grams are well adapted to semi-arid and hot tropical lowlands as well as lower midlands due to low water requirements, high seedling emergence rates and good yield performance. However, kathika beans were very susceptible to the simulated extreme climatic environment. By means of crop simulation modelling, a temporal differentiation for potential growth of green grams is presented for the long and short rains according to different rainfall conditions (ENSO, antiENSO, normal) over a period of 31 years.  相似文献   

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