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1.
三峡库区山地灾害基本特征及滑坡与降水关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析三峡库区山地灾害的基本特征，着重讨论库区滑坡灾害与前期降水量的相关关系，运用Fisher判别法则建立该区滑坡发生的降水预报方程。结果表明，三峡库区山地灾害主要出现在雨季，7月发生最为频繁，灾害种类多样，主要以滑坡为主，降水是诱发山地灾害的主要因素；当日和前5d的暴雨日数、当日和前10d降水量与滑坡发生的关系最为密切，诱发库区滑坡灾害的主要降水类型为暴雨诱发型和多日中大雨诱发型；通过Fisher判别方法，以两个降水因子建立起的滑坡发生的预报方程，对于三峡库区滑坡发生具有一定的判别能力，为库区山地灾害的预防提供科学依据。 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):74-81
Many studies have documented major landslide events in mountain areas following heavy rainfall amounts. In the Himalaya, landslides occur during every monsoon period, but the role of rainfall in triggering these failures is not clear. This paper reports the results of a three-year study (1991-1993) into landsliding in the Likhu Khola drainage basin, Middle Hills, Nepal. Considerable annual variability in numbers, types and sizes of landslides was noted. Some of this variability can be explained by fluctuations in rainfall amounts and intensities, but many landslides were explained more easily by other controlling factors. In situations where slopes are extensively terraced for agriculture, with some terraces being intensely irrigated and others not, relationships between landsliding and rainfall amounts are complex and no simple explanations can be made. 相似文献
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During the last decade the frequency of landslides at river valley slopes eroding into the glaciolacustrine plain in western Estonia has grown considerably. We studied in detail nine recent landslides out of 25 known and recorded sliding events in the area. All landslides occurred at the river banks in otherwise almost entirely flat areas of proglacial deposits capped with marine sands. Glaciolacustrine varved clay is the weakest soil type in the area and holds the largest landslides. Slope stability modelling shows that critical slope gradient for the clay is ≥ 10° and for the marine sand ≥ 20°. Fluvial erosion is the main process in decreasing slope stability at the outer bends of the river meanders. An extra shear stress generated by groundwater flow following the high stand of the groundwater level or rapid water level drawdown in the river channels are responsible for triggering the landslides. Consecutive occurrence of small-scale slides has a direct effect in triggering the large, retrogressive complexes of slides in the glaciolacustrine clay. A landslide hazard zonation map was composed based on digital elevation model and the data on spatial distribution of glaciolacustrine clays and marine sands, and on existing and critical slope angles of these deposits. 相似文献
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Human impacts to mountain streams 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Mountain streams are here defined as channel networks within mountainous regions of the world. This definition encompasses tremendous diversity of physical and biological conditions, as well as history of land use. Human effects on mountain streams may result from activities undertaken within the stream channel that directly alter channel geometry, the dynamics of water and sediment movement, contaminants in the stream, or aquatic and riparian communities. Examples include channelization, construction of grade-control structures or check dams, removal of beavers, and placer mining. Human effects can also result from activities within the watershed that indirectly affect streams by altering the movement of water, sediment, and contaminants into the channel. Deforestation, cropping, grazing, land drainage, and urbanization are among the land uses that indirectly alter stream processes. An overview of the relative intensity of human impacts to mountain streams is provided by a table summarizing human effects on each of the major mountainous regions with respect to five categories: flow regulation, biotic integrity, water pollution, channel alteration, and land use. This table indicates that very few mountains have streams not at least moderately affected by land use. The least affected mountainous regions are those at very high or very low latitudes, although our scientific ignorance of conditions in low-latitude mountains in particular means that streams in these mountains might be more altered than is widely recognized. Four case studies from northern Sweden (arctic region), Colorado Front Range (semiarid temperate region), Swiss Alps (humid temperate region), and Papua New Guinea (humid tropics) are also used to explore in detail the history and effects on rivers of human activities in mountainous regions. The overview and case studies indicate that mountain streams must be managed with particular attention to upstream/downstream connections, hillslope/channel connections, process domains, physical and ecological roles of disturbance, and stream resilience. 相似文献
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金沙江下游云南小江流域山地灾害综合区划 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分别完成云南小江流域泥石流危险度区划、滑坡危险度区划和土壤侵蚀强度分区的基础上,对小江流域山地灾害进行综合区划。结果为,共分为三个不同等级的山地灾害综合区:(1)一级(高危险度)山地灾害综合区,(2)二级(次高危险度)山地灾害综合区和(3)四级(低危险度)山地灾害综合区;无三级(中危险度)山地灾害综合区。其中一级(高危险度)区面积1 425.34 km2,有泥石流沟84条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的60.0%,有滑坡137个,占区划区域滑坡总数的77.4%,土壤侵蚀强度以轻、中度为主;二级(次高危险度)区面积756.79 km2,有泥石流沟35条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的25.0%,有滑坡34个,占区划区域滑坡总数的19.2%,土壤侵蚀以轻、中度为主;四级(低危险度)区面积863.20 km2,有泥石流沟21条,占区划区域泥石流沟总数的15.0%,有滑坡6个,占区划区域滑坡总数的3.4%,土壤侵蚀以轻度为主。 相似文献
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Urban transformation of river landscapes in a global context 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
Over the past 50 years considerable progress has been made in understanding the impacts of urban development on river processes and forms. Such advances have occurred as urban population growth has accelerated around the world. Using a compilation of research results from more than 100 studies conducted in a range of areas (58 addressing morphological change), this paper describes how urbanization has transformed river landscapes across Earth’s surface, emphasizing the distribution of impacts in a global comparative context. Urban development induces an initial phase of sediment mobilization, characterized by increased sediment production (on the order of 2–10 times) and deposition within channels, followed by eventual decline that couples with erosion from increased runoff to enlarge channels. Data from humid and temperate environments around the world indicate that channels generally enlarge to 2–3 times and as much as 15 times the original size. Although research has emphasized temperate environments, recent studies of tropical areas indicate a tendency for channel reduction resulting from strong sediment erosion and deposition responses because of intense precipitation and highly weathered soils. Embryonic research in arid environments further suggests variable river responses to urbanization that are characterized by rapid morphological change over short distances. Regardless of location, the persistence of the sediment production phase varies from months to several years, whereas several decades are likely needed for enlarging channels to stabilize and potentially reach a new equilibrium. Urbanizing streams pose particular challenges for management given an inherent changing nature. Successful management requires a clear understanding of the temporal and spatial variations in adjustment processes. 相似文献
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The influence of river training on mountain channel changes (Polish Carpathian Mountains) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The purpose of this paper is to explain the influence of river training on channel changes in mountain rivers. Also considered are the causes of failure of different training schemes. The research was conducted on the regulated Mszanka and Porębianka Rivers, belonging to the Raba River drainage basin in the Polish Flysh Carpathian Mountains. Channel mapping carried out in 2004 drew attention to the contemporary morphology of the channels and the development of their dynamic typology. General changes in channel morphometry and land cover were identified by comparing cartographic sources from various years. Archive material from Cracow's Regional Water Management Authority (RZGW) was used to analyse the detailed channel changes caused by each regulation structure. The material consisted of technical designs of individual training works, as well as plans, longitudinal profiles and cross-sections of trained channel reaches. A series of minimum annual water stages at the Mszana Dolna gauging station was used to determine the tendency of channel bed degradation over 53 years. During the first half of the 20th century, the middle and lower courses of the Mszanka and Porębianka Rivers had braided patterns. The slopes, mostly covered with crops, were an important source of sediment delivery to the river channels. Today, both channels are single-threaded, narrow and sinuous. Downcutting is the leading process transforming the channels. They cut down to bedrock along about 60% of their lengths. The main type of channel is an erosion channel, which occurs also in the middle and lower courses of the rivers. The channel sediment deficit is an important cause for river incision. Sediment supply to the channels was reduced after a replacement of crops on the slopes by meadows or forests. Gravel mining has also caused channel downcutting. The rapid channel changes began after 1959, as systematic training was introduced. Channel regulation seems therefore to be a major factor determining channel adjustment. Debris dams and groynes were built before 1980 and these caused the greatest change of channel pattern, increase of channel gradient and magnitude of river incision. After that date the measures mostly involved drop structures. From then on, the rate of downcutting decreased considerably, but has not ceased. The rivers continued to incise until bedrock was exposed or training structures were destroyed. After that, a tendency to lateral migration and local braiding were observed in the deepened channel. The channels displayed a tendency to return to their morphology and dynamic from before the training. The results demonstrate that river training distorts the equilibrium of channel systems. A channel becomes divided into artificial reaches, which later follow different evolutionary patterns. Most training schemes on mountain channels are ineffective in the long term, as river managers seem to consider a channel at a reach scale only. Individual channel reaches, however, are not independent but rather form a system that must be managed at the entire channel scale. 相似文献
9.
《Geomorphology》2006,73(1-2):149-165
Manjiya County on the Ugandan slopes of Mount Elgon is a densely populated mountainous area where landslides have been reported since the beginning of the twentieth century. The numerous fatalities and the damage done during the extreme rainfall events of 1997 to 1999 drew attention to this phenomenon. In order to better understand the causal factors of these landslides, 98 recent landslides in the study area, mostly debris slumps, were mapped and investigated. Together, they displaced 11 millions m3 of slope material. Statistical analysis shows that landslides dominate on steep concave slope segments that are oriented to the dominant rainfall direction (northeast) and at a relatively large distance from the water divide. Based on landslide occurrence and impact, four different zones can be distinguished within the study area. Causal factors as well as landslide characteristics differ greatly between the four zones.Besides the fact that steep slopes, high rainfall and typical soil properties and stratification turn Manjiya into an inherently unstable area, human interference cannot be neglected. Whereas deforestation has reduced the stability of the shallow soils on the eastern slopes of the study area, the excavation of slopes, mainly for house building, is an important destabilizing factor for the western slopes. The growing population density not only increases the risk on damage, but hampers the search for solutions for the landslide problem as well. 相似文献
10.
基于甘肃省河东地区61个气象站点1988—2017年逐日气温数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验,Sen’s斜率估计方法分析甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数的时空变化趋势,并探讨极端气温指数与其影响因素之间的关系,最后利用NAR神经网络结合Hurst指数对甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数变化进行预测分析。结果表明：(1)从时间上看,冷极值相对指数呈下降趋势,冷极值绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期呈上升趋势。(2)从空间上看,对冷极值变化反应最为敏感的是高寒湿润区,对暖极值变化反应最为敏感的是温带半湿润区和北亚热带湿润区,除北亚热带湿润区外各区域作物生长期的变化都达到了显著水平,而气温日较差仅在温带半湿润区达到了显著水平。(3)多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔之间有显著相关性,但受区域自然特点影响,经度与海拔对其影响实为一类。(4)亚洲区极涡强度、北半球极涡强度以及青藏高原指数B与极端气温指数变化有密切关系,而太阳黑子等只与个别指数之间存在显著的相关性。(5)预测出的极端气温指数冷极值相对指数仍呈现下降趋势,冷极值的绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期仍然呈现增加趋势,但大多数指数与1988—2017年相比变化幅度有所降低。（6）与其他区域相比甘肃省河东地区大多数气温指数变化幅度处于中间水平,表现出其为多种不同气候区、自然区交界地带的特色。 相似文献
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新仙女木期黄河晋陕峡谷古风成沙层年代及其物质来源 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过对黄河晋陕峡谷壶口至龙门段开展广泛细致的野外考察,发现了典型的晚更新世以来黄土—土壤层夹古风成沙层剖面—北桑峪剖面（BSY）。结合不同类型沉积物的野外宏观特征、磁化率、粒度成分、石英颗粒表面特征和地球化学元素的对比分析,确定黄河晋陕峡谷壶口至龙门段BSY剖面中所夹古风成沙层的性质为中沙质细沙,是在干旱多风环境下形成的沙质沉积物。基于光释光（OSL）测年数据,确定其沉积年代为12.5-11.6 ka,记录了黄河中游发生在末次冰消期的极端干旱事件,其与相邻区域沙漠/黄土过渡带中湖沼沉积和风成黄土—古土壤剖面记录的新仙女木事件相对应。该剖面中古风成沙沉积物的物质来源,主要来自黄河晋陕峡谷的古河床相沙层物质。这是因为该河段处于干旱半干旱季风气候区,在新仙女木时期,黄河晋陕峡谷处于极端干冷的环境之中,冬季风强盛、夏季风衰弱,黄河水位下降明显,河漫滩和江心洲将大面积出露,大量的沙物质在风力作用下向岸边输移,成为河谷两侧缓坡台地上古风成沙沉积层出现的主要沙源地。这个研究成果对于进一步揭示黄河中游流域极端干旱事件发生的时间性规律及其与季风气候变化的关系,具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
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通过典型地质灾害的调查以及对其控制条件和诱发因素的分析表明 ,广东沿海的强震多出现于NEE活动断裂与NNW、NW向活动断裂交汇部位附近。在工程和经济活动剧烈的丘陵、河流沿岸、交通线和城镇区为水土流失、崩塌和滑坡斜坡灾变的多发区 ,降雨制约斜坡灾变的机率。地裂缝与胀缩土活动相关 ,雨季与旱雨季的交替变化是地裂缝发生的主要原因。岩溶塌陷和地面沉降均与超采地下水有关。三角洲和滨海平原软土区构成了工程建筑非稳定地基。地质灾害防治应以保护自然生态环境为主。丘陵区应进行植树种草 ,涵养水土 ,防止或抑制坡面侵蚀 ;沿海平原区 ,应合理开发利用地下水资源 ,保持地下水动态平衡。同时 ,应合理制定城镇规划 ,对重大工程建设场应开展地质灾害风险评估和地质灾害监测、预报工作。 相似文献
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天山南北麓新生代地理环境演变 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文阐明了晚第三纪以来天山的大幅度隆起及南北麓沉积过程,着重从古植被变化论述了区内新生代的环境演变,并对天山南北麓的沉积环境异同作了对比。文章中首次提出天山地区第三纪以来可分为两个湿润期(古新世-始新世,渐新世晚期-中新世)和三个干旱期(渐新世早中期、上新世、第四纪)。 相似文献
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Evolution of disturbed oak woodlands: the case of Mexico City's western forest reserve 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Arturo García-Romero 《The Geographical journal》2001,167(1):72-82
Mexico City is the largest city in population and area in the world. In the last 30 years it has expanded its area westwards to include the mountains of the Sierra de las Cruces. These mountains contain the nearest forest reserve for the citizens of Mexico City. Deforestation and severe ecological degradation resulting from the destruction of the natural environment; air, water and soil pollution; and hydrological and geomorphological imbalances, limit the capacity of these areas to support forest regeneration. This study focuses on the geo-ecology of the climax oak woodlands found in the Sierra de las Cruces. Based on morpho-structural evidence, bioclimatic type, degree of human intervention and general geo-ecological considerations, three territorial systems have been differentiated in which the oak woodlands exist in different climax facies: a) oak woodlands developed in very humid and cool environments located on low mountain slopes; b) disturbed oak woodlands developed in humid and cool environments located on high piedmonts; and c) highly disturbed oak woodlands developed in subhumid and temperate environments, located on low piedmonts. A comparative study of the content, structure and functional relationships of the secondary facies associated with these climax communities, allowed conclusions to be drawn on the way oak woodlands respond to human intervention, and the risky situations to which these communities are subjected, particularly the most sensitive facies that deserve immediate protection. 相似文献
18.
Changes in land cover and shallow landslide activity: A case study in the Spanish Pyrenees 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
The Pyrenees, like many other mountain areas in Europe, have experienced depopulation and land abandonment during the 20th century. This has encouraged vegetation recovery in formerly occupied areas, including reforestation to promote woodland. The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of these changes on shallow landsliding, a process responsible for erosion and land degradation in many mountain areas. A sequence of aerial images reveals a slight decrease in the landslide occurrence rate in the last half of the 20th century and a parallel increase in the landslide extinction rate, i.e. the rate at which evidence of landslide activity is removed by vegetation colonisation. A logistic regression routine was used to assess the influence of land use and vegetation recovery in the occurrence of shallow landslides. The result shows that the former arable fields on the valley slopes still facilitate landsliding, even after land abandonment and revegetation by shrubs or trees. A shift in the topographic location of landslides was also detected, pointing to an increased importance of water redistribution in the slopes after prolonged rainfall periods. 相似文献
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委内瑞拉1999年特大泥石流灾害 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
受娜尼拉现象的影响,１９９９－１２－１５～１６委内拉北部阿维拉册区加勒比海沿岸的８个州连降特大暴雨,造成山体大面积滑塌,数十条沟谷同时暴发大规模的泥石流。泥石流造成３万人死亡、经济损失高达１００亿美元,成为本基纪最严重的泥石流灾害,这次泥石汉灾害具有群发性、规模大、低频率和直接入海等特点,对这类泥石流进行泥石流成因、活动规律、预测预报、泥石流与异常气候现象关系和直接入海型泥石流运动规律,沉积特征、 相似文献
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The Southern Alps lie along the convergent Pacific-Indian plate boundary. Geomorphically distinct eastern, axial and western regions reflect the east-west gradient in tectonic uplift (1 to 10 mm a−1) and precipitation (600 to 10,000 mm a−1). The eastern region is divided into front-ange and basin-and-range subregions. Soil-sequence studies on terraces established temporal contrasts in pedogenesis within and between eastern and western regions encompassing Entisols, Inceptisols and Spodosols. On Late Pleistocene and early Holocene terraces Dystrochrepts are persistent soils in the eastern region and Aquods in the western region. These soil sequences are used in the interpretation of relative soil age, stratigraphy and erosion history in hill and mountain drainage basins of the eastern and western regions. In the subhumid to humid eastern front-range subregion, simple soil forms occur as catenary sequences, and there is little evidence of erosion following the destruction of forests in the last millenium. Mollisols are dominant in the subhumid, and Dystrochrepts in humid areas, respectively. Soil-debris mantle regoliths date from the early Holocene and are still developing on slopes. The soil pattern on mountain slopes in the humid, eastern basin-and-range subregion is a complex array of simple, eroded, composite and compound soils. This pattern has resulted from erosion following forest destruction within the last millenium. The oldest surface or buried forest soils are Dystrochrepts dating from the Late Pleistocene to early Holocene. Wind erosion of these low-fertility soils contributes to the loessial sediments in which younger soils have formed. In the western region, soil patterns and soil stratigraphy indicate continous instability with a complex pattern of highly leached, shallow Orthents and bedrock outcrops on slopes. The soils are eroded from slopes within 2 ka. These contrasts in soil development and erosion periodicity in the eastern and western regions of the Southern Alps parallel the east-west contrasts in erosion rates of ca. 1–10 mm a−1. 相似文献