共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
2.
沙尘气溶胶对大气冰相过程发展的敏感性试验 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
利用分档云动力学模式,研究了沙尘气溶胶输送过程中在不同大气背景环境条件下对云内冰相粒子形成、发展和降水过程的影响.通过敏感性试验发现:在背景气溶胶浓度不断增加的情况下,冰相降水率以及冰相降水在总降水量中的比例逐渐减小;只有在大陆性云和污染严重的地区,含有一定比例可溶性物质的沙尘粒子提高了大气中的巨核浓度,使云中冰相降水质粒提前出现,有利于降水的形成.另一方面,当把不可溶矿物气溶胶粒子作为有效的大气冰核参与云降水形成的物理过程时,由矿物气溶胶引起的大气冰核浓度增加在一定程度上抑制云中冰相降水质粒的发展,部分抵消巨核对降水的促进作用. 相似文献
3.
气溶胶影响混合相对流云降水的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用一种新的异质冰相核化参数化方案,研究了当气溶胶同时作为云凝结核和冰核时,在不同高度输送对混合相对流云和降水的影响。结果发现,对于本文研究的理想混合相对流云,气溶胶在边界层的输送导致液滴数浓度明显增加,有效半径减小,霰粒的生长受到抑制,引起霰粒质量浓度降低;而气溶胶在对流层中层4～6km输送时,导致冰晶和霰粒数浓度明显增加。由于较多的冰晶引起更加快速的贝吉隆过程,使霰粒的质量浓度增加;气溶胶在对流层中层2～4km高度输送时冰相形成作用相对较弱,并引起霰粒的数浓度略微增加,由于霰粒的有效半径减小导致其质量浓度下降。气溶胶在不同高度的输送都导致液态和固态降水率降低,随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加,气溶胶在0～2km、2～4km以及4～6km的输送分别导致累积降水量减少28％～64％、4％～44％和3％～46％,并且对降水的抑制效应及所在高度不同引起的降水差异随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加而减小。 相似文献
4.
气溶胶间接效应通过对云的作用来影响气候,其过程复杂且不确定性较大。本研究利用美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的公共大气模式CAM5.1,通过改变模式中硫酸盐气溶胶转化为云凝结核数浓度的数量,设计了硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应的敏感性试验,通过与控制试验对比来研究其间接效应对中国东部地区冬季云、降水和季风强度的影响。结果表明：在东亚地区云凝结核形成过程中,硫酸盐气溶胶占绝对的主导地位。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应导致中国东部地区冬季云凝结核和云滴数浓度显著增加,海洋和陆地低层的云滴有效半径减小和总云液水路径的增加,导致了云反照率的增加。引起的负辐射强迫使地表和大气降温,海平面气压升高,增加的海陆气压梯度导致中国南方地区东亚冬季风增强,总降水率减少。硫酸盐气溶胶间接效应可能不是东亚冬季风在20世纪80年代中期年际变率减弱的原因。 相似文献
5.
沙尘气溶胶对云和降水影响的模拟研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用二维分档云模式,对比背景大气气溶胶分布,讨论了扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下矿物气溶胶对云微物理结构、光学特性以及降水形成的影响.结果表明:扬沙和沙尘暴天气增加大气中大核和巨核的浓度,促进云中水汽的活化,使降水提前出现,暖云和冷云降水量均大幅增加,但可忽略巨核增加对云光学厚度和反照率的作用;当矿物沙尘粒子同时作为有效的云凝结核和冰核参与云的发展时,冰核浓度增加使水成物有效半径减小,抑制了暖云和冷云降水,云内存留的大量冰晶增强云的光学厚度和反照率. 相似文献
6.
矿物气溶胶远程传输过程中的吸收增温效应对云和降水的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
通过对吸收性矿物气溶胶在远程传输过程中引起的大气增温效应以及大气中云凝结核(CCN)和冰核(IN)浓度增加的数值模拟,发现传输过程中沙尘最大浓度出现于云底和3 km高度处(T>-5℃)时,沙尘传输导致的大核和巨核(GCCN)浓度的增加,促进冷暖云降水,并在降水效率增加和增温产生的蒸发效应的共同作用下,云的光学厚度和反照率降低;当沙尘传输层位于温度低于-5℃的层结时,沙尘作为有效的大气冰核影响云和降水的发展,在这种情况下,冰核增多导致降水减少,并使云的光学厚度和反照率增加。总的来说,沙尘传输层中吸收性矿物气溶胶越多,高度越低、厚度越大,蒸发效应越强,云的形成和发展受到的抑制作用也越强。 相似文献
7.
云滴谱离散度是云雨自动转化过程参数化中不可忽视的重要参数,对地面降水有着重要的影响。本文利用WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecast coupled with Chemistry)模式,对发生在2019年1月3～6日长江中下游地区的一次降水过程进行了模拟。在清洁和污染的气溶胶背景下,设定不同的云滴谱离散度的数值（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9和1.0）,研究云降水微物理的变化。结果表明,该个例降水主要来源于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。在清洁条件下的地面累计降水量大于在污染条件下的累计降水量,这是因为在清洁条件下云滴数浓度小,有利于云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程。虽然云雨自动转化以及云雨碰并过程占主导,但导致地面累计降水量随云滴谱离散度增大而增大的主要原因是：随着云滴谱离散度的增大,冰粒子质量浓度增大,导致融化过程增强,产生更多的雨滴,从而增强地表降水。所得结果将提高我们对云降水对气溶胶和离散度响应过程的理论认识。 相似文献
8.
五台山区地形雨减少与能见度减小的可能联系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示气溶胶对地形雨的影响,以五台山站为研究站,其南部山下的原平、阳泉为对比站,采用相关性分析研究五台山站与对比站年降水量、降水日数的比值与能见度的关系。结果表明,五台山区能见度显著降低,年降水量及降水日数显著减少;研究站与对比站的年降水量比值、年降水日数的比值均显著减小,并且与能见度显著正相关(p0.05)。究其可能原因,能见度的降低反映出气溶胶浓度的增加,气溶胶浓度的增加抑制了山区地形雨的形成。山区地形雨的减少导致山区水资源的减少;在缺少山顶站的情况下无法捕捉地形雨减少对面平均降水量计算的影响,导致低估面平均降雨量的减少量,低估山区水资源的减少量。 相似文献
9.
10.
东亚地区沙尘气溶胶对降水的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2016,(1)
利用意大利国际理论物理中心区域气候-沙尘耦合模式RegCM4-Dust,模拟研究了东亚地区沙尘气溶胶直接效应对降水的影响。结果表明:(1)沙尘气溶胶导致东亚大部分地区降水减少,平均减幅为4.46%,尤其100。E以东大陆降水减少幅度更为显著;从季节来看,春、冬季降水减幅最显著,夏季最小。(2)从对总降水变化的贡献来看,春季对流性降水和非对流性降水变化相差不大,夏、秋季主要来自对流性降水减少,而冬季主要来自非对流性降水减少。(3)从分级降水来看,沙尘效应主要导致东亚大陆痕量降水日数增加,小、中、大雨的降水日数减少,而微雨和暴雨以上级别降水日数变化不大,但各季存在较大差异。(4)沙尘效应在对流层中低层产生的下沉运动和水汽减少是导致东亚大陆大部分地区降水减少的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat.Part I: Model Description 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ozone is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants.It is reported that tropospheric O3 concentration increases rapidly in recent 20 years. Evaluating and predicting impacts of ozone concentration changes on crops are drawing great attention in the scientific community. In China, main study method about this filed is controlled experiments, for example, Open Top Chambers. But numerical simulation study about impacts of ozone on crops with crop model was developed slowly, what is more, the study about combined impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide has not been reported.The improved agroecosystem model is presented to evaluate simultaneously impacts of tropospheric O3 and CO2 concentration changes on crops in the paper by integrating algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis with an existing agroecosystem biogeochemical model (named as DNDC). The main
physiological processes of crop growth (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilated allocation and so on) in the former DNDC are kept. The algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis and winter wheat leaf are added in the modified DNDC model in order to reveal impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat by coupling the simulation about impacts of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis of winter wheat which exists in the former DNDC. In
the paper, firstly assimilate allocation algorithms and some genetic parameters (such as daily thermal time of every development stage) were modified in order that DNDC can be applicable in North China. Secondly impacts of ozone on crops were simulated with two different methods-one was impacts of ozone on light use efficiency , and the other was direct effects of ozone on leaves photosynthesis. The latter simulated results are closer to experiment measurements through comparing their simulating results. At last the method of direct impacts of ozone on leaf growth is adopted and the coe cients about impacts of ozone on leaf growth
and death are ascertained. Effects of climate changes, increasing ozone, and carbon dioxide concentration on agroecosystem are tried to be simulated numerically in the study which is considered to be advanced and credible. 相似文献
12.
Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part I: Model Description 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ozone is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. It is reported that tropospheric O3 concentration increases rapidly in recent 20 years. Evaluating and predicting impacts of ozone concentration changes on crops are drawing great attention in the scientific community. In China, main study method about this filed is controlled experiments, for example, Open Top Chambers. But numerical simulation study about impacts of ozone on crops with crop model was developed slowly, what is more, the study about combined impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide has not been reported. The improved agroecosystem model is presented to evaluate simultaneously impacts of tropospheric O3 and CO2 concentration changes on crops in the paper by integrating algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis with an existing agroecosystem biogeochemical model (named as DNDC). The main physiological processes of crop growth (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilated allocation and so on) in the former DNDC are kept. The algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis and winter wheat leaf are added in the modified DNDC model in order to reveal impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat by coupling the simulation about impacts of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis of winter wheat which exists in the former DNDC. In the paper, firstly assimilate allocation algorithms and some genetic parameters (such as daily thermal time of every development stage) were modified in order that DNDC can be applicable in North China. Secondly impacts of ozone on crops were simulated with two different methods- one was impacts of ozone on light use efficiency, and the other was direct effects of ozone on leaves photosynthesis. The latter simulated results are closer to experiment measurements through comparing their simulating results. At last the method of direct impacts of ozone on leaf growth is adopted and the coefficients about impacts of ozone on leaf growth and death are ascertained. Effects of climate changes, increasing ozone, and carbon dioxide concentration on agroecosystem are tried to be simulated numerically in the study which is considered to be advanced and credible. 相似文献
13.
Richard S. J. Tol 《Climatic change》2013,117(4):795-808
The national version of FUND3.6 is used to backcast the impacts of climate change to the 20th century and extrapolate to the 21st century. Carbon dioxide fertilization of crops and reduced energy demand for heating are the main positive impacts. Climate change had a negative effect on water resources and, in most years, human health. Most countries benefitted from climate change until 1980, but after that the trend is negative for poor countries and positive for rich countries. The global average impact was positive in the 20th century. In the 21st century, impacts turn negative in most countries, rich and poor. Energy demand, water resources, biodiversity and sea level rise are the main negative impacts; the impacts of climate change on human health and agriculture remain positive until 2100. 相似文献
14.
Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability studies tend to confine their attention to impacts and responses within the same geographical region. However, this approach ignores cross-border climate change impacts that occur remotely from the location of their initial impact and that may severely disrupt societies and livelihoods. We propose a conceptual framework and accompanying nomenclature for describing and analysing such cross-border impacts. The conceptual framework distinguishes an initial impact that is caused by a climate trigger within a specific region. Downstream consequences of that impact propagate through an impact transmission system while adaptation responses to deal with the impact propagate through a response transmission system. A key to understanding cross-border impacts and responses is a recognition of different types of climate triggers, categories of cross-border impacts, the scales and dynamics of impact transmission, the targets and dynamics of responses and the socio-economic and environmental context that also encompasses factors and processes unrelated to climate change. These insights can then provide a basis for identifying relevant causal relationships. We apply the framework to the floods that affected industrial production in Thailand in 2011, and to projected Arctic sea ice decline, and demonstrate that the framework can usefully capture the complex system dynamics of cross-border climate impacts. It also provides a useful mechanism to identify and understand adaptation strategies and their potential consequences in the wider context of resilience planning. The cross-border dimensions of climate impacts could become increasingly important as climate changes intensify. We conclude that our framework will allow for these to be properly accounted for, help to identify new areas of empirical and model-based research and thereby support climate risk management. 相似文献
15.
Due to complexities of creating sea-level rise scenarios, impacts of climate-induced sea-level rise are often produced from a limited number of models assuming a global uniform rise in sea level. A greater number of models, including those with a pattern reflecting regional variations would help to assure reliability and a range of projections, indicating where models agree and disagree. This paper determines how nine new patterned-scaled sea-level rise scenarios (plus the uniform and patterned ensemble mean rises) influence global and regional coastal impacts (wetland loss, dry land loss due to erosion and the expected number of people flooded per year by extreme sea levels). The DIVA coastal impacts model was used under an A1B scenario, and assumed defences were not upgraded as conditions evolved. For seven out of nine climate models, impacts occurred at a proportional rate to global sea-level rise. For the remaining two models, higher than average rise in sea level was projected in northern latitudes or around populated coasts thus skewing global impact projections compared with the ensemble global mean. Regional variability in impacts were compared using the ensemble mean uniform and patterned scenarios: The largest relative difference in impacts occurred around the Mediterranean coast, and the largest absolute differences around low-lying populated coasts, such as south, south-east and east Asia. Uniform projections of sea-level rise impacts remain a useful method to determine global impacts, but improved regional scale models of sea-level rise, particularly around semi-enclosed seas and densely populated low-lying coasts will provide improved regional impact projections and a characterisation of their uncertainties. 相似文献
16.
Pierre Mukheibir 《Climatic change》2013,121(1):67-78
There is a growing concern that countries should reduce their dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation and look to other cleaner technologies. Hydroelectricity is one such option. However, given that hydropower is dependent on rainfall and associated runoff for power generation, it is susceptible to both the positive and negative impacts of climate change, such as increases in temperature and changes in precipitation and runoff. In this paper, impacts on hydropower generation have been organised as either changes in long-term trends or short-term variability and shocks. These impacts could either manifest themselves as direct impacts on hydropower generation potential or as indirect impacts (or ancillary impacts) such as increased competition for water. Citing examples from around the world, this paper investigates the scale of these projected impacts, and the potential cost implication of inaction. It concludes by making recommendations for possible adaptive options to build resilience in response to local impacts. 相似文献
17.
气候变化对石羊河流域重点治理规划的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据IPCC全球气候变化情景,分析了石羊河流域未来可能气候变化趋势及其对流域河川径流量的影响。利用宏观经济水资源模型,研究了不同径流变化情景对石羊河流域治理规划效果的影响。结果表明：若石羊河流域未来径流量减少15%,对流域现状发展模式和治理模式经济影响将分别为29.8%和7.2%。石羊河综合治理可提高流域应对气候变化风险的能力,减小气候变化对流域社会经济的影响。 相似文献
18.
根据IPCC全球气候变化情景,分析了石羊河流域未来可能气候变化趋势及其对流域河川径流量的影响。利用宏观经济水资源模型,研究了不同径流变化情景对石羊河流域治理规划效果的影响。结果表明：若石羊河流域未来径流量减少15%,对流域现状发展模式和治理模式经济影响将分别为29.8%和7.2%。石羊河综合治理可提高流域应对气候变化风险的能力,减小气候变化对流域社会经济的影响。 相似文献
19.
Monte Carlo Assessment of Sampling Uncertainty of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources Yield in Yorkshire, England 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Despite much effort over the last decade, there still remain many uncertainties in the assessed impacts of climate change on water resources. This study has carried out Monte Carlo Simulations to characterise the sampling uncertainties in assessed water resources impacts. The investigation employed data from catchments in northeast England, which incorporate water supply reservoirs. The impacts assessment used scenarios from three GCM experiments: (i) the Canadian first generation coupled model (CGCM1), (ii) the Australian first generation coupled model (CSIRO-mk2b) and (iii) the British third generation model (HadCM3). The results showed that yield impacts are subject to wide variability, irrespective of the GCM experiment, which calls for caution when using mean impacts obtained from single data record analysis for decision making. 相似文献
20.
林而达 许吟隆 蒋金荷 李玉娥 杨修 张建云 李从先 吴绍洪 赵宗群 吴建国 居辉 严昌荣 王守荣 刘允芬 杜碧兰 赵成义 秦保芳 刘春蓁 黄朝迎 张小全 马世铭 《气候变化研究进展》2006,2(2):51-56
已经观测到的气候变化影响是显著的、多方面的。各个领域和地区都存在有利和不利影响,但以不利影响为主,未来的气候变暖将会对中国的生态系统、农业以及水资源等部门和沿海地区产生重大的不利影响。采取适应措施可以减轻气候变化的不利影响,应将适应气候变化的行动逐步纳入国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划中。由于我国科学研究的相对不足和科学认识能力的局限,目前的气候变化影响评估方法和结果还存在很大的不确定性。应当加强区域适应气候变化的案例研究、扩大研究领域、加强极端天气、气候事件影响的研究,以降低影响评估的不确定性,并提出切实可行的适应对策。 相似文献