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1.
基于IKONOS数据的赣南离子吸附型稀土矿非法开采监测研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着稀土价值的不断攀升,稀土资源乱采滥挖现象日益严重,如何快速准确地进行稀土矿山非法开采监测成为相关政府部门管理的重中之重,高空间分辨率遥感技术为解决上述问题提供了思路。本文选取赣南寻乌地区离子吸附型稀土矿区为研究区,运用IKONOS遥感数据结合矿权资料建立了离子吸附型稀土矿山非法开采解译标志,结合地质岩体资料分析了稀土矿山开采重点监测区域。研究表明高空间分辨率遥感数据处理与分析为离子吸附型稀土矿矿山非法开采快速、准确、动态监测提供了良好的技术手段。 相似文献
2.
IKONOS遥感数据在离子吸附型稀土矿区环境污染调查中的应用研究——以赣南寻乌地区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
稀土矿山的开采活动产生了一系列的环境问题。为解决我国南方离子吸附型稀土矿山环境监测的问题,本文选取赣南寻乌地区为研究区,针对目前离子吸附型稀土矿存在的两大环境问题——土地荒漠化及水体污染,采用IKONOS高分辨率遥感数据进行监测方法研究,运用光谱角分类算法提取了研究区土地荒漠化较为严重的区域,运用ISODATA非监督分类算法对稀土矿开采周边河流污染程度进行评估。通过提取结果分析及野外调研,表明高空间分辨率遥感数据处理与分析为离子吸附性稀土矿矿山环境快速、动态监测提供了良好的技术手段。 相似文献
3.
广东三个离子吸附型稀土矿的地球化学特征及开采现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
广东稀土资源丰富,资源种类较全,但真正具有工业意义只有离子吸附型稀土矿。已有调查表明广东富有重稀土资源,重稀土资源量约占离子吸附型稀土资源总量的1/3。广东现仅有采矿权企业三家(简称A、B、C矿区),2013年度开采指标REO(稀土氧化物含量)仅为2200吨,但离子型稀土年分离能力超万吨,供需矛盾突出。为了解广东稀土矿开采现状,本文在具备采矿证的A、B和C三个矿区采集风化壳剖面和尾砂样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析稀土元素、微量元素和相关有用元素的含量,获得了一批新数据,研究矿区的地球化学特征和资源潜力。数据分析表明:1广东稀土资源非常丰富,实际资源量与现有报告评估的资源量有着极大的差别,相差两个数量级。2三个稀土矿的风化壳原矿的轻稀土/重稀土的比值为1.8~6.6,说明三个稀土矿均为轻稀土矿;只开采轻稀土矿,与市场需求和广东富有重稀土资源的情况都不相符,年稀土开采指标与年冶炼分离能力也存在极大缺口,无论资源类型和数量都无法满足经济对稀土资源的巨大需求,建议考虑适当增加稀土矿证和开采指标。3A矿区和C矿区的腐植层和半风化层稀土含量都不高,成矿部位在全风化层,成矿模式为浅伏式;B矿区的腐植层和全风化层稀土含量高(最高超过0.3%),为成矿部位,成矿模式为表露式。4风化壳采矿位置尚需根据市场情况调整,减少矿体的漏采,尾砂稀土资源有待回收利用。5风化壳和尾砂样品微量元素含量相对陆壳丰度,多数元素富集倍数低于10,部分元素甚至出现亏损,没有回收利用价值。 相似文献
4.
稀土矿区环境调查SMAIMA方法体系、评价模型及其应用——以赣南离子吸附型稀土矿山为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以赣南典型稀土矿区为重点调查研究对象,以岩(矿)石-风化壳-尾矿-水为系统,采用多学科多方法协同,对离子吸附型稀土(简称iRee)资源开采涉及到的水资源-环境效应进行了系统研究。提出了对采矿过程中的环境效应进行调查、检测、评估的工作方法体系,即:野外调查(S)—实验测试(M)—特征分析(A)—指标体系构建(I)—模型研究(M)—综合评价(A),简称SMAIMA工作法。自2011年以来连续6年分季度系统采集550多件样品,积累了近3万个可靠数据,为iRee矿区及周边水质采样、特征分析、水污染源鉴别提供了依据。通过对iRee矿区及周边地表水中REE及理化指标时空变化特征的综合分析,查明了污染的原因、途径。建立了针对iRee矿区的水环境质量评价指标体系,构建了针对iRee矿区的水环境模糊综合评价模型。在水环境评价的基础上,针对赣南稀土矿区的环境特点,进一步构建了包括自然地理、基础地质、开发占地以及地质环境在内4大类、13小类的二级评价指标体系,首次研建了基于支持向量机(SVM)的iRee矿山环境效应定量评价模型。运用该评价模型,对龙南、安远、寻乌三个不同类型的稀土矿区(以龙南代表重稀土矿区、以安远代表中稀土矿区、以寻乌代表轻稀土矿区)的矿山环境进行了综合评价分级,进而提出了iRee矿山环境保护和治理恢复的对策建议。 相似文献
5.
我国南方离子吸附型稀土矿产资源丰富,近几十年来,无序民采和商业矿采活动给矿区及周边生态环境造成了严重破坏,已极度威胁到当地农产品质量与人体健康安全。目前,寻找合适的矿山土壤与生态修复技术是国内外生态环境领域的研究热点与难点。本文在全面调研和搜集离子吸附型稀土矿相关文献的基础上,阐明了采矿活动引起的生态破坏和环境污染,评价了矿区居民的人体健康风险,总结了土壤修复与植被恢复技术在离子吸附型稀土矿区中的应用进展。最后结合各修复技术特点和场地条件展望了稀土矿区的未来用途,以期改善其恶劣的土壤与生态条件、促进稀土矿区环境与经济的协同发展。 相似文献
6.
云南勐海地区离子吸附型稀土矿控矿因素及找矿前景 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云南勐海地区地处临沧-勐海(岩浆弧) Fe-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag-Sn-Sb-Ge-REE矿带(Ⅳ9)南段,近年来该区发现多个离子吸附型稀土矿床。为查明勐海地区离子吸附型稀土矿床控矿因素,指导后续找矿工作,本文在野外地质调查和室内综合整理分析的基础上,对勐海地区离子吸附型稀土矿床的成矿地质背景和成矿特征进行了初步研究,探讨了本区离子吸附型稀土矿床控矿因素与找矿前景。研究表明,勐海地区离子吸附型稀土矿床是以轻稀土为主的稀土矿,其成矿母岩为晚三叠世临沧花岗岩,次生富集成矿于新生代以来;其矿床的形成不仅受成矿母岩、地球化学、构造等内在因素的影响,亦受地形地貌、气候和植被等外在因素的控制,在勐海回龙卡-帕宫苏胡一带形成一条北西-南东向的稀土矿富集带。结合1∶5万矿调工作成果,认为勐海地区成矿地质条件优越,具有很大的离子吸附型稀土矿找矿前景。 相似文献
7.
滇西盈江地区是近年来离子吸附型稀土矿床找矿突破较大的地区,典型代表为腾冲岩浆弧内新发现的新泡山稀土矿床,为一中型离子吸附型稀土矿床,是滇西高海拔地区新发现的典型矿床。新泡山稀土矿床的发现对今后高海拔地区的找矿工作具有重要的示范意义。通过对新泡山稀土矿床的地质特征、风化壳结构特征、矿体垂向变化特征进行研究,认为新泡山稀土矿床类型为富钕轻稀土离子吸附型稀土矿床,并伴生有重稀土钇。滇西盈江地区与花岗岩有关的离子吸附型稀土矿主要受控于母岩稀土元素丰度、气候以及地形地貌。"沟-谷-盆"地貌两侧及周缘低缓山丘和平缓山坡、山脊是有利的成矿部位。结合区域找矿成果,认为研究区稀土矿找矿潜力较大,可达超大型远景规模,在后续的找矿工作中应加强对重稀土元素钇的评价。 相似文献
8.
测试流经稀土矿区河水的p H和Eh值,可以反映矿区的酸碱性、氧化还原环境。本文以赣南地区濂水、桃江、东江流域为研究对象,利用ICP-MS和三通道多参数测试仪分别测试水样中溶解态稀土含量(DREEs)和p H、Eh值,分析p H、Eh值的变化特征以及DREEs含量与p H值的相关性。结果表明:1研究区水体中DREEs含量变化较大,介于几μg/L至几十mg/L之间;DREEs经球粒陨石标准化后表现为弱的轻稀土富集模式,Eu、Ce显示负异常;2溶解态稀土及La含量分别与p H值呈弱的负相关性,说明地表水体中DREEs浓度及分布模式在一定程度上受外部环境酸碱性的影响;3对于流经地层、地层内离子吸附型稀土矿区的水样,其p H均值分别为7.40、6.94,Eh均值分别为-0.023 V、6.55 mV;对于流经岩体、风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿区的水样,其p H均值分别为6.61、4.37,Eh均值分别为0.024 V、0.15 V,表明赣南地区离子吸附型稀土矿区处于中酸性的氧化环境。 相似文献
9.
10.
云南临沧花岗岩带回龙卡离子吸附型稀土矿床地质特征和控制因素 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
云南临沧回龙卡稀土矿床位于临沧花岗岩带南端,为新发现的大型离子吸附型稀土矿床。基于该矿区矿床地质特征、工程见矿特征和分析测试资料,结合典型钻孔剖析,探讨了回龙卡离子吸附型稀土矿床地质特征和控制因素。回龙卡稀土矿床属于轻稀土离子吸附型稀土矿床,表现出"普遍含矿,西贫东富"的显著特点,总体上可划分为工业矿体分布区、低品位矿体分布区和无矿区。中酸性岩体即黑云二长花岗岩为稀土成矿提供了物质来源;地形地貌控制着稀土元素的富集保存和垂向分布形态。高陡第一阶梯工业矿体找矿难度较大,其深部一般可形成低品位矿体;宽缓第二阶梯是最有利的找矿区域,可形成规模工业矿体;低洼第三阶梯一般难以形成矿体。湿热气候和充足降水为岩体经受持续的风化淋滤作用形成有利的全风化赋矿层提供了条件。 相似文献
11.
离子型稀土矿中离子稀土的ICP-AES测定方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
稀土作为一种不可再生的国家重要战略资源,具有优异的磁、光、电性能。离子吸附型稀土矿,是我国特有的新型稀土矿物,以风化淋积型稀土矿床形式存在,一般直接就地采用电解质溶液溶浸即可获得混合稀土氧化物,文中选取了稀土含量呈高中低分布的三个样品考察了浸提时间、浸提剂浓度、以及液固比对浸提效果的影响,确定了最佳的浸提方法,应用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪上机测定,通过加标回收检验方法准确度,其回收率在90-110%之间。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高(检出限为0.10~0.4μg/g),可用于大批量离子型稀土矿中浸出型稀土含量的测定。 相似文献
12.
We studied the states of rare earth elements in ore of the Xianglushan rare earth deposit. Rare earth ore samples were tested and examined by scanning electron microscope, electron probe, and chemical leaching. No independent rare earth minerals were detected by scanning electron microscope. Elements detected by the electronic probe for the in situ micro-zone of the sample included: O, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, K, Na, S, Cl, C, Cu, Cr, V, and Pt. Rare earth elements were not detected by electron probe. (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)Cl, NaCl, and H2SO4 were used as reagents in chemical leaching experiments that easily leached out rare earth elements under the action of 10% reagent, indicating that the rare earth elements in ore are mainly in the ionic state rather than present as rare earth minerals. 相似文献
13.
Geochemistry of rare earth elements in oceanic phillipsites 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A. V. Dubinin 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2000,35(2):101-108
The behavior of rare earth elements (REE) was examined in oceanic phillipsites collected from four horizons of eupelagic clay
in the Southern Basin of the Pacific. The REE concentrations were determined in the >50-μm-fraction phillipsite samples by
the ICP-MS method. The composition of separate phillipsite accretions was studied using the electron microprobe and secondary
ion mass-spectrometry. Rare earth elements in phillipsite-only samples are related to the admixture of ferrocalcium hydroxophosphates.
The analysis of separate phillipsite accretions reveals low (<0.1–18.1 ppm) REE (III) concentrations. The Ce concentration
varies between 2.7 and 140 ppm. The correlation analysis shows that REE (III) are present as an admixture of iron oxyhydroxides
in separate phillipsite accretions. Based on the REE (III) concentration in iron oxyhydroxides, we can identify two generations
of phillipsite accretions. Massive rounded accretions (phillipsite I) are depleted in REE, while pseudorhombic (phillipsite
II) accretions are enriched in REE and marked by a positive Ce anomaly. Oceanic phillipsites do not accumulate REE or inherit
the REE signature of the volcaniclastic material and oceanic deep water. Hence, the REE distribution in phillipsites does
not depend on the sedimentation rate and host sediment composition. 相似文献
14.
Pb and rare earth element diffusion in xenotime 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Diffusion of Pb and the rare earth elements Sm, Dy and Yb have been characterized in synthetic xenotime under dry conditions. The synthetic xenotime was grown via a Na2CO3–MoO3 flux method. The sources of diffusant for the rare earth diffusion experiments were REE phosphate powders, with experiments run using sources containing a single REE. For Pb, the source consisted a mixture of YPO4 and PbTiO3. Experiments were performed by placing source and xenotime in Pt capsules, and annealing capsules in 1 atm furnaces for times ranging from 30 min to several weeks, at temperatures from 1000 to 1500 °C. The REE and Pb distributions in the xenotime were profiled by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS).The following Arrhenius relations are obtained for diffusion in xenotime, normal to (101):Diffusivities among the REE do not differ greatly in xenotime over the investigated temperature range, in contrast to findings for the REE in zircon [Cherniak, D.J., Hanchar, J.M., Watson, E.B., 1997. Rare earth diffusion in zircon. Chem. Geol. 134, 289–301.], where the LREE diffuse more slowly, and with higher activation energies for diffusion, than the heavier rare earths. In zircon, these differences among diffusion of the rare earths are attributed to the relatively large size of the REE with respect to Zr, for which they likely substitute in the zircon lattice. With the systematic increase in ionic radius from the heavy to lighter REE, this size mismatch becomes more pronounced and diffusivities of the LREE are as consequence slower. Although xenotime is isostructural with zircon, the REE are more closely matched in size to Y, so in xenotime this effect appears much smaller and the REE diffuse at similar rates. In addition, the process of diffusion in xenotime likely involves simple REE+ 3 → Y+ 3 exchange, without charge compensation as needed for REE+ 3 → Zr+ 4 exchange in zircon. This latter factor may also contribute to the large activation energies for diffusion of the REE in zircon (i.e., 691–841 kJ mol− 1, [Cherniak, D.J., Hanchar, J.M., Watson, E.B., 1997. Rare earth diffusion in zircon. Chem. Geol. 134, 289–301.]), in comparison with those for xenotime.For Pb, the following Arrhenius relation is obtained (also normal to (101)):These measurements suggest that Pb diffusion in xenotime is quite slow, even slower than Pb diffusion in monazite and zircon, and considerably slower than diffusion of the REE in xenotime. Xenotime may therefore be even more retentive of Pb isotope signatures than either monazite or zircon in cases where Pb isotopes are altered solely by volume diffusion. However, because the activation energy for Pb diffusion in xenotime is lower than those for monazite and zircon, Pb diffusion may be somewhat faster at many temperatures of geologic interest in xenotime than in monazite or zircon. 相似文献
15.
Summary ?The occurrence of divalent rare earth elements (Sm2+, Yb2+, Tm2+, and Ho2+) in natural fluorite is evaluated using a suite of 37 samples deriving mainly from Sn–W deposits in the Erzgebirge (Germany),
Central Kazakhstan, and the Mongolian Altai. Trace element composition was determined by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The defect structure
of the samples was studied by cathodoluminescence (CL), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and optical absorption spectroscopy.
Reduction of cubic Sm3+, Yb3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+ under radioactive irradiation produces the corresponding divalent centres. Our data suggest a preferable formation of Sm2+ and Yb2+ under thorium and of Tm2+ and Ho2+ under uranium irradiation. Irradiation (indicated by intense brownish (thorium) and deep purple (uranium) coloration of fluorite)
gives rise to a population of divalent centres in equilibrium with their decay. However, sporadic radioactive irradiation
and stabilisation of the divalent state of the REE by other electron defects were found in most cases.
Three models of stabilisation of Sm2+, Yb2+, Tm2+, and Ho2+ are discussed. The most effective mechanism for Sm, Yb, Tm, and Ho is coupling with Fe3+ centres (REE3++Fe2+ → REE2++Fe3+). Accordingly, the occurrence of Fe3+ centres in natural fluorite is regarded to indicate not an oxidising, but rather a reducing environment during fluorite precipitation.
Originally incorporated in the divalent form, Fe2+ was converted to Fe3+ by radioactive irradiation. Such a conclusion is in agreement with the finding of high contents of interstitial fluorine
providing tetragonal local compensation of trivalent REE centres in crystals with high Fe3+. If Fe is not present, compensation of divalent Sm, Yb, and Tm is achieved by radiogenic oxidation of Ce(Pr, Tb)3+ accompanied by charge transfer (REE3++Ce(Pr, Tb)3+ → REE2++ Ce(Pr, Tb)4+). Ho2+ is sometimes stabilised by a hole trapped by an electron localised on a F vacancy (Ho3++e− on □F → REE2++ self-trapped exciton). Because Sm2+ is optically active, the stabilisation by Fe3+ (stable up to temperatures above 350 °C) or Ce(Pr, Tb)4+ (unstable even under visible light) in samples may be determined by careful observations in the field.
Institut für Geotechnik, ETH Zürich, ETH-H?nggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, USA
Received January 8, 2002; revised version accepted June 10, 2002 相似文献
16.
In order to ascertain the forms in which uranium is present in ores of the Melovoe rare metal sedimentary deposit of uranium
and rare earth minerals (South Mangyshlak), we investigated a series of typical ore samples that were collected earlier; both
the uranium content and the total content of rare earth metals in them lay within 0.1–0.3%. The study was carried out by analytical
electron microscopy using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, electron microdiffraction, and
microprobing. It was ascertained that both uranium and rare earth elements are present in ore mostly associated with biogenic
phosphate in the form of natural minerals, such as uraninite, ningyoite, coffinite, autenite, and churchite. Iron hydroxides
and graphitized organic matter are present in some samples. It is assumed that the co-occurrence of uranium and rare earth
elements, which is nontypical for the sedimentary process, resulted from secondary epigenetic processes and alternation of
reducing and oxidizing environmental conditions. 相似文献
17.
巴尔哲超大型稀有稀土矿床成矿机制研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
巴尔哲矿床中的矿化和非矿化碱性花岗岩主要造岩矿物均为微斜长石、石英、钠闪石和钠长石,但其相对含量及颗粒大小明显不同,且两类岩石中包裹体的组成特征及锆石的结晶习性也有显著差异.主量元素分析显示,矿化与非矿化碱性花岗岩均以富硅、富碱、贫镁和钙为特征,为较典型的非造山A型花岗岩.尽管矿化碱性花岗岩中K_2O和Na_2O的含量均没有明显的增加,但其Na+K/Al、Na_2O+K_2O/CaO、FeO~*/MgO及K_2O/MgO等岩石化学参数与非矿化碱性花岗岩明显不同.在矿化碱性花岗岩中除了矿化的稀土元素及Nb、Zr强烈富集外,U、Th及Y也明显富集,而Ba、Sr、P、Eu和Ti表现为强烈的亏损.在非矿化碱性花岗岩中除了大离子亲石元素Rb略有富集外,稀土元素、Nb、Zr、U、Th、Ta及Y并无明显富集,虽然Sr、P、Eu和Ti也表现为亏损,但与矿化碱性花岗岩相比其亏损程度明显降低.岩相学、岩石化学及微量元素地球化学特征显示,矿化碱性花岗岩不可能是非矿化碱性花岗岩硅化和钠长石化作用的产物,二者应是同一岩浆体系不同演化阶段熔体固结的产物.K/Rb、Rb/Sr及δEu等地球化学参数显示,矿化碱性花岗岩是高演化A型花岗质熔体固结的产物;而岩石学、包裹体及地球化学特征则显示,这种高演化的A型花岗质熔体已经进入了岩浆一热液过渡阶段.巴尔哲矿床稀有稀土元素的超常富集和成矿与A型花岗岩的高演化过程密切相关. 相似文献
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The ability of organic matter as well as carbonate ions to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from sandy sediments of a Coastal Plain aquifer was investigated for unpurified organic matter from different sources (i.e., Mississippi River natural organic matter, Aldrich humic acid, Nordic aquatic fulvic acid, Suwannee River fulvic acid, and Suwannee River natural organic matter) and for extraction solutions containing weak (i.e., CH3COO−) or strong (i.e., ) ligands. The experimental results indicate that, in the absence of strong REE complexing ligands in solution, the amount of REEs released from the sand is small and the fractionation pattern of the released REEs appears to be controlled by the surface stability constants for REE sorption with Fe(III) oxides/oxyhydroxides. In the presence of strong solution complexing ligands, however, the amount and the fractionation pattern of the released REEs reflect the strength and variation of the stability constants of the dominant aqueous REE species across the REE series. The varying amount of REEs extracted by the different organic matter employed in the experiments indicates that organic matter from different sources has different complexing capacity for REEs. However, the fractionation pattern of REEs extracted by the various organic matter used in our experiments is remarkable consistent, being independent of the source and the concentration of organic matter used, as well as solution pH. Because natural aquifer sand and unpurified organic matter were used in our experiments, our experimental conditions are more broadly similar to natural systems than many previous laboratory experiments of REE-humic complexation that employed purified humic substances. Our results suggest that the REE loading effect on REE-humic complexation is negligible in natural waters as more abundant metal cations (e.g., Fe, Al) out-compete REEs for strong binding sites on organic matter. More specifically, our results indicate that REE complexation with organic matter in natural waters is dominated by REE binding to weak sites on dissolved organic matter, which subsequently leads to a middle REE (MREE: Sm-Ho)-enriched fractionation pattern. The experiments also indicate that carbonate ions may effectively compete with fulvic acid in binding with dissolved REEs, but cannot out compete humic acids for REEs. Therefore, in natural waters where low molecular weight (LMW) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the predominant form of DOC (e.g., lower Mississippi River water), REEs occur as “truly” dissolved species by complexing with carbonate ions as well as FA, resulting in heavy REE (HREE: Er-Lu)-enriched shale-normalized fractionation patterns. Whereas, in natural terrestrial waters where REE speciation is dominated by organic complexes with high molecular weight DOC (e.g., “colloidal” HA), only MREE-enriched fractionation patterns will be observed because the more abundant, weak sites preferentially complex MREEs relative to HREEs and light REEs (LREEs: La-Nd). 相似文献
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澳大利亚稀土矿资源丰富,类型多样。通过对澳大利亚170余处稀土矿床地质特征的总结,将澳大利亚稀土矿床划分为4个主要类型和13个亚类。主要类型为与岩浆活动有关的稀土矿床、与沉积盆地有关的稀土矿床、与近代河流和滨海砂矿有关的稀土矿床和与表生风化作用有关的稀土矿床,并对每个亚类型矿床的分布特征、成矿时代和地质特征进行了总结。在此基础上,根据澳大利亚稀土矿床的地质背景、成矿特征等因素,初步划分出9个主要的稀土矿床矿集区,并从商业价值和资源潜力角度分别对矿集区的找矿潜力进行分析,综合认为H和E区是下一步进行矿业投资的良好对象。 相似文献