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Isoseismal maps drawing by the kriging method 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Z. Schenková V. Schenk I. Kalogeras R. Pichl P. Kottnauer C. Papatsimba G. Panopoulou 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(1):121-129
Macroseismic intensity, a useful measure of earthquake effects, is still applied in a wide range of seismological applications
like seismic hazard assessments, attenuation relationships, etc. Isoseismals represent the spatial distribution of macroseismic
intensities and their shapes depend on source properties, lithosphere structures, tectonic line orientations, site geology
and topography. The applications ask for both the higher number of isoseismal maps and their standardization and homogenization.
The point kriging gridding method for an automatic computer drawing of isoseismal maps was delivered. Smoothing rates and
numerical parameters used in the kriging algorithm were tested on macroseismic data of Greek earthquakes representing different
tectonic and geomorphological regimes. The optimum kriging default option was defined. Its application for four Greek earthquakes
is presented and discussed from viewpoint of a broad use in recent macroseismology.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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N. N. Ambraseys 《地震工程与结构动力学》1985,13(3):361-399
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an evaluation of the seismicity of western Scandinavia. Intensities, with reference to the MSK scale, have been assessed for the larger earthquakes, in most cases from primary sources, and isoseismal maps have been constructed for the most important events, while for smaller shocks one or more isoseismal radii were estimated. In all, over 3,200 earthquakes have been retrieved for Northwest Europe including about 300 artificial events such as chemical explosions, rock-bursts and mine explosions. Of these, 500 events occurred in western Scandinavia. Surface-wave magnitudes were reassessed for 205 events, using surface-wave amplitude-period data, and all earthquakes recorded by more than 6 stations were relocated for the period prior to 1955. A calibration formula, obtained from the combination of macroseismic and instrumental data of the 20th century, has been used to assign magnitudes to all events for which there is macroseismic information available, thus deriving a homogeneous body of data covering a period of 180 years. It is shown that the largest earthquake in the region since 1800 occurred on land and that it had a magnitude in excess of 6.0. This is contrary to the current belief, based on short-term data, that the larger events in western Fennoscandia occur offshore in the continental shelf areas. 相似文献
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本文采用1900年至1980年发生在中国的198个地震的等震线图,用公式 lnIi/I0=a——blnRi——cRi计算了烈度随距离的衰减率。式中I0为震中烈度,Ri为某烈度Ii等震线昕围面积的等效半径。按上式结果可将中国分成12个区,对于等震线明显受构造控制的地区,用上式分别计算了沿等震线长、短轴方向上不同的衰减率。在近场区,采用了一个与深度有关的修正量（深度因子）D,将上式改写为 ln（Ii/I0）=a——bln（Ri+D）——cRi得出了更适用的结果。对所得的分区结果和上两式中各量的意义进行了某些研究。 相似文献
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—?We present an attempt to compare modeled ground-motion acceleration fields with macroseismic observations. Two techniques for the representation of the observed intensities by isoseismals, a smoothing technique and one which visualizes the local uncertainty of an isoseismal, are tested with synthetic and observed data. We show how noise in the data and irregularities in the distribution of observation sites affect the resolution of the isoseismal's shape. In addition to “standard” elongated shapes, we identify cross-like patterns in the macroseismic observations for two Italian earthquakes of strike-slip type; similar patterns are displayed by the theoretical peak acceleration fields calculated assuming the point source models given in the literature. 相似文献
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Modelling seismic attenuation is one of the most critical points in the hazard assessment process. In this article we consider the spatial distribution of the effects caused by an earthquake as expressed by the values of the macroseismic intensity recorded at various locations surrounding the epicentre. Considering the ordinal nature of the intensity, a way to show its decay with distance is to draw curves—isoseismal lines—on maps, which bound points of intensity not smaller than a fixed value. These lines usually take the form of closed and nested curves around the epicentre, with highly different shapes because of the effects of ground conditions and of complexities in rupture propagation. Forecasting seismic attenuation of future earthquakes requires stochastic modelling of the decay on the basis of a common spatial pattern. The aim of this study is to consider a statistical methodology that identifies a general shape, if it exists, for isoseismal lines of a set of macroseismic fields. Data depth is a general nonparametric method for analysis of probability distributions and datasets. It has arisen as a statistical method to order points of a multivariate space, e.g., Euclidean space \({\mathbb {R}}^{p}\), \(p \ge 1\), according to the centrality with respect to a distribution or a given data cloud. Recently, this method has been extended to the ordering of functions and trajectories. In our case, for a fixed intensity decay \(\varDelta I\), we build a set of convex hulls that enclose the sites of felt intensity \(I_s \ge I_0 -\varDelta I\), one for each macroseismic field of a set of earthquakes that are considered as similar from the attenuation point of view. By applying data depth functions to this functional dataset, it is possible to identify the most central curve, i.e., the attenuation pattern, and to consider other properties like variability, outlyingness, and possible clustering of such curves. Results are shown for earthquakes that occurred on the Central Po Plain in May 2012, and on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna since 1865. 相似文献
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A database of intensity observations from instrumentally recorded earthquakes in South Africa has been compiled as a contribution to the characterisation of seismic hazard. The database contains about 1,000 intensity data points (IDPs) that have been assigned from macroseismic observations retrieved from newspaper reports and questionnaires, and also digitised from previously published isoseismal maps. The database includes IDPs from 57 earthquakes with magnitudes in the range of M w 2.2 to 6.4, at epicentral distances up to 1,000 km. Sixteen events have 20 or more IDPs, with half of these events having more than 80 IDPs. The database is dominated by relatively low intensity values, mostly determined from human perception of shaking rather than structural damage. However, 19 IDPs correspond to intensity values greater than VI MMI-56. Using geological maps of South Africa, the sites of 60 % the IDPs were geologically classified as either ‘rock’ or ‘soil’, the uncertainty in locations precluding such a classification for the remaining data points. A few of the IDPs identified as being from soil sites appear to be strongly influenced by site effects, and these were removed from the trimmed database created for exploring ground-motion levels. The trimmed database includes 15 earthquakes which have a minimum of five useful IDPs, excluding those with intensity MMI?=?I and those based on a single observation. After removing such points, and those identified as clear ‘outliers’, a total of 436 useful IDPs were selected. 相似文献
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段星北 《地震学报(英文版)》1997,10(6):731-741
ＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｐｏｃｅｎｔｒａｌｄｅｐｔｈｓｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓＸＩＮＧ－ＢＥＩＤＵＡＮ（段星北）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒ... 相似文献
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The macroseismic field of the Balkan area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A catalogue of 356 macroseimic maps which are available for the Balkan area was compiled, including information on the source parameters of the corresponding earthquakes, the macroseismic parameters of their strength and their macroseismic field. The data analysis of this catalogue yields new empirical relations for attenuation, which can be applied for the calibration of historical events, modelling of isoseismals and seismic hazard assessment. An appropriate analysis allowed the separation and estimation of the average values of the geometrical spreading, n, and anelastic attenuation factor, c, for the examined area which were found equal to –3.227 ± 0.112 and –0.0033 ± 0.0010. Scaling relations for the focal macroseismic intensity, If, and the epicentral intensity I0, versus the earthquake moment magnitude were also determined for each Balkan country. A gradual decrease of the order of 0.5 to 1 intensity unit is demonstrated for recent (after 1970) earthquakes in Greece. Finally the depths of the examined earthquakes as they robustly determined (error <5 km) on the basis of macroseismic data were found to have small values ( 10 km). However large magnitude earthquakes show higher focal depths ( 25 km), in accordance with an increase of the seismic fault dimensions for such events. 相似文献
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Mathilde B. Sørensen Dietrich Stromeyer Gottfried Grünthal 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010
The use of shake maps in terms of macroseismic intensity in earthquake early warning systems as well as intensity based seismic hazard assessments provides a valuable supplement to typical studies based on recorded ground motion parameters. A requirement for such applications is ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) in terms of macroseismic intensity, which have the advantages of good data availability and the direct relation of intensity to earthquake damage. In the current study, we derive intensity prediction equations for the Vrancea region in Romania, which is characterized by the frequent occurrence of large intermediate depth earthquakes giving rise to a peculiar anisotropic ground shaking distribution. The GMPE have a physical basis and take the anisotropic intensity distribution into account through an empirical regional correction function. Furthermore, the relations are easy to implement for the user. Relations are derived in terms of epicentral, rupture and Joyner–Boore distance and the obtained relations all provide a new intensity estimate with an uncertainty of ca. 0.6 intensity units. 相似文献
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用非连续变形分析方法（DDA+FEM）， 数值模拟了华北地区各地块相互制约构造环境中发生的1975年海城地震及1999年岫岩地震的过程. 通过对岫岩前震及近期余震分布图象的研究， 以及前人对海城地震的研究， 提出了海城、 岫岩地震发震构造块体模型. 数值模拟结果给出了两次地震释放的主应力变化、 最大剪应力变化等值线图， 地震前后位移变化矢量图， 及发震断层滑移随时间的变化， 分别与相应地震的震源机制、 宏观等震线、 发震断层的走滑性质等的结果基本一致. 相似文献
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Introduction The Xiuyan earthquake(MS=5.4)on Nov.29,1999,occurred between Hushan town and Pi-anling town at the southeast end of the aftershocks of Haicheng earthquake(MS=7.3).These two earthquakes′sequences are highly similar in the way that the foreshocks are very frequent,focal mechanisms of the main shocks are about the same and fault strikes are approximately in the same direction.It is important to study these earthquakes for further research on seismogenesis to fore-cast earthquake… 相似文献
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N. N. Ambraseys 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(1):5-43
This article examines the contribution of Ottoman sources of historical information for the study of the seismicity of Greece, in particular of Athens during the period of the Ottoman domination, a period during which relatively few original Greek sources of data are available. An annotated list of a number of case histories of earthquakes in Greece from Ottoman sources is presented translating only a summary of the information for those who want to access the whole document. They contain not only a valuable record of earthquakes, but also, for the earthquake historian, a wealth of information about locations where earthquakes were not felt. The article discusses the effects of earthquakes, of the 1826–7 siege on the Acropolis its purpose being to provide information with such annotation as would facilitate its use by engineering seismologists with additional macroseismic data that could supplement the rather meagre information. 相似文献
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震后应急工作中地震影响场的判定和快速给出较为合理的地震烈度分布图,是震后应急救援的重要依据,对于政府了解灾情、部署工作以及估算灾害损失都尤为重要,所以本文以此为研究目的,力求震后快速给出准确的地震烈度分布图。本文收集整理了河北地区中强地震的实际等震线图,将其与加入了震源机制解影响参数的烈度衰减关系计算得到的理论等震线图进行对比。结果显示:随着震级的增大,由衰减关系计算得到的等震线图与实际地震等震线图在高烈度区（≥Ⅶ度）相似度更高。另外,根据震后24小时内余震频度的空间变化,对极震区理论等震线修正后,其与实际等震线更加贴合,即理论计算烈度与实际调查烈度值更加接近。最后,对河北地区划分网格,根据地震动衰减关系计算震例对各个网格中心点产生的影响—基岩PGA。提取场地类别属性,考虑场地放大因子,完成基岩PGA到地表PGA的转换。将地表PGA换算成烈度,并与实际地震等震线图进行对比分析。结果表明,考虑了场地放大效应的地震影响场在高烈度区与实际等震线相似度很高,且相似度超过基于震源机制解的烈度衰减关系方法。 相似文献
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针对中国的乌鲁木齐台（WMQ）和哈萨克斯坦的马坎奇台（MAK），采用贝叶斯克里金技术建立了新疆及附近地区地震事件的震相幅值比的校正曲面，并分析了校正曲面与地震波传播路径的关系，以及校正曲面对于改善震相幅值比判据识别效果的有效性.分析结果表明，建立的校正曲面基本合理，结合传播路径差异和地震波传播规律，能够较好地解释校正曲面的起伏特征. 而且，在传播路径差异较大，使得震相幅值比经震中距校正后离散度仍然较高的情况下，利用校正曲面修正震相幅值比，可以进一步降低其离散度，从而改善判据的识别效果.经校正曲面修正后，对天然地震的误识率由16.3%下降为5.2％. 相似文献
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V. Kárník D. Procházková Z. Schenková L. Ruprechtová A. Dudek J. Drimmel E. Schmedes G. Leydecker J. P. Rothé B. Guterch H. Lewandowska D. Mayer-Rosa D. Cvijanović V. Kuk F. Giorgetti G. Grünthal E. Hurtig 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(6):1307-1313
Summary The isoseismal map of the North-Italian earthquake of 6 May 1976 was compiled using the contributions of the European countries lying within the shaken area. The characteristic feature of the macroseismic field is discussed. 相似文献
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L. Sirovich 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1997,16(6):353-362
Recent tests on a series of earthquakes in California and Nevada suggest that in some regions the approximate shapes of the territories with equal earthquake-induced damage (expressed in terms of macroseismic intensity) could be synthetically traced out with a simple formula. This formula takes into account some gross features of the source: depth and length, unilateral or bilateral rupture, radiation patterns, rupture velocity, and directivity. Having been formulated on an empirical basis, the formula is however compatible with the so-called asymptotic approach, in which the far-field component of the Green's function is used. This paper presents the synthetic isoseismals of the earthquakes at Cedar Mountain, Nevada, 1932; Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley, Nevada, 1954; and Coalinga, California, 1983. An overall consistency, from acceptable to remarkable, between the observed intensity patterns and the synthetically back-predicted intensity has been obtained for them. Where the detailed modelling techniques available today are inapplicable, due to insufficient information on the features of the seismic sources, or to save time and money, the new formula may be utilizable for improving seismic hazard calculations.The formula was also used inversely for back-predicting geometric-kinematic parameters of the Coalinga 1983 earthquake from macroseismic maps. This gave characteristics for its source which are in good agreement with the majority of data inferred from modelling and from analyzing modern instrumental recordings. This striking result opens new perspectives in retrieving information on the source of ancient earthquakes for which only macroseismic information is available. 相似文献