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1.
喀喇昆仑地区从二叠纪开始,广泛沉积不同类型的碎屑岩、泥质岩、硅岩、碳酸盐岩和混积岩。沉积层序发育完整,白垩纪之前基本上属于稳定的连续造海建造系列。经初步研究,除西部二叠系出现半深水陆架边缘-岛弧盆地相、陆架区冷水型冈瓦纳相沉积和东部下三叠统有具复理石或重力流性质的外陆架半深水碎屑岩-硅泥质岩建造沉积外,大部分都是以细屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造为主的地台型浅海陆棚相和浅海平原相沉积,直到保罗纪末才形成早白垩世,以红色粗碎屑岩为主的陆相磨拉石建造,从而结束了长达1.5亿年连续沉积历史。 相似文献
2.
The sedimentary environments are the intrinsic factor controlling the mechanical properties of clastic rocks. Examining the relationship between rock sedimentary environments and rock mechanical properties gives a better understanding of rock deformation and failure mechanisms. In this study, more than 55 samples in coal measures were taken from seven different lithologic formations in eastern China. Using the optical microscope the sedimentary characteristics, such as components of clastic rocks and sizes of clastic grains were quantitatively tested and analyzed. The corresponding mechanical parameters were tested using the servo-controlled testing system. Different lithologic attributes in the sedimentary rocks sampled different stress–strain behaviors and failure characteristics under different confining pressures, mainly due to different compositions and textures. Results demonstrate that clastic rocks have the linear best-fit for Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The elastic moduli in clastic rocks are highly dependent upon confining pressures, unlike hard rocks. The envelope lines of the mechanical properties versus the contents of quartz, detritus of the grain diameter of more than 0.03 mm, and grain size in clastic rocks are given. The compressive strength or elastic modulus and the grain diameter have a non-monotonic relation and demonstrate the “grain-diameter softening” effect. 相似文献
3.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):297-306
Resistance or susceptibility of different rocks to granitization and ultra metamorphism may be related to the degree of their equilibrium and to their energetic (thermodynamic) anisotropism. All rocks may be divided accordingly into active and passive ones, depending on their behavior in granitizing environments. The active group (sedimentary, elastic, clayey, mixed, noncrystalline effusives) consists of energetically anisotropic ones as well as of rocks that failed to attain their chemical equilibrium by the time of their stabilization. Such rocks are able to release a part of their energy in a certain stage of their granitization. The passive group includes sedimentary rocks (carbonate, ferruginous), fully crystalline magmatic rocks, energetically isotropic homogeneous sandstones, and quartzites). Granitization of such rocks, is, among other things, an endothermal phenomenon. Basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks are susceptible to granitization, provided they are interbedded with water-bearing sediments (including the passive ones); the resistance of such combinations to granitization is lower than the resistance of their constituents separately. Exothermal phenomena in granitization, such as release of energy from thermodynamically anisotropic bodies or of the accumulated solar energy (by crystalline substance) in reactions involving an uptake of liquid and gaseous phases, insufficient as they may be to assure a continuity of the granitization, may have a decisive effect upon the granitization-resistance of the rocks. — V.P. Sokoloff 相似文献
4.
被动大陆边缘碳酸盐生长序列与盆山转换耦合 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
碳酸盐作为盆地堆积物整体的一部分，剖析达到碳酸盐清水环境的先决条件、保持条件和中止消亡条件就可判别盆地中碳酸盐沉积与其他堆积作用之间的关系，恢复盆地性质、演化历史和盆转山的过程。碳酸盐生长的４个边界条件：碳酸盐生长的基座、碳酸盐沉积前后的转换面、碳酸盐生长序列的内部结构和碳酸盐中止和消亡方式、不同板块部位的盆地和盆转山过程，这４个边界条件均不相同。在被动大陆边缘转为前陆盆地过程中，碳酸盐生长发育的４个边界条件也随之而变化。其过程为：早期裂谷充填；晚期裂谷、碎屑岩陆架形成；碳酸盐陆架；热沉降和镶边碳酸盐台地 相似文献
5.
田端孝 《沉积与特提斯地质》1993,(4):2-11
应用碎屑岩地震相研究的理论和方法,对川中地区三叠系中、下统碳酸盐岩地震相进行了研究。地震相与沉积相的结合,通过地震剖面提供的各种参数解释环境背景和岩相条件,根据地震剖面上所通过的钻井岩相划分,使地震相、沉积相、钻井岩相分析融为一体,并在沉积和岩相研究方法上探索新的途径。 相似文献
6.
甘肃岷县－宕昌地区属酉秦岭的中秦岭分区南带。下二叠统的硅质岩主要有：砾屑硅质岩、砂屑硅质岩、放射虫硅质岩和条带状硅质岩。本文主要讨论了碎屑硅质岩的沉积特征、岩石特征、沉积构造、颗粒大小、地球化学特征及沉积序列特征．从而论证了该地区的粗碎屑沉积是拉张环境深海盆地中的内源碎屑硅质浊积。通过与Ｓｔｏｗ等硅质浊积模式和经典的陆源碎屑浊积模式的对比，讨论了它的新特点，并由此进一步建立了一个深海硅质法积岩的完整沉积序列。粗碎屑硅质岩在国内外的报道还不多见，它的发现对丰富深海沉积类型及了解西秦岭的古海洋演化具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
沧东凹陷孔二段页岩层系广泛发育混合细粒沉积岩.混合细粒沉积岩的岩石类型划分和沉积环境分析是其成因研究的重要组成部分,有助于总结混合细粒沉积岩的沉积规律,寻找有利勘探目标.通过岩心与薄片观察、二维XRF（X射线荧光光谱）扫描,结合XRD（X射线衍射）、元素地球化学测试等资料,以矿物成分和沉积构造为主要依据,将孔二段混合细粒沉积岩划分为21种岩相;通过Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、Sr/Ba、V/（V+Ni）、Al、Ti含量、Fe/Mn和（Fe+Al）/（Ca+Mg）等地球化学指标的垂向变化及岩相分析沉积环境演化.沧东凹陷孔二段混合细粒沉积岩主要发育在气候干旱、微咸水-咸水相、水体贫氧、陆源输入较强的半深湖-深湖环境中;岩相类型的发育同时受到水体的高盐度和陆源输入的影响,均一细粒沉积岩分布最广,其次为灰云细粒沉积岩,黏土细粒沉积岩不发育. 相似文献
8.
TANG Huafeng ZHAO Zhigang TIAN Zhiwen LU Baoliang TANG Wu HE Kailun ZHU Chenxi WANG Pujun 《《地质学报》英文版》2021,95(1):280-293
Based on the volume magnetic susceptibility and specific gravity measurements and mineral and lithologic identification results for 540 samples,the rock type,density,and magnetic susceptibility of rocks from northern Borneo were analyzed,and the applicability of gravity and magnetic data to the lithologic identification of the Mesozoic strata in the southern South China Sea was assessed accordingly.The results show that there are 3 types and 25 subtypes of rocks in northern Borneo,mainly intermediate-mafic igneous rocks and exogenous clastic sedimentary rocks,with small amounts of endogenous sedimentary rocks,felsic igneous rocks,and metamorphic rocks.The rocks that are very strongly-strongly magnetic and have high-medium densities are mostly igneous rocks,tuffaceous sandstones,and their metamorphic equivalents.The rocks that are weakly magnetic-non-magnetic and have medium-very low densities are mostly conglomerates,sandstones,siltstones,mudstones,and coal.The rocks that are weakly magnetic-diamagnetic and have highmedium densities are mostly limestones and siliceous rocks.The Cenozoic rocks are characterized by low densities and medium susceptibilities;the Mesozoic rocks are characterized by medium densities and medium-high susceptibilities;and the pre-Mesozoic rocks are characterized by high densities and low magnetism.Based on these results and the distribution characteristics of the various rock types,it was found that the pre-Mesozoic rocks produce weak regional gravity anomalies;the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks produce negative regional gravity anomalies;whereas the Mesozoic igneous rocks produce positive regional gravity anomalies;and the Cenozoic igneous rocks produce positive regional gravity anomalies.The regional high magnetic anomalies in the southern part of the South China Sea originate from the Mesozoic mafic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents;and the regional medium magnetic anomalies may be produced by the felsic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents.Accordingly,the identification of the Mesozoic lithology in the southern South China Sea shows that the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are distributed over a large area of the southern South China Sea.Thus,it is concluded that the Mesozoic strata in this area have the potential for oil and gas exploration. 相似文献
9.
扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。 相似文献
10.
Studying the mechanical characteristics of weak sedimentary rocks is a burning issue in civil and mining engineering designs and analysis since obtaining rock mechanical properties of these has always faced lots of problems and uncertainties due to the structural weaknesses. One of the main causes of these problems is the difficulty of preparing high-quality core specimens recommended by testing standards or suggested methods for uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). For resolving this issue, in this study, common methods for indirect estimation of UCS of weak rocks were initially studied, their merits and demerits were analyzed, and then, in light of their positive and negative points, a new modified device was designed with a different mechanical structure and force exertion system, which could be practically used to present a new method for indirect estimation of UCS. Thus, in this study, we initially had a general view of the new dynamic needle penetrometer and its modified parts and their capabilities. After introduction, as the first phase of the practical studies on this, dynamic needle penetration resistance (DNPR) was measured, as the dynamic needle penetrometer test result, from 65 specimens collected from three different projects. Then, the relationships between DNPR and UCS of the rock specimens and the regressions of correlations were statistically analyzed. Finally, a linear equation with considerable accuracy resulted from analysis, and using this led to solving the main problem of this research by proposing a developed method for indirect estimation of uniaxial compressive strength of weak rocks. 相似文献
11.
Jorge S. Mendoza 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(7):889-910
An efficient numerical technique has been used to compute the deformation of pores of arbitrary shape embedded in a homogeneous elastic solid under the influence of applied stresses. The scheme is based on the boundary-element method, where single linear elements are used to generate solutions that satisfy prescribed boundary conditions. These solutions can be employed to describe the behavior of elastic moduli and other petrophysical properties in porous rocks. The numerical algorithm allows computation of the stress field induced by the pores in the solid. In this way, the effect of the interactions between pores caused by stress concentrations can be studied from a quantitative point of view. To test the algorithm, some interesting results are compared with existing models, for special cases available in the literature. Also, a model for the compressibility and porosity of sedimentary rocks, as a function of applied hydrostatic stress, was generated by mixing some realistic pore geometries generated with the numerical algorithm. Results were in good agreement with data obtained from selected samples of sandstones. 相似文献
12.
中国北方元古宙沉积岩中自生稀土矿物特征及其意义--以北京、大连地区为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
大连震旦系十三里台组首次发现自生稀土元素矿物独居石后 ,在北京十三陵中元古代长城系常州沟组、串岭沟组和大红峪组又发现了自生的独居石以及其他磷酸盐和硅酸盐稀土矿物。自生稀土矿物的形成和岩石中稀土元素含量较高有关 ;电子探针背散射图像和 P、Th、L a、Ce、Nd、Y等元素面分布图像研究表明 ,沉积岩中的自生稀土矿物与岩浆岩、变质岩和碎屑成因的截然不同。本文首次报道了元古宙长城系常州沟组沉积岩中碎屑锆石边部成岩过程中形成的自生磷钇矿。中国北方元古宙泥砂质碎屑沉积岩普遍具有高稀土组合 ,许多地区都可能存在独居石等自生稀土矿物 ,如天津蓟县、辽西、辽南和宣化等地 ,为利用离子探针 (SHRIMP)确定其同位素地质年代提供了可能。此外 ,本文对比了大连震旦系自生独居石和内蒙白云鄂博矿区东矿的独居石晶形和化学成分的相似性 ,再一次提出中国北方元古宙富稀土地层可能是内蒙古白云鄂博巨型稀土元素矿床的矿源层问题。 相似文献
13.
沉积型锂资源成矿作用特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
沉积型锂资源作为可利用锂资源的重要组成部分,由于其储量大、分布范围广而备受关注,但对于锂的赋存状态、赋矿沉积岩的沉积特征、成矿物质来源等成矿作用特征观点不一。通过对国内外沉积型锂资源成矿作用的综合分析,文章尝试总结出沉积型锂资源的成矿作用规律。综合国内外沉积型锂资源（矿床）的特征分析,沉积型锂资源主要赋存于黏土岩、铝质黏土岩及铝土矿中,部分分布于绿豆岩（凝灰岩）以及砂岩、泥岩等碎屑岩。锂在其中的赋存状态多样,主要以类质同象或离子吸附形式赋存在绿泥石、蒙脱石、高岭石和伊利石等黏土矿物中,个别为可开采的独立含锂矿物。多数沉积型锂资源沉积在湖相、泻湖相等低能的还原环境中,富锂岩石主要来源于岛弧类长英质火山岩和少量碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩,且源区母岩经历强烈的风化作用,沉积物可能经历再旋回的搬运过程。富锂岩石源于大陆岛弧环境,沉积于被动大陆边缘、裂谷或克拉通盆地。火山岩和含锂地层下伏的碳酸盐岩均可能是沉积型锂资源中锂的来源,成矿源区的不同造成了沉积型锂资源成矿作用的差异。 相似文献
14.
西天山元古界的热液沉积岩及其与成矿的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在西天山中元古界蓟县系首次发现硅质岩、钾长岩和透辉岩等热液沉积岩,其中钾长岩和透辉岩在国内外极为少见。通过对这些热液沉积岩的地球化学特征的综合研究,确定这些热液沉积岩为海底喷气—沉积成因。最后,表文还分析了该热液沉积岩形成的构造背景和沉积环境以及与铜矿化的成因联系。根据金属硫化物的硫同位素组成和微量元素组成特征进一步说明热液沉积岩和金属硫化物的主要物质来自深部地层中循环的同生热液。 相似文献
15.
海拉尔盆地侏罗系塔木兰沟组火山岩显示有巨大油气勘探潜力. 海拉尔盆地内侏罗系“塔木兰沟组”火山喷发期次和岩相分布尚不清楚,制约了盆内火山岩型油气藏勘探部署.针对海拉尔盆地火山岩相复杂且相变快,火山机构类型多样等特点,通过野外露头调查、年代学资料和单井和连井地震对比,利用地震剖面、时间切片、三维可视化和均方根振幅属性提取等技术,对盆内各个凹陷开展火山-沉积岩识别、旋回划分和岩相古地理恢复.野外露头、测井、地震反射、火山岩U?Pb年代学等证据都表明海拉尔盆地侏罗系发育2期火山-沉积旋回. 火山喷发沉静期于火山机构外围发育沉积岩夹层,在地震剖面上形成的连续反射且可区域追踪对比,可以作为旋回划分依据. 利用均方根振幅属性对岩性敏感特性来勾勒火山机构和外围的沉积岩.盆内第1期火山-沉积旋回岩以中基性火山岩、酸性火山岩和沉积岩为特征,对应于盆地外围的塔木兰沟组. 第2期火山-沉积旋回岩以酸性火山岩和沉积岩为主,对应于盆地外围的玛尼吐组. 盆内西部凹陷带主要发育火山机构和裙边砂砾岩体,中部和东部凹陷带主要发育湖相砂岩和泥岩. 各个凹陷内火山机构主要集中在盆地或斜坡带,侏罗系火山-沉积发育具有明显的火山-断陷湖盆特征,与区域上额尔古纳和德尔布干断裂空间展布关系密切. 相似文献
16.
Influence of stress-dependent elastic moduli on stresses and strains around axisymmetric boreholes 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Summary Porous or clastic rocks often have elastic moduli which are not constant but increase with increasing minor principal stress. The use of classical constant modulus linear elasticity in these cases can lead to erroneous predictions of the deformations and of the initiation and extent of failure around underground excavations. To illustrate these effects, solutions are developed for axisymmetric excavations in infinite media having power law and exponential variations of elastic modulus with minor principal stress. The maximum stress concentrations do not occur at the excavation boundaries and are less than the constant value of 2.0 given by constant modulus elasticity. When modified slightly to allow for test boundary conditions, the theory gives predictions that are consistent with aspects of the results obtained in hydrostatic compression tests on thick walled cylinders of three sedimentary rocks. 相似文献
17.
山西吕梁地区是华北克拉通保存古元古界变质表壳岩良好地区, 其中的岚河群在吕梁山北部岚县南北两侧大量出露, 由碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹少量基性火山岩等多个沉积旋回的沉积组合构成, 经历绿片岩相浅变质作用改造, 保留了大量原始沉积构造, 是探讨该群沉积 特征、形成时代及与其它表壳岩群关系的理想对象。 对岚河群 3 件样品的碎屑锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年, 获得底部含砾砂岩最年轻碎屑锆石 2.2 Ga 的峰值年龄, 该群经历了 1.87 Ga 的 区域变质作用, 因而限定岚河群沉积于 2.2～1.87 Ga 之间。 碎屑锆石年龄谱显示了～2.2 Ga 的 主峰期和～2.3 Ga 及太古代中晚期等较小峰期年龄, 指示主要源自古元古代陆壳物质源区, 它们的主峰期年龄锆石与吕梁地区同期岛弧花岗岩锆石 Hf 同位素特征一致, 且其沉积组合反映了物源区活动性较强, 证明岚河群形成于活动陆缘岛弧相关的沉积盆地。 野鸡山群下部的 青杨树湾组和白龙山组沉积组合与岚河群沉积地层序列类似, 它们均形成于 2.2 Ga 左右, 说明野鸡山下部沉积与岚河群相同, 也形成于活动陆缘岛弧环境的沉积盆地, 分别代表了盆地同时异相的沉积产物。 野鸡山群上部程道沟组与黑茶山群沉积序列类似, 具有造山过程相关盆地的磨拉石建造组合特征, 它们均形成于 1.85 Ga 之后, 代表与碰撞造山过程相关前陆盆地快速堆积。 因此, 3 个岩群表壳岩的沉积演化揭示了华北克拉通中部～2.2 Ga 俯冲汇聚相关的活动陆缘岛弧环境, 在～1.85 Ga 转为陆-陆碰撞造山演化过程。 相似文献
18.
Laterite occurs extensively over the crystalline and sedimentary rocks in the midland and lowland areas of south Kerala, India. Two lateritization cycles are identified in this area. Large, good-quality kaolin deposits, composed mostly of kaolinite, are characteristic of the sedimentary sequence in south Kerala. These deposits were formed on deposition of the weathering materials of the khondalites towards the first cycle of lateritization. After deposition and uplift of the sedimentary rocks, another lateritization cycle affected these, as well as the khondalites during pre-Quaternary times with the formation of a planation surface at 25–125 m above sea level having thick laterite profiles. The laterite profiles over the kaolin deposits show higher concentration of Fe-oxides (mostly in the form of hematite) and titania, compared to their concentration in the kaolins. Higher contents of Cr and Ni are also characteristic of the laterite over kaolin deposits. Recrystallization of the kaolinite, appearance of Al, Fe and Si amorphous phases in the kaolin clays and partial removal of Fe and Ti from them are attributed to the second lateritization cycle. 相似文献
19.
微生物形成的原生沉积构造研究进展综述 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
早在上世纪60年代，沉积学家Pettijohn和Potter曾经将形成原生沉积构造的地质作用划分为剥蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用和变形作用。在沉积期间和沉积之后到沉积物还未固结之前由上述作用所产生的沉积构造被定义为“原生沉积构造”，包括各种类型的层理、层面上的各种作用痕迹以及各种变形现象。在该分类之中，叠层石被定义为突出沉积面的正生长构造，这种构造由微生物与同沉积胶结作用共同构建而成。上世纪90年代中期至今，随着研究程度的深入，沉积学家们越来越认识到除了叠层石以外，微生物还会形成一种并不突出于底层面的原生沉积构造，并被认为是微生物席或微生物膜与各种物理作用营力共同作用的产物。这些作用营力包括剥蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用和变形作用。该类沉积构造被定义为微生物形成的原生沉积构造并被归为第五类原生沉积构造。正如叠层石主要产在前寒武纪以及显生宙未受到后生动物强烈改造的浅水环境中一样，微生物形成的原生沉积构造也主要发育在前寒武纪，以及显生宙的一些未受到后生动物强烈改造的潮坪和潟湖等环境之中。因此，该类沉积构造（第五类原生沉积构造）的研究，对于前寒武纪沉积环境重塑具有重要意义。燕山地区元古界串岭沟组和大红峪组碎屑岩中的变余波痕、皱饰构造和纺锤状裂缝，是碎屑岩中微生物形成的原生沉积构造的代表； 高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩（以灰岩为主）层面上发育大型皱饰构造和变余波痕，是碳酸盐岩中微生物形成的原生沉积构造的代表。这些沉积构造的发现和初步研究，为今后进一步深入研究奠定了良好的基础。 相似文献
20.
新疆阿舍勒、冲乎尔地区泥盆纪地层以火山岩为主，伴有陆源碎屑岩和内源沉积岩。对其古地理面貌的恢复，只有采用特殊的研究思路才能实现。缘于此，本文采用成因相和环境相的研究思路，对该地区的岩相古地理面貌做了较为详细的研究和恢复，为如何在火山沉积盆地中进行古地理研究提供了思维方法和工作模式。 相似文献