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1.
广西宁明组植物化石中黄铁矿及其沉积意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对化石中的黄铁矿进行研究,有助于明确生物的化石化过程以及期间的沉积微环境。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对广西宁明组植物化石中保存的黄铁矿进行了分析,发现离散型单晶和成群的莓状体共同保存。单晶绝大多数为无规则至球状体,晶棱不明显,表面可见凹点;少数为八面体,晶棱明显,表面光滑;单晶直径为0.79~1.58 μm;莓状体为圆球状,粒径为7.23~14.95 μm,S/Fe原子个数比的均值为1.54。莓状体的粒径大小和变化幅度均处于低值段,其S/Fe原子个数比值小于2,结果均说明当时植物体上、下表皮间为一种贫氧的水体环境,并在短时间内形成了莓状体。植物化石上、下表皮间由于未保存组织结构,而被大量的、近似层状分布的黄铁矿单晶和莓状体充填,结果支持了化石内莓状体形成与有机质降解之间存在着必然联系。 相似文献
2.
豫西南淅川上泥盆统王冠组地层中发育大量与层面平行且具有蹼纹的U形遗迹化石Rhizocorallium。利用环境扫描电镜对Rhizocorallium进行微观观察,发现在其边缘管和蹼纹内部发育大量不同形态的莓状黄铁矿及莓状铁氧化物（单晶为五角十二面体,八面体,立方体和近球形）,与之对应的围岩中仅见少量黄铁矿单晶颗粒。表面具有覆盖膜的莓状黄铁矿大多存在于潜穴内部,其中边缘管中莓状黄铁矿的单晶直径（0.672~1.603 μm,平均直径1.063 μm）较之蹼纹中部的（0.376~0.877 μm,平均直径0.5 μm）的大。上述特征显示出潜穴中莓状黄铁矿的存在可能与硫酸盐类还原菌有关。Rhizocorallium边缘管和蹼纹中高丰度莓状黄铁矿的发现表明:遗迹化石Rhizocorallium可能是造迹者精心构筑的觅食-花园。由于食物供应和氧化还原条件的不同,Rhizocorallium造迹者在其潜穴内部培植不同的微生物,形成一个互利共生的群落。 相似文献
3.
Thomas Neumann Florian Scholz Utz Kramar Michael Ostermaier Nicole Rausch Zsolt Berner 《Sedimentology》2013,60(6):1389-1404
Arsenic is a redox‐sensitive element of environmental relevance and often enriched in iron sulphides. Because sediments from the Achterwasser lagoon, a part of the estuarine system of the river Oder, south‐west Baltic Sea, show unexpectedly high pyrite concentrations of up to 7·5 wt% they were used to investigate the influence of authigenic pyrite on the mobility and burial of As in the coastal environment. Micro‐X‐ray‐fluorescence measurements of 106 micrometre‐sized pyrite framboids from the anoxic sediments show highly variable As concentrations ranging from 6 to 1142 μg g?1. Even within a 1 cm thick layer, the As concentration of different framboids varies greatly and no clear depth trend is visible throughout the 50 cm long sediment core. Pyrite can account for 9 to 55% (average 22%) of the total As budget of the sediments and the degree of trace metalloid pyritization for As ranges from 26 to 61%, indicating that authigenic pyrite formation is an important process in the geochemical cycling of As in coastal sediments. High‐resolution micro‐X‐ray fluorescence mapping of single pyrite grains shows that As is distributed inhomogeneously within larger framboids, suggesting changing pore water composition during pyrite growth. X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectra indicate that As is usually present as As(‐I) substituting S in the pyrite lattice. However, in samples close to the sediment/water interface a considerable part of As is in higher valence states (+III/+V). This can be explained by frequent re‐suspension of the surficial sediments to the oxic water column due to wave action and subsequent re‐deposition, leading to the adsorption of As oxyanions onto pyrite. Although reduced As(‐I) becomes more important in the deeper samples, reflecting decreasing redox potential and a longer time since deposition, the occurrence of oxidized As species (AsIII/AsV) in pyrite in the anoxic part of the sediment suggests formation under dysoxic conditions. 相似文献
4.
有孔虫壳体内草莓状黄铁矿成因及其地质意义——以湖北雁门口地区栖霞组有孔虫化石为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在湖北省京山县雁门口地区栖霞组上部的含泥灰岩中存在丰富的节房虫科底栖有孔虫化石,主要有节房虫属、厚壁虫属和郎格虫属,壳体均被草莓状黄铁矿充填。对其系统的显微镜、扫描电镜观察和黄铁矿的能谱分析结果发现,黄铁矿草莓体直径最大为15 μm,平均约10 μm,硫铁原子比值（S/Fe）为1.90±0.10,表明在黄铁矿形成过程中,有孔虫壳体空腔内呈轻度- 中度贫氧的微环境。在分析该类黄铁矿成因的基础上,认为有孔虫壳体内的黄铁矿在指示沉积环境和保存环境方面具有局限性。 相似文献
5.
The mineralogical and morphological characteristics, concentration of major and trace elements, and sulfur isotopic composition of three pyrite and two coal samples in the Upper Permian high-sulfur coals from Xingren, Zhijin, and Hefeng mining area, South China, were investigated, by using optical microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS), and isotopic ratio mass spectrometer. The pyrite in Xingren and Zhijin coals mainly occurs as nodular, lens-shaped, thin-layer, and massive forms, and it occurs mainly as fine vein fillings in the Hefeng coals. Microscopically, pyrite in the coals from Xingren, Zhijin, and Hefeng mainly occurs as framboidal, cell-filling, and vein-filling forms, respectively. There is a distinct difference in X-ray powder diffractogram and diffraction data of the three pyrite samples. There is a maximum diffraction peak (2.709 Å) in pyrite in the coals from Xingren and (2.707 Å) in pyrite in the coals from Zhijin; however, the maximum diffraction peak is 3.343 Å in pyrite in the coals from Hefeng. The average unit cell length (a 0) is 5.4169 Å for the Xingren pyrite, 5.4159 Å for the Zhijin pyrite, and 5.4170 Å for the Hefeng pyrite. The ratio of S/Fe is 2.16 for the Xingren pyrite, 2.09 for the Zhijin pyrite, and 2.01 for the Hefeng pyrite. Copper (701 μg/g), Ni (369 μg/g), and Co (29.6 μg/g) concentrated in the Hefeng pyrite. The concentration of As is 126, 19.6, and 19.1 μg/g in the Hefeng, Zhijin, and Xingren pyrite, respectively. Mercury is 11.7 μg/g in the Xingren pyrite, 2.79 μg/g in the Zhijin pyrite, and 0.512 μg/g in the Hefeng pyrite. There is a clear tendency that elements Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Se, Mo, and As are significantly enriched in the Hefeng pyrite. Mercury is greatly enriched in the Xingren pyrite, and Zn is enriched in Zhijin pyrite. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are not abundant (8.276 μg/g) in the Hefeng pyrite and are characterized by maximum positive anomaly of Eu (Eu/Eu* = 6.54). The δ34S value is ?26.9 ‰ in the Xingren pyrite, +3.8 ‰ in the Zhijin pyrite, and +3.7 ‰ in the Hefeng pyrite. The trace elements in the Hefeng pyrite and coal are As (126 and 6.1 μg/g), Hg (0.512 and 0.158 μg/g), Zn (276 and 56.7 μg/g), Se (16.5 and 1.07 μg/g), Mo (45.5 and 9.93 μg/g), Cu (701 and 37.8 μg/g), Ni (369 and 16.9 μg/g), Co (29.6 and 8.63 μg/g), Sb (2.64 and 0.742 μg/g), Cd (3.49 and 0.366 μg/g), and Pb (62.8 and 33.5 μg/g), demonstrating that these potentially toxic trace elements were mainly concentrated in pyrites. The strongly positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 6.54) in the netted pyrite vein filled in the cleats of the Hefeng coal may be the product of epigenetic hydrothermal fluid. 相似文献
6.
7.
在湖北省京山县雁门口地区二叠世栖霞组上部的含泥灰岩中发现棘皮动物化石,其腔被不同形态微晶的草莓状黄铁矿充填,有正四面体、正六面体、五角十二面体和近球体。溶解氧与草莓状黄铁矿的形成过程有关,其浓度决定微晶的S/Fe。统计显示,黄铁矿的S/Fe平均值随微晶的边数增加而增加,所以,棘皮动物腔内草莓状黄铁矿形成由早及晚的次序为：近球体微晶,五角十二面体微晶,正六面体微晶,正四面体微晶的草莓状黄铁矿。同一环境中,黄铁矿微晶的S/Fe可用来指示形成次序。 相似文献
8.
北大西洋Logatchev热液区产出的黄铁矿形貌丰富、成分各异,极具特殊性和代表性.运用扫描电镜和电子探针系统观测黄铁矿矿物学特征,发现粒状黄铁矿粒径不一,具高Fe、S,低微量元素的特点;草莓状黄铁矿见有松散莓体、球形-次球形莓体和自形结构莓体,其Cu含量总体较高,不同晶体特征的莓体成分存在差异;胶状黄铁矿见有多层环带,内核到环带由纳微米晶体聚合生成,由内到外成分具有S/Fe比、Zn含量减小,As含量增大的趋势.分析认为早期粒状黄铁矿是在较高温度下的热液体系中直接形成,随热液作用衰减,生成的粒状黄铁矿多呈纳-微米晶产出;草莓状黄铁矿是由松散纳-微米晶逐步聚集形成,受溶液过饱和度影响,莓体粒度和聚集程度存在差异;胶状黄铁矿多晶聚集环带生长方向是由内向外的,聚集程度差异指示沉积环境的反复交替.研究区多形貌黄铁矿具有由分散的微晶→多晶聚合体→自形单晶的完整演化系列特征,对于解读现代海底热液活动的方式和特点,揭示纳米晶体-宏观晶体的演化过程有积极意义. 相似文献
9.
Pyrite framboids were found in the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan Section, while their sulfur isotopes were determined. The majority of framboids is less than 5 μm in diameter, with some large-sized framboids. Also, euhedral gypsums were observed in the boundary clay. The authors suppose that most of the pyrite framboids formed just below the redox boundary and stopped growing after entering the lower water column. The result indicates that it was probably lower dysoxia condition in the temporal ocean. Moreover, the authors also presume that some pyrite was oxidated to sulfates accompanying the fluctuation of redox condition, which would probably be the origin of the negative sulfur isotopes of gypsum and CAS reported before. In addition, sulfur isotope of framboidal pyrite suggests that sulfur is originated from bacterial sulfate reduction in anoxic condition. Therefore, this study confirms that the ocean was widely anoxic during the Permian-Triassic transitional period. However, the redox condition in temporal ocean was probably not stable, with short-term fluctuations. 相似文献
10.
用扫描电子显微镜研究晋东南太原组下部黄铁矿矿石和煤岩中的黄铁矿,发现许多原始莓体保留着形成时的特征。这些特征反映出原始莓体大多数为硫磺细菌化石,少数由胶体形成。本文对莓体的成因、特征、形成环境等进行了论述。 相似文献
11.
Manja Hethke Franz T. Fürsich Baoyu Jiang Yanhong Pan 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(1):351-378
Sedimentary properties of the fossil-bearing deposits of Lake Sihetun (Yixian Formation, Lower Cretaceous) were investigated on a high-resolution, sub-millimetric scale. Data were obtained from three excavations and 50 thin-sections. Lake evolution is subdivided into four phases, of which Phases 2 and 3 provided suitable conditions for excellent fossil preservation. Six microfacies are recognized within these two phases: (1) allochthonous, siliciclastic laminae (26.1 μm thick on average), (2) chrysophycean cyst accumulations, (3) tuffaceous silt, (4) lacustrine chemical precipitates, (5) tuff and (6) normal-graded, sandy to silty siliciclastics. Phase 2 is characterized by Microfacies 1–5 and Phase 3 by Microfacies 6. Biofilms are common, and mass occurrences of framboids (pyrite pseudomorphs) are occurring in sediments of Phase 2. Varves can be verified for Microfacies 2 and 4 (179 μm thick). Thicknesses of Microfacies 2 highly fluctuate depending on the occurrence of seasonal heavier rains, which led to deposition of tuffaceous silt layers (Microfacies 3). Meromictic conditions dominated Phase 2, but recurrent mixing is demonstrated by short-lived colonization events by a benthic invertebrate fauna. The transition of Phase 2 to holomictic Phase 3 is marked by a dramatic increase in sediment yield associated with a change from dry to humid climates. Fossil preservation differs according to the diverse physical and chemical conditions during lake evolution. Phase 2 yields framboid replacement of organic tissue and excellent preservation of growth increments of clam-shrimp carapaces, which are poorly preserved in Phase 3. Conversely, though exhibiting a different mode of preservation, insect fossils are superbly preserved as dark stains sealed by silica coatings during Phase 3. 相似文献
12.
沉积地层中草莓状黄铁矿分析方法及其在古海洋学上的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
草莓状黄铁矿是黄铁矿的特殊形态,其定义为由相近大小、相似形态的黄铁矿微晶颗粒组成的球形、亚球形聚合体。草莓状黄铁矿粒径分析已广泛应用于各个地质历史时期的古海洋环境恢复研究中,但其形成机理、判别标准与实验方法仍存在分歧。因此对沉积地层中草莓状黄铁矿的形成机理、在古海洋环境恢复中的指示意义及判别标准、实验与数据分析方法等进行总结阐述,有助于理解草莓状黄铁矿的粒径大小与形态对氧化还原条件的指示意义。草莓状黄铁矿在不同氧化还原环境下的形成机理存在差异,其粒径大小、数量以及分布范围可综合反映沉积时水体的氧化还原条件;而草莓状黄铁矿微晶几何形态及整体形貌特征也与古海洋氧化还原环境密切相关。此外,虽然有学者指出该方法可能存在一些问题,但只要在分析过程中结合沉积特征、古生态特征、地球化学指标等多方面证据对环境进行综合判别,甄别特殊条件下沉积的草莓状黄铁矿,则可有效避免这些问题。最后,针对后期氧化作用对草莓状黄铁矿粒径分布的影响进行了评价,结果显示经过后期氧化作用的草莓状黄铁矿粒径变化很小,不会对其在恢复古海洋氧化还原环境的应用上产生影响。 相似文献
13.
Z. Sawlowicz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1993,82(1):148-156
It has been suggested that the two morphologies of sedimentary pyrite, framboids and euhedra, may reflect two distinct pathways of pyrite formation. Framboids form indirectly via iron monosulphides, whereas euhedra form from direct precipitation from solution. A third pathway which is bridging these two forms is proposed here, namely the continuous growth from a monosulphide globule through framboids to a euhedral single crystal. It is also suggested that framboids probably occur over a range of three orders of magnitude, from the least complex microframboids through framboids to polyframboids.Dedicated to Professors G. C. Amstutz and L. G. Love for their unrivalled contribution to the knowledge of pyrite framboids 相似文献
14.
草莓状黄铁矿是指由等粒度的亚微米级黄铁矿晶体或微晶体紧密堆积而成,形似草莓的黄铁矿球形集合体.它们在氧化和缺氧海洋环境中形成的机理不同,沉积岩中草莓状黄铁矿的粒径分布特征是恢复古海洋的氧化还原状态行之有效的方法之一.然而,草莓状黄铁矿粒径统计仅能区分出氧化和缺氧硫化的环境,不能进一步区分缺氧程度及状态(如次氧化、缺氧含... 相似文献
15.
Sulfide minerals in coal bed III at the Chinook Mine, Indiana, are pyrite, marcasite, and rarely sphalerite. Pyrite occurs as framboids concentrated mainly in exinite, as bands or lenses in vitrinite and clay partings, as cell fillings in fusinite, and in cleats. Marcasite normally occurs in association with clusters of pyrite framboids within micro-organic remains. Sphalerite occurs exclusively in fusinite associated with cleat pyrite. The iron sulfides, which are of authigenic origin, were formed during the biochemical stage of coalification during the accumulation and compaction of peat. The factor that limited their formation in such an environment was the availability and reactivity of iron. Chemical heterogeneity in the peat swamps where the sulfides formed existed even on a microscopic scale. The iron sulfides were commonly precipitated in localized micro-environments that were favorable for their formation. The metamorphic stage of coalification did not affect the iron sulfides significantly, although it may have been responsible for the recrystallization of pyrite framboids and minor deformation of pyrite in fusinite and its local mobilisation. 相似文献
16.
Robert L. McConnell 《Precambrian Research》1974,1(3):227-234
Microstructures of probable biologic origin have been described within early diagenetic chert from near the top of the Mescal Formation of Proterozo c (1.2–1.4 b.y.) age, from exposures in the vicinity of Horse Camp, McFadden Peak Quadrangle, Arizona. The structures, nearly all hematite in composition, are interpreted as replacements of microorganisms and have been divided into three categories: Type A, filamentous chains; Type B, discrete and grouped spherules; and Type C, globular aggregates. The Type A structures are interpreted as replacements of filamentous blue-green algae. Type B structures are thought to be replacements of blue-green algae, although the possibility exists that some may represent chlorophycean algae. Type C structures are tentatively interpreted as pyrite framboids subsequently altered to hematite. 相似文献
17.
鄂西地区上二叠乐平统大隆组硅质岩成因及有机质富集机理 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
晚二叠世是古生代环境、生物演化的关键时期,发育广泛的富有机质沉积,并成为南方重要的烃源岩层位。为了解该时期的富有机质堆积机理,我们选择了鄂西台内盆地晚二叠世大隆组富有机质硅质岩(TOC平均值为5.8%,峰值为18%)作为研究对象。硅质岩中常量元素Al/Fe均值为0.79,Mn/Ti均值为0.21,显示为大陆边缘环境下的生物成因,即非热水成因。∑REE值与Al2O3含量有着良好的正相关关系,表明当时陆源物质的输入对硅质岩的形成有很大影响。微量元素U/Th、V/(V+Ni)均说明硅质岩沉积环境为缺氧水体环境。通过对草莓状黄铁矿粒径的统计表明,大多数(64%～89%)的草莓状黄铁矿粒径小于5μm,反映缺氧甚至硫化的环境。而且,U、V、Mo的富集以及Ni、Cu元素的亏损说明水体的缺氧主要是由于海水分层,水体循环受阻造成的。TOC与氧化还原参数的变化步调基本一致,两者有着较好的正相关关系,而与生产力指标Ba/Al相关性很差,说明有机质富集主要是由水体的缺氧而不是初级生产力控制的。 相似文献
18.
M. Massaad 《Mineralium Deposita》1974,9(1):87-89
Most of the siliceous and carbonaceous concretions found in the black shales of the Aalenian of the Helvetic and Ultrahelvetic nappes in the Swiss Alps contain framboidal pyrite. Some framboids are assembled in polyframboids. The study of these framboids under reflected light and by electronic microanalyzer shows that they are constituted solely of pyrite. These framboids are described and further explanation of their genesis is presented. 相似文献
19.
Javier Garcia-Guinea Lorena Recio-Vazquez Gonzalo Almendros David Benavente Virgilio Correcher Antonio Perez-Garcia Sergio Sanchez-Moral Angel Fernandez-Cortes 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(5):1733-1750
The huge sculptures placed outdoors in the Valley of the Fallen Memorial Park (El Escorial, Madrid) made with blocks of Black-Limestone from Calatorao-Zaragoza, Spain (BLCZ) and disposed on a concrete core exhibit weathering traces, flaking, saline efflorescence and falling fragments, currently represent a danger for visitors. Frost action is important in the Valley of the Fallen by the large number of freeze–thaw cycles produced during Sculptures‘live under a temperate Mediterranean climate with severe seasonality. The formation of fissures facilitates the water transport within the rock and the salt- and ice-induced deterioration. Temperate climates with frequent freezing and thawing cycles can be the most effective drivers of the visible physical weathering. In order to propose a suitable weathering model, collected black-limestones from sculptures and Calatorao quarries were analyzed by optical microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (ESEM-EDS), inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray diffraction. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen absorption and helium pycnometry techniques were used for pore analyses of the BLCZ micro-blocks (10 × 10 × 10 cm) described in terms of pore size distribution, pore volume and specific surface area. The appreciable amount of organic matter was isolated by solvent extraction, acid treatment, flotation and perborate degradation followed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Analytical Pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman techniques. Both weathered and fresh BLCZ samples contained more than 90 % calcite shells with circa 10 % of pyrite (fresh samples) or iron hydroxides (weathered samples), quartz grains, claystone and fossil organic matter consisting of a condensed matrix with polyalkyl chains and polycyclic methoxyl-lacking aromatic structures. The petrophysical analyses revealed volumes of pores, sized <0.025 μm obtained by N2 adsorption, of 3.18 × 10?3 cm3 g?1 while the measured porosity by MIP in the pore range from 0.005 to 200 μm was 3.30 × 10?3 cm3 g?1. These data could be explained by the existence of clay minerals and organic matter in the pore system less than 50 nm of diameter. Concerning BLCZ deterioration it was found that the porous framework of BLCZ was filled with sulphates formed from artificial cement observed in the sculptures inside trough a testing hole and from its intrinsic pyrite. The results suggested that although biological processes were not major agents in rock deterioration, there was also weak compatibility between sculptures‘constituents, (limestone, concrete and oxidized iron clamps) which under, continental Mediterranean conditions, were continuously releasing weathering compounds accelerating disruption of the cut-stone sculptures. 相似文献
20.
Heavy mineral separates of peat from a mineralotrophic bog contain sulphide minerals with distinctive textures. Pyrite framboids, consisting of spherical aggregates of subhedral pyrite crystals, are surrounded by a thin rim of chalcopyrite or a layer of massive marcasite. Clusters of framboids are cemented by covellite which also occurs as small idiomorphic grains, with rectangular or hexagonal outlines, surrounded by chalcopyrite. The sulphides appear to have resulted from discharge of groundwaters, enriched in copper from weathering of primary sulphides in bedrock and in iron by reduction of the till underlying the peat, into the hydrogen sulphide charged bog. 相似文献