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1.
Based on field data of river discharge, tide, tidal bore, and riverbed topography, the characteristics of river discharge, the effect of river discharge on riverbed erosion and sedimentation, and the feedback effect of riverbed erosion and sedimentation on the tide and tidal bore in the Qiantang River are analyzed. The results show that the inter-annual and seasonal variation of river discharge in the Qiantang River is noticeable, while the seasonal distribution of river discharge tends to be un... 相似文献
2.
Navarro P Amouroux D Thanh ND Rochelle-Newall E Ouillon S Arfi R Van TC Mari X Torréton JP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(9):1789-1798
In this work, two field campaigns were performed in July 2008 (wet season) and March 2009 (dry season) to produce original data on the concentration, partition and distribution of mercury and butyltin compounds along the tropical Bach Dang Estuary located in North Vietnam (Haiphong, Red River Delta). The results demonstrate that mercury and butyltin speciation in the surface waters of this type of tropical estuary is greatly affected by the drastic changes in the seasonal conditions. During high river discharge in the wet season, there was a large estuarine input of total Hg and tributyltin, while the longer residence time of the waters during the dry season promotes increasing MMHg formation and TBT degradation. Although most of the Hg and TBT is transported into the estuary from upstream sources, tidal cycle measurements demonstrate that this estuary is a significant source of TBT and MMHg during the wet (～3kgTBT/day) and dry (～3gMMHg/day) seasons. 相似文献
3.
Tidal propagation in estuaries is affected by friction and fresh water discharge, besides changes in the depth and morphology
of the channel. Main distortions imply variations in the mean water level and asymmetry. Tidal asymmetry can be important
as a mechanism for sediment accumulation and turbidity maximum formation in estuaries, while mean water level changes can
affect navigation depths. Data from several gauges stations from the Amazon estuary and the adjacent coast were analyzed and
a 2DH hydrodynamic model was configured in a domain covering the continental shelf up to the last section of the river where
the tidal signature is observed. Based on data, theoretical and numerical results, the various influences in the generation
of estuarine harmonics are presented, including that of fresh water discharge. It is shown that the main overtide, M4, derived from the most important astronomic component in the Amazon estuary, M2, is responsible for the tidal wave asymmetry. This harmonic has its maximum amplitude at the mouth, where minimum depths
are found, and then decreases while tide propagates inside the estuary. Also, the numerical results show that the discharge
does not affect water level asymmetry; however, the Amazon river discharge plays an important role in the behavior of the
horizontal tide. The main compound tide in Amazon estuary, Msf, generated from the combination of the M2 and S2, can be strong enough to provoke neap low waters lower than spring ones. The results show this component increasing while
going upstream in the estuary, reaching a maximum and then slightly decaying. 相似文献
4.
E. N. Dolgopolova 《Water Resources》2017,44(6):808-819
The factors that govern the distribution and transformation of tidal waves in the macrotidal estuary of the Mezen River have been considered, including tide range in the mouth section, water discharge in the river’s lower reaches, estuary shape, and bed resistance coefficient. Data on variations of water discharge over period 1920–2008 are given. The parameters of estuary channel narrowing in horizontal and vertical sections have been considered. The effect of narrowing and bed hydraulic friction on tide wave amplitude has been evaluated. Froude number values for the tidal estuary suggest that tidal bore can form at the Mezen mouth. The conditions of the propagation of tidal waves to the mouths of different rivers and tidal bore formation in them are considered. 相似文献
5.
The increase of salt intrusion in recent years in the Modaomen Estuary, one of the estuaries of the Pearl River Delta in China, has threatened the freshwater supply in the surrounding regions, especially the cities of Zhongshan, Zhuhai in Guangdong Province and Macau. A numerical modeling system using nested grids was developed to investigate the salt transport mechanisms and the response of salt intrusion to changes in river discharge and tidal mixing. The steady shear transport induced by estuarine circulation reaches maximum and minimum, respectively, during neap and spring tides, while the tidal oscillatory transport shows an opposite pattern. The net transport is landward during neap tides and seaward during spring tides. The salt intrusion length responding to constant river discharges generally follows a power law of ?0.49. The dependence of salt intrusion on tidal velocity is less than that predicted by theoretical models for exchange flow dominated estuaries. The response of salt intrusion to change in tidal velocity depends largely on river discharge. When river flow increases, the impact of tidal velocity increases and the phase lag of response time decreases. The asymmetries of salt intrusion responding to increasing and decreasing river discharge (tidal velocity) are observed in the estuary. 相似文献
6.
D. G. Galope-Bacaltos M. L. San Diego-McGlone G. S. Jacinto C. L. Villanoy 《Marine pollution bulletin》1999,39(1-12):193-199
The expanding culture of fish in coastal areas has raised issues concerning resource use conflicts and water quality problems. A major concern is pollution resulting from nitrogen and phosphorus lost to the environment from feed wastage and fish excretion. The purpose of the study was to assess the environmental conditions in a river system affected by fishponds. Nutrient fluxes and productivity measurements were obtained from Sta. Rita River, a river estuary used as a discharge and an irrigation area of approximately 316 ha of fishponds. During the dry season, when freshwater influence is absent, salinity values inside the river were higher than outside (in the bay). Nutrient trends during ebb and flood periods were similar except for some lag in the profiles that indicate tidal oscillation. The absence of river flow during the dry period resulted in a negligible flux of nutrients along the river. During the wet season, the increase in nitrate concentrations indicates river inputs while the decrease in phosphate values imply less of freshwater influence but more from ponds and domestic wastes. Similarity in productivity estimates signifies good agreement between direct and indirect methods. The absence of flushing during the dry season translates to trapping of nutrients discharged from the ponds in the drainage canals. 相似文献
7.
Nutrient and suspended sediment concentrations were measured in the dry season and during the rising and falling stages of flood events in the Annan and Daintree rivers to estimate catchment exports. These flood events were also sampled along the salinity gradient in the estuary and nearshore shelf to quantify the modification of terrestrial sediment and nutrient loads as they pass through estuaries into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. In the Daintree River TSS concentrations were found to increase between the catchment and the estuary plume. The source of TSS may have been scour of the estuarine channel or from land use in the catchment of the lower estuary. In the dry season nitrogen enters the Annan and Daintree estuaries predominantly in the form of PON and DON in roughly equal proportions. Nitrogen exports to the GBR are mostly in the form of DON. In the wet season the majority of nitrogen enters the estuaries as DON and leaves as PON. Nitrogen removal in the estuaries and plumes appears to be biologically mediated once suspended sediment concentrations decrease to a point where phytoplankton growth is not light limited. In the dry season phosphorus enters and leaves the estuaries primarily in organic form. PIP is the dominant form of phosphorus in river water, but leaves the estuary more evenly distributed between all forms. These estuarine processes result in less nitrogen and phosphorus being delivered to the GBR lagoon than is exported from the catchment. The differences between these estuaries highlights the need for further work to explore modifications in estuaries that drain into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. 相似文献
8.
The Pearl River Estuary is a subtropical estuary and the second largest in China based on discharge volume from the Pearl River. Processes in the estuary vary spatially and temporally (wet vs dry season). In the dry season at the head of the estuary, hypoxic and nearly anoxic conditions occur and NH4 reaches >600 μM, NO3 is ∼300 μM and nitrite is ∼60 μM indicating that nitrification and denitrification may be important dry season processes in the region extending 40 km upstream of the Humen outlet. There are very few biological studies conducted in this upper section of the estuary in either the dry or wet seasons and hence there is a need for further research in this region of the river. In the wet season, the salinity wedge extends to the Hongqimen outlet and oxygen is low (35–80% saturation). Nitrate is ∼100 μM, silicate ∼140 μM; and phosphate is relatively low at ∼0.5 μM, yielding an N:P ratio up to ∼200:1 in summer. Nutrients decrease in the lower estuary and primary productivity may become potentially P-limited. Eutrophication is not as severe as one would expect from the nutrient inputs from the Pearl River and from Hong Kong's sewage discharge. This estuary shows a remarkable capacity to cope with excessive nutrients. Physical processes such as river discharge, tidal flushing, turbulent dispersion, wind-induced mixing, and estuarine circulation play an important role in controlling the production and accumulation of algal blooms and the potential occurrence of hypoxia. Superimposed on the physical processes of the estuary are the chemical and biological processes involved in the production of the bloom. For example, the 100N:1P ratio indicates that P potentially limits the amount of algal biomass (and potential biological oxygen demand) in summer. While extended periods of hypoxia are rare in Hong Kong waters, episodic events have been reported to occur during late summer due to factors such as low wind, high rainfall and river discharge which result in strong density stratification that significantly dampens vertical mixing processes. Nutrient loads are likely to change over the next several decades and monitoring programs are essential to detect the response of the ecosystem due to the future changes in nutrient loading and the ratio of nutrients. 相似文献
9.
Carlos Augusto França Schettini Klaus Ricklefs Eliane Cristina Truccolo Volker Golbig 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(3-4):308-319
This study investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of the lower, middle, and upper sectors of a highly stratified estuary, the Itajaí-Açu river estuary (south of Brazil ∼27° S/48.5° W). The study is based on a 25-h field campaign with three sampling stations positioned at 2, 17, and 38 km inward from the river mouth, during low river discharge condition and spring tide. The experimental data gathered was reduced and analyzed in terms of distribution of variables in time and space tide average vertical profiles and decomposition of the advective transport of salt and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Tidal range was nearly constant along the estuary, presenting time lag of about 2 h between lower and upper estuary. The ebb discharge peaks were about twice the discharge flood peaks and occurred simultaneously. The tide was the main determining agent in the lower estuary, where currents, salt stratification, and SPM distributions presented a repetitive behavior. In the middle estuary, the tide effects were also observed, but the presence of saline waters decreased along the time due to increasing river discharge during the campaign. The distribution of SPM in the mid- and upper estuary presented patched pattern not associated with tides and may be attributed to short-term flood contributions of tributaries. Currents presented ebb dominance in all three sectors; in the middle and upper estuary, they presented also a time asymmetry, with ebb currents longer than flood. The advective transport of salt in the lower estuary was upstream, with dominance of gravitational circulation term. In the mid-estuary, there was practically no transport, with balance between fluvial discharge (downstream) and tidal correlation (upstream). The advective transport of SPM was upstream in the lower estuary and downstream in the mid- and upper estuary, being dominated by gravitational circulation in the former and fluvial discharge in the others. 相似文献
10.
Cheng LIU Yun HE Joseph Hun-Wei LEE Zhao-Yin WANG Dr. Asso. Prof. International Research Training Center on Erosion Sedimentation Beijing China & Anhui Institu 《国际泥沙研究》2002,17(2)
1 INTRODUCTION Shanghai, Chinas largest metropolitan area with a population of about 14 million, is situated at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and bordered with the East China Sea to the east, Hangzhou Bay to the south, and the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu to the west. It is a region with intensive distribution of rivers and lakes. The good geographic location and natural conditions have provided the city with superiority in its social and economic center and port city of the co… 相似文献
11.
In this research the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loadings from direct precipitation, stream flow and groundwater discharge to two small estuaries located in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, were quantified over a 2‐year period. The two estuaries, like many around the world, exhibit deteriorating conditions that are believed to be related to excessive nitrogen transport from adjacent catchments. The significance of the groundwater transport pathway and the temporal variability of the loadings have not been previously investigated. The wet fraction of the atmospheric loading was quantified using available precipitation and DIN concentration records. Stream water entering the estuaries and the discharge from numerous shoreline springs, the predominate form of groundwater discharge, were monitored periodically during the study. The annual DIN loads delivered to both estuaries were dominated by streams, although groundwater discharge provided significant contributions of approximately 15–18%. Temporal variability of DIN loading was large, with monthly loads varying by a factor of 5; this variability was found to be primarily related to the variability of freshwater discharge. Concentrations of nitrate in stream water discharging to the estuaries and shoreline groundwater springs were similar in each catchment, suggesting that there was minimal differential attenuation during transport via these two pathways. The McIntyre Creek estuary had one of the highest normalized loads reported in the literature (1700 kg NO3‐N/ha estuary/year), more than four‐fold that of the Trout River estuary, and this result appears to be related to the larger percentage of land area used for potato production in the catchment. This study demonstrates that direct groundwater discharge to estuaries in PEI should not be ignored and that seasonal variations in loading may be important for managing DIN delivery to such estuaries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Tidal straining effect on sediment transport dynamics in the Huanghe (Yellow River) estuary was studied by field observations
and numerical simulations. The measurement of salinity, suspended sediment concentration, and current velocity was conducted
during a flood season in 1995 at the Huanghe river mouth with six fishing boats moored at six stations for 25-h hourly time
series observations. Based on the measurements, the intra-tidal variations of sediment transport in the highly turbid river
mouth was observed and the tidal straining effect occurred. Our study showed that tidal straining of longitudinal sediment
concentration gradients can contribute to intra-tidal variability in sediment stratification and to asymmetries in sediment
distribution within a tidal cycle. In particular, the tidal straining effect in the Huanghe River estuary strengthened the
sediment-induced stratification at the flood tide, thus producing a higher bottom sediment concentration than that during
the ebb. A sediment transport model that is capable of simulating sediment-induced stratification effect on the hydrodynamics
in the bottom boundary layers and associated density currents was applied to an idealized estuary to demonstrate the processes
and to discuss the mechanism. The model-predicted sediment processes resembled the observed characteristics in the Huanghe
River estuary. We concluded that tidal straining effect is an important but poorly understood mechanism in the transport dynamics
of cohesive sediments in turbid estuaries and coastal seas. 相似文献
13.
In tidal estuaries, quantifying freshwater discharge is still a difficult problem that has not yet been overcome due to the inherent difficulty in measuring and analysing the tidal discharge, especially during periods of low river flow. Because observations are often made in the stations further upstream, where the ratio of river to tidal discharge is large, it remains difficult to determine the discharge rate in the saline region. Freshwater discharge estimation is even more difficult in a branched estuary system having multiple diversion channels that connect with each other at a junction. To date, several methods have been developed for estimating freshwater discharge in estuaries. The most widely used are analytical and conceptual models that employ salinity as the principal trace and numerical simulations. However, these methods are very time consuming and costly as they require large sets of observations before the computations can take place. This paper presents a simple approach to investigating the discharge distribution over branched channels by considering the energy loss due to friction. We develop an analytical model that can obtain the discharge rate quantitatively at a junction where the main flow bifurcates into two branches. The model uses the bed roughness, tidal water level, and cross‐sectional profile under tidally averaged conditions as input data. Two selected estuarine systems in the Hiroshima delta in Japan and the Mekong delta in Vietnam have been investigated. Computations of the newly developed model show good agreement with earlier published results computed by sophisticated analytical and numerical models. 相似文献
14.
The tidal range, the difference between high water level and low water level, along an alluvial estuary can be described by Savenije's analytical equation [Journal of Hydrology 243 (2001) 205-215] analytical equation. This equation was derived from the complete St Venant equations in a Lagrangian reference frame. In the derivation of that equation the effect of river discharge was disregarded. Measurements in the Schelde Estuary show that this assumption is only valid in the lower part of the estuary, but that in the upper part the river discharge has an influence on tidal damping. In the downstream part of the estuary, where the cross-sectional area is large compared to the cross-sectional area of the river, it is correct to disregard the river discharge. However, in the upstream part of the estuary, where the cross-sectional area approaches that of the river, the fresh water discharge gains importance over the tidal flow and affects the tidal range. In this paper, the derivation of the analytical equation is expanded to include the effect of the river discharge. It is demonstrated that the river discharge can have a considerable influence on tidal damping in the upper reach of the estuary. The river discharge affects tidal damping primarily through friction. A critical point along the estuary is the point where there is a single slack, upstream of which the fresh water velocity is larger than the tidal velocity. The location of this point varies with the river discharge. From that point onwards the effect of river discharge on damping is dominant. It is the point where the estuary becomes primarily of riverine character. 相似文献
15.
Freshwater inflow is central to the definition of estuaries and if we lose control of the quantity of freshwater flow or discharge (including seasonal timing) to estuaries, then freshwater water quality has the potential to become a moot issue in estuarine ecosystems (Definition of estuaries: estuaries (aestus = tide) are physico-chemically, geomorphically, and biotically diverse ecosystems. Although numerous definitions of estuaries exist, we prefer the following: an estuary is a partially enclosed coastal water body in which freshwater runoff, often seasonally and episodically pulsed, dilutes salty ocean water and the biotic structure is influenced by dynamic tidal action and associated salinity gradients and reef building organisms and wetlands influence development and evolution of ecological structure and function (see for expanded definition)). 相似文献
16.
Numerical modelling of morphodynamics—Vilaine Estuary 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hans Jacob Vested Caroline Tessier Bo Brahtz Christensen Evelyne Goubert 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(4):423-446
The main objective of this paper is to develop a method to simulate long-term morphodynamics of estuaries dominated by fine sediments, which are subject to both tidal flow and meteorologically induced variations in freshwater run-off and wave conditions. The method is tested on the Vilaine Estuary located in South Brittany, France. The estuary is subject to a meso–macrotidal regime. The semi-diurnal tidal range varies from around 2.5 to 5 m at neap and spring, respectively. The freshwater input is controlled by a dam located approximately 8 km from the mouth of the estuary. Sediments are characterised as mostly fines, but more sandy areas are also found. The morphology of the estuary is highly influenced by the dam. It is very dynamic and changes in a complicated manner with the run-off from the dam, the tide and the wave forcing at the mouth of the estuary. Extensive hydrodynamic and sediment field data have been collected in the past and provide a solid scientific basis for studying the estuary. Based on a conceptual understanding of the morphodynamics, a numerical morphological model with coupled hydrodynamic, surface wave and sediment transport models is formulated. The numerical models are calibrated to reproduce sediment concentrations, tidal flat altimetry and overall sediment fluxes. Scaling factors are applied to a reference year to form quasi-realistic hydrodynamic forcing and river run-off, which allow for the simulations to be extended to other years. The simulation results are compared with observed bathymetric changes in the estuary during the period 1998–2005. The models and scaling factors are applied to predict the morphological development over a time scale of up to 10 years. The influence of the initial conditions and the sequence of external hydrodynamic forcing, with respect to the morphodynamic response of the estuary, are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Intermittently open/closed estuaries (IOCE) are a dynamic form of estuary characterised by periodic entrance closure to the ocean. Entrance closure is a function of the relative balance between on and offshore sediment transport with closures occurring during periods of low fluvial discharge whereby the estuary ebb‐tidal prism is reduced. Although the broad scale processes of entrance closure are becoming better understood, there remains limited knowledge on channel morphodynamics during an individual closure event. In this study, the entrance dynamics of three IOCE on the coast of Victoria, Australia, were monitored over a daily timescale following both artificial and natural openings. The influence of changing marine and fluvial conditions on the relative sedimentation rate within the entrance channel was examined. IOCE in Victoria showed two distinct modes of entrance closure: (a) lateral accretion, whereby the estuary gradually closes by longshore drift‐driven spit growth during low river flows; and (b) vertical accretion, where the channel rapidly aggrades under high (> 2 m), near‐normal waves. During storms, when fluvial discharge and wave heights simultaneously increase, large swells will not always close the mouth due to an increase in the ebb‐tidal prism. The estuary water depth and the maximum channel dimensions following opening were not proportional to the opening duration, with this being a function of the wave and fluvial conditions occurring following lagoon drainage. Based on the findings of this work, implementing a successful artificial entrance opening is dependent on reduced onshore sedimentation rates which occur when wave energy is low (< 2 m Hs) relative to river flow. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Daniel J. Twigt Erik D. De Goede Firmijn Zijl Dirk Schwanenberg Alex Y. W. Chiu 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(6):1077-1093
Within the hydrodynamic modelling community, it is common practice to apply different modelling systems for coastal waters
and river systems. Whereas for coastal waters 3D finite difference or finite element grids are commonly used, river systems
are generally modelled using 1D networks. Each of these systems is tailored towards specific applications. Three-dimensional
coastal water models are designed to model the horizontal and vertical variability in coastal waters and are less well suited
for representing the complex geometry and cross-sectional areas of river networks. On the other hand, 1D river network models
are designed to accurately represent complex river network geometries and complex structures like weirs, barrages and dams.
A disadvantage, however, is that they are unable to resolve complex spatial flow variability. In real life, however, coastal
oceans and rivers interact. In deltaic estuaries, both tidal intrusion of seawater into the upstream river network and river
discharge into open waters play a role. This is frequently approached by modelling the systems independently, with off-line
coupling of the lateral boundary forcing. This implies that the river and the coastal model run sequentially, providing lateral
discharge (1D) and water level (3D) forcing to each other without the possibility of direct feedback or interaction between
these processes. An additional disadvantage is that due to the time aggregation usually applied to exchanged quantities, mass
conservation is difficult to ensure. In this paper, we propose an approach that couples a 3D hydrodynamic modelling system
for coastal waters (Delft3D) with a 1D modelling system for river hydraulics (SOBEK) online. This implies that contrary to
off-line coupling, the hydrodynamic quantities are exchanged between the 1D and 3D domains during runtime to resolve the real-time
exchange and interaction between the coastal waters and river network. This allows for accurate and mass conserving modelling
of complex coastal waters and river network systems, whilst the advantages of both systems are maintained and used in an optimal
and computationally efficient way. The coupled 1D–3D system is used to model the flows in the Pearl River Delta (Guangdong,
China), which are determined by the interaction of the upstream network of the Pearl River and the open waters of the South
China Sea. The highly complex upstream river network is modelled in 1D, simulating river discharges for the dry and wet monsoon
periods. The 3D coastal model simulates the flow due to the external (ocean) periodic tidal forcing, the salinity distribution
for both dry and wet seasons, as well as residual water levels (sea level anomalies) originating from the South China Sea.
The model is calibrated and its performance extensively assessed against field measurements, resulting in a mean root mean
square (RMS) error of below 6% for water levels over the entire Pearl River Delta. The model also represents both the discharge
distribution over the river network and salinity transport processes with good accuracy, resolving the discharge distribution
over the main branches of the river network within 5% of reported annual mean values and RMS errors for salinity in the range
of 2 ppt (dry season) to 5 ppt (wet season). 相似文献
19.
《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(6):857-870
A macrotidal estuary with mountain streams (MEMS) is characterized by rapidly rising and falling flood peaks and large tidal ranges and is a typical estuary type with strong flow dynamics that is found worldwide. Understanding the morphodynamic evolution of MEMSs has great significance for river management. The roles of the mountain stream river flood process and macrotides on the morphology evolution still needs further quantitative study. Taking the Oujiang Estuary as an example, the evolution mechanisms of bifurcated reaches of a MEMS are studied by analyzing the hydrologic and topographic data and using a two-dimensional numerical model for flow-sediment transport. The results show that (1) under the combined actions of runoff and macrotides, sediment transport is active and morphological evolution is intensive, the main branch and subbranch historically switch frequently, and erosion generally occurs in wet years, while deposition occurs in dry years. (2) The river flood process of mountain streams causes rapid erosion, which rises and falls rapidly with a kurtosis index (K) of approximately 2.9. There is a logarithmic relation between the sediment transport load and K. The volume of sediment transport will be 40% larger than the river flood process with K = 1.2 as for the Yangtze River. (3) Macrotides with large tidal ranges could enhance the discharge asymmetry (ψ). When the ψ is greater than 1, the side branches are dominated by flood tides. Although the current study is site specific, the results are expected to provide a valuable reference for sustainable management in similar estuaries. 相似文献
20.
Luiz Bruner de Miranda Alessandro Luvizon Bérgamo Belmiro Mendes de Castro 《Ocean Dynamics》2005,55(5-6):430-440
Observations of thermohaline properties and currents were undertaken in the Curimataú River estuary (6°18′S), Rio Grande do
Norte state (RN), Brazil, during consecutive neap–spring tidal cycles in the austral autumn rainy season. Highly asymmetric
neap tide along channel velocities (−0.4 to 0.9 m s−1) and highly stratified conditions were generated by an increase of the buoyancy energy from the freshwater input (R
iE≈5.6). During the spring-tidal cycle the river discharge decreased and the longitudinal velocity components were higher, less
asymmetrical (−0.8 to 1.1 m s−1) and semidiurnal, associated with moderately stratified conditions (R
iE≈0.1) due to the increase of the kinetic tidal energy forcing mechanism. The overall salinity variation from surface to bottom
during two tidal cycles was from 20.5 to 36.3 and 29 to 36.7 in the neap and spring tide experiments, respectively; in the
last experiment, the tropical water (TW) mass intrusion was enhanced. The net salt transport reversed from down to up estuary
during the neap and spring tide experiments, respectively, varied from 6.0 to –2.0 kg m−1 s−1, an indication of changes in the main forcing of the estuary dynamics. Evaluation of a classical steady analytical model,
in comparison with nearly steady experimental vertical profiles of velocity, shows an agreement classifiable as reasonably
fair. 相似文献