共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
T. Kato 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1997,63(1-2):39-51
Summary Quantitatively comparative experiments of moist convection using hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models are reviewed and a further study is made of the suitability of the hydrostatic approximation for a high-resolution model when the grid size falls below 20 km. Idealized moist convection is treated, and then the torrential rain that occurred on 6 August 1993 in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan is simulated by each model. An explicit warm-rain process predicting cloud water and rainwater and the scheme of moist convective adjustment are individually or conjunctively employed in the model. The effect of hydrostatic water loading is also examined in detall.For the simulation of idealized convection, the hydrostatic simulation tends to overestimate and overexpand precipitation in comparison with the non-hydrostatic counterpart, and the drag effect of hydrostatic water loading is more significant for convective development than the non-hydrostatic effect. In the 20-km simulations, however, the hydrostatic simulation with hydrostatic water loading produces results that are comparable to the nonhydrostatic counterpart. For the simulation with real data, the comparative results well correspond to those of idealized convection. Furthermore, the 5 km hydrostatic simulation overestimates total precipitation more than that of dealized convection. On the basis of these results, when developing 1020 km numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, hydrostatic water loading should be evaluated in preference to adopting non-hydrostatic models, and a non-hydrostatic model with hydrostatic water loading is thought to be recommendable for a high-resolution NWP model.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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Hann-Ming H. Juang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1992,50(1-3):75-88
Summary The set of fully compressible nonhydrostatic equations governing a broad spectrum of atmospheric motion was transformed fromz coordinates to sigma coordinates under a hydrostatic base state. The hydrostatic base state may be either time-independent, such as a hydrostatic balance with-out motion or with motion such as a thermal wind balance, or time-dependent such as might be obtained from the result of integrating a hydrostatic model. The transformed set of equations can be used to predict and study all scales of at mospheric phenomena.The set of perturbation equations was also derived under the same condition. The computational sensitivity in computation of pressure gradient force in sigma coordinate can be improved by computing the pressure gradient interms of perturbations under a certain hydrostatic state.The hydrostatic regional spectral model developed by Juang and Kanamitsu (1991) was modified to be a nonhydrostatic spectral model based on the nonhydrostatic equations in sigma coordinates with time-dependent hydrostatic base states. A semi-implicit time integration scheme was used. Two experiments were performed to test this nonhydrostatic spectral model with acceptable results.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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J. Steppeler R. Hess U. Schättler L. Bonaventura 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,82(1-4):287-301
Summary ?Currently available computer power allows to run operational numerical weather prediction models at resolutions higher than
10 km. The aim of such high resolution modeling is the prediction of local weather, including orographically induced winds
and local precipitation patterns. In this range the hydrostatic approximation is no longer valid and nonhydrostatic models
have to be used instead. For several decades these models have been developed for research purposes only, but operational
application is now reality. In this paper, the numerical methods used in current nonhydrostatic forecast models will be reviewed
and some promising techniques in this field will be discussed. Special attention is given to aspects such as the choice of
the vertical coordinate, the efficiency of algebraic solvers for semi-implicit time discretizations, and accurate and non-oscillatory
advection schemes.
Received July 6, 2001; revision October 12, 2001 相似文献
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A global baroclinic primitive equation model using the spectral technique has been constructed for short‐ and medium‐range numerical weather prediction. The spectral technique, which is a special case of the Galerkin method, employs spherical harmonic basis functions in the evaluation of all horizontal derivatives. The use of a transform technique allows all the horizontal operations to be performed efficiently and allows physical processes to be evaluated in real space. The model employs a semi‐implicit algorithm for time integration and finite differencing in the vertical. Physical processes include orography, moist convection, large scale precipitation and boundary layer processes. 相似文献
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The Dynamical and Climate Tests of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Using the Second-Order
Adams-Bashforth Method 
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下载免费PDF全文 The Asselin-Robert time filter used in the leapfrog scheme can degrade the accuracy of calculations. The second-order Adams-Bashforth method with the same accuracy as the leapfrog scheme is not subject to time splitting instability. A new semi-implicit atmospheric general circulation spectral model is developed on the basis of NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) CAM3.0 (Community Atmosphere Model3.0). In this new model, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method is used as an alternative to the leapfrog scheme, and a Crank-Nicholson scheme is incorporated for the treatment of fast gravity modes. In this paper, the new model is tested by the Held-Suarez test and an idealized baroclinic wave test. Results of the Held-Suarez test show that the second-order Adams-Bashforth model has similar climate states to those of many other global models and it converges with resolutions. Based on the idealized baroclinic wave test, the capability of di?erent time di?erencing methods for keeping the initial steady-state are compared.This convinces a better ability of the second-order Adams-Bashforth method in maintaining the stability of the initial state. Furthermore, after the baroclinic wave is triggered through overlaying the steady-state initial conditions with the zonal perturbation, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method has an excellent property of convergence, and can represent the process of the baroclinic wave development much better than
the original scheme in CAM3.0. A long-term integration of the new model during the period of 1980-1999 is also carried out and compared with that of CAM3.0. It is found that due to the reduction of simulation errors of prognostic variables, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method also has a better simulation ability for the diagnostic variables, such as precipitation. 相似文献
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在程锐等（2018）中,我们完成了非静力AREM（Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model）模式动力框架设计。本文将通过理想和实例试验检验其模拟能力。设计理想试验并通过与国际成熟的中尺度非静力框架比较,直接检验非静力AREM三维动力框架在细致分辨率（约1 km）下的模拟性能。可以看出,非静力AREM与ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System）、WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting Model）模拟出类似的积云对流结构及演变特征,从而基本确证了本文发展的非静力框架的正确性。结合原静力平衡模式的初始化和物理参数化过程,形成非静力AREM模式系统。台风实例模拟表明,粗分辨率下静力、非静力AREM模式性能接近;但在高分辨率下,非静力明显优于静力模式。我们还开展了批量降水试验检验,对非静力AREM模式性能进行了进一步的验证。 相似文献
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GRAPES模式中三维科氏力计算及其效果评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为一种连续可压缩流体,大气具有分层流体特性,其状态变化可由牛顿第二定律、热力学第一定律、连续方程和理想大气状态方程组成的偏微分方程组描述。为了更加精细地描述GRAPES全球模式的动力过程,使模式大气更接近真实大气,在全球非静力模式GRAPES中考虑三维科氏力作用,通过重新构建半隐式半拉格朗日求解大气动力方程组的亥姆霍兹方程系数,在不改变求解方案的前提下实现对GRAPES模式动力过程的更新。然后采用在静力平衡基础上建立的三维大气理想试验对新的动力过程进行数值试验,检验其计算效果和数值稳定性。结果显示,考虑三维科氏力的模式动力框架计算稳定,提高了三维标量和矢量场的计算精度,在水平1°×1°分辨率模式中,平衡流试验第15天计算结果标量场Π'的l1和l2误差分别为0.00023和0.0004,而三维矢量场 V 的l1和l2误差分别为0.002和0.003,均较原模式误差小一个数量级。在罗斯贝-豪威兹波、地形罗斯贝波和斜压波试验中,新框架均表现出很高的计算稳定性和良好的计算效果。 相似文献
10.
Xiaohua Yang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1991,54(1-2):183-208
Nonhydrostatic effects in two-dimensional mesoscale sea breeze systems are investigated by numerical simulations. It is shown that nonhydrostatic effects are directly contributed by the vertical gradients of the vertical velocity variance as well as by the vertical accelerations. It is also shown that a K-type turbulence closure is not suitable in a nonhydrostatic primitive equation model, and a higher-order closure scheme should therefore be used. Results from hydrostatic and fully-nonhydrostatic models are compared for various surface and atmospheric background conditions, such as scale and strength of surface heating, geostrophic wind, stability, surface roughness contrast, Coriolis effect, etc. It is found that for strongly developed sea breeze cases, vertical gradients of vertical velocity variance contribute most to nonhydrostatic forcing in the lower layers, and that the resultant nonhydrostatic pressure gradient acts against the hydrostatic pressure gradient, so that nonhydrostatic simulations produce weaker systems than hydrostatic ones. For weak sea breeze systems, the difference between the two models tends to be small. 相似文献
11.
本文概述了根据应用参考大气概念提出的参考大气谱模式计算格式（或称静力扣除法）在国内外一些气象机构的中期天气预报、后处理和四维同化、以及气候模拟中的应用。计算表明，这种参考大气谱模式计算格式，能有效的减少截谱误差，明显地改进中期天气预报和气候模拟。 相似文献
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降水是在多种天气系统和复杂物理过程共同影响下形成的,因此降水预报难度较大。由于数值预报模式的局限性,使得模式预报产品存在一定误差。为探讨更加有效的模式预报产品误差订正方法,基于奇异值分解（SVD）与机器学习（多元线性回归、套索回归、岭回归）构建订正模型,对2007—2019年4月1日—6月30日华南前汛期欧洲中期天气预报中心（EC）模式降水预报产品进行误差订正试验。结果表明:基于SVD与机器学习相结合的订正模型能有效降低EC模式降水预报产品在华南的预报误差,均方根误差最大优化率达4.2%,累计超过69%的站点得到不同程度的优化;SVD与机器学习相结合的订正模型能很好地处理因子间共线性问题,具有更好的鲁棒性;而对多个订正模型加权集成,均方根误差优化率达5.7%,累计超过77%的站点得到优化,显然加权集成方法订正效果不仅优于EC模式预报产品,也优于参与集成的任一订正模型。 相似文献
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从一般的谱展开方程出发，详细推导了误差增长方程。结果表明误差增长率主要由准确解的切线性方程所决定，扰动非线性平流作用不产生方差意义下的误差增长，而只起分配误差的作用。轨线不稳定是产生误差增长的根本原因。文中提出了计算轨线不稳定增长率的方法。这一方法也适合于时间演变状态不稳定问题的讨论，对Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统的轨线不稳定计算表明了理论分析的正确及其意义。 相似文献
14.
In order to identify the sensitivity of the numerical simulation to the orography specification in a low resolution spectral
model, two sets of numerical experiments for full-mountain and no-mountain cases are performed. By comparing the results,
it is possible to determine the eflects of mountains on the atmospheric general circulation.
This is a global, spectral model incorporating the primitive equations sugmented by physical parameterization and mountains,
with five equally-spaced sigma levels in the vertical ang a triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal.
Analysis of results supports earlier work by demonstrating that the low resolution global spectral model is capable of simulating
the major features of global general circulation and indicates that it is necessary to consider the effects of mouniains on
stationary disturbances in the numerical simulation. The simulations show that topography plays an important role in intensifying
heat sources for maintenance of disturbances.
All the simulation tests indicate that orography has an important infiuence on the distribution of heat sources and sinks.
It reflects that interaction and interrelation exist between the effects of orography and heat sources and the atmospheric
circulhtion via the dynamical processes of atmosphere. This result confirms the view points proposed by Yeh and Zhu (1958),
but differs from those by Kasahara and Washington (1971), Manabe and Terpstra (1974). 相似文献
15.
In order to identify the sensitivity of the numerical simulation to the orography specification in a low resolution spectral model, two sets of numerical experiments for full-mountain and no-mountain cases are performed. By comparing the results, it is possible to determine the eflects of mountains on the atmospheric general circulation.This is a global, spectral model incorporating the primitive equations sugmented by physical parameterization and mountains, with five equally-spaced sigma levels in the vertical ang a triangular truncation at wavenum-ber 10 in the horizontal.Analysis of results supports earlier work by demonstrating that the low resolution global spectral model is capable of simulating the major features of global general circulation and indicates that it is necessary to consider the effects of mountains on stationary disturbances in the numerical simulation. The simulations show that topography plays an important role in intensifying heat sources for maintenance of disturbances.All the 相似文献
16.
通过讨论省 (甚至地、市) 气象部门要不要开展数值天气预报工作的问题, 认为不是所有的地方都要开展, 只是那些希望搞科研型业务、迫切要求提高当地高影响天气的预报准确率的地方要开展。对于如何开展的问题, 提出不是去重复类似于主流途径的做法, 而是开辟另类途径, 并阐述了另类途径的内容、方法和意义。强调开展另类途径无需构建模式 (这是非常困难的工作), 只需运转现成的模式, 借助所关心的现象的历史数据来改造现成模式, 使之本地化, 是完全可行的。 相似文献
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检验全球数值预报模式的相似度等指标 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文依照泛函形式并考虑了球面经纬网格的特点,定义了用于全球数值模式效果检验的指标:距离、距平相似度和倾向相似度,给出了相应的计算方法,并以全球WRF模式为例,检验了该模式的中期预报效果。所得结论如下:指标距离、距平相似度和倾向相似度物理意义明确,易于理论分析,考虑了球面经纬网格的特点,检验准确度高,具有普适性,能方便应用于球面经纬网格输出的数值模式检验。指标距离、距平相似度的检验结果分别与传统检验指标均方根误差、距平相关系数相一致,该指标还可直接用于向量场(如风场)的整体检验。本文的全球WRF模式所做的检验表明,对本文个例,该模式的全球500 hPa中期天气形势预报在第7 d及之内皆可用,5 d及之内预报效果更佳。 相似文献
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该文利用C#程序语言逐日读取欧洲数值预报模式(Ec)、中国数值预报模式(T639)、德国天气在线(ZX)、美国天气(MG)、中国天气(ZG)、中央气象台指导预报(ZY)6家模式预报的日最高气温(Tg)和日最低气温(Td)预报值,建立预报数据库。使用LINEST函数对Tg和Td做多元回归分析,得出6家模式的集成预报结果,结果表明:集成预报(JC)比6家模式预报准确率都高;同时,建立本地化订正方法,将原6家模式Tg和Td进行订正后再集成,结果表明:订正后的集成比直接集成准确率提高了0%～4%,说明订正方法的使用对提高气温预报准确率有一定的效果。另外,通过对各家模式预报结果和集成预报结果的检验分析,不仅为预报员择优使用数值预报产品提供参考依据,也为数值预报产品释用提供一定的参考方法。 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamical mechanism of error growth in the numerical weather prediction.The error is defined in the sense of generalized energy,simply called energy error.From the spectral form of the primitive equations,we have derived the evolution equations of error in detail.The analyses of these equations have shown that the error growth rate is determined by the tangent linear equations.The nonlinear advection caused by the error perturbation itself contributes nothing to the error growth rate,and only redistributes the error.Furthermore,an approach to calculation of the error growth rate has been developed,which can also be used to study the local instability of time-independent basic state as well as time-dependence basic state.This approach is applied to well-known Lorenz's system,and the results are indicative of the correctness and significance of the theoretical analyses. 相似文献
20.
动力延伸(月)数值天气预报中的信息提取和减小误差试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
用一个全球谱模式通过较多个例的月数值天气预报试验,研究了预报结果的有用信息提取问题.模式预报误差的谱分析表明,纬向平均(零波)场误差占很大比例,试验了两种用气候倾向改善纬向平均(零波)场误差的方案,一是对逐日预报结果进行订正,二是在积分过程中进行订正,两种方案都取得了一定成效. 相似文献