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1.
Modeling the impacts of climate change on China''s agriculture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1 Introduction Since recognition of the potential climate change [IPPC, 1990], efforts have been made to estimate the economic impacts of projected changes in climate on important sectors, such as agriculture, forestry and ecosystem, coastal zones and fisheries, water resource, and energy development. Although several sectors have been studied, none have received more attention than agriculture. Countrywide economic analysis has been completed for the United States[1-4], India[5] and Brazil… 相似文献
2.
A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China’s urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China’s urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc., the urbanization level reduces with the elevation of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of urbanization in 1950–2006, the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied, and then the inter- regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method, to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China’s urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model, the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population, grain output, total agricultural output value, gross output value of industry, tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed, to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales. 相似文献
3.
Influences of agricultural phenology dynamic on land surface biophysical process and climate feedback 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fengshan Liu Ying Chen Wenjiao Shi Shuai Zhang Fulu Tao Quansheng Ge 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(9):1085-1099
Response and feedback of land surface process to climate change is one of the research priorities in the field of geoscience. The current study paid more attention to the impacts of global change on land surface process, but the feedback of land surface process to climate change has been poorly understood. It is becoming more and more meaningful under the framework of Earth system science to understand systematically the relationships between agricultural phenology dynamic and biophysical process, as well as the feedback on climate. In this paper, we summarized the research progress in this field, including the fact of agricultural phenology change, parameterization of phenology dynamic in land surface progress model, the influence of agricultural phenology dynamic on biophysical process, as well as its feedback on climate. The results showed that the agriculture phenophase, represented by the key phenological phases such as sowing, flowering and maturity, had shifted significantly due to the impacts of climate change and agronomic management. The digital expressions of land surface dynamic process, as well as the biophysical process and atmospheric process, were improved by coupling phenology dynamic in land surface model. The agricultural phenology dynamic had influenced net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, albedo, temperature, precipitation, circulation, playing an important role in the surface energy partitioning and climate feedback. Considering the importance of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface biophysical process and climate feedback, the following research priorities should be stressed: (1) the interactions between climate change and land surface phenology dynamic; (2) the relations between agricultural phenology dynamic and land surface reflectivity at different spectrums; (3) the contributions of crop physiology characteristic changes to land surface biophysical process; (4) the regional differences of climate feedbacks from phenology dynamic in different climate zones. This review is helpful to accelerate understanding of the role of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface process and climate feedback. 相似文献
4.
中原腹地气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响——以商丘地区为例 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为探明气候变化对商丘地区冬小麦产量的影响,根据1991～2010商丘市气候资料和小麦产量资料,利用数学统计与Thornthwaite Memoriae模型,结合未来气候预测结果定量分析了气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦产量整体上呈波动上升趋势;主成分分析表明,气温、降水量、蒸发量与极端温度为影响冬小麦产量的主要气候因子,蒸发量过大及极端低温对冬小麦生产不利。商丘地区"暖湿型"气候有利于冬小麦生产力的提高,"冷干型"气候对冬小麦生产最为不利;未来几十年内气候可能将向"暖湿型"变化,对商丘地区粮食作物产量的提升较为有利。 相似文献
5.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(9)
Response and feedback of land surface process to climate change is one of the research priorities in the field of geoscience. The current study paid more attention to the impacts of global change on land surface process, but the feedback of land surface process to climate change has been poorly understood. It is becoming more and more meaningful under the framework of Earth system science to understand systematically the relationships between agricultural phenology dynamic and biophysical process, as well as the feedback on climate. In this paper, we summarized the research progress in this field, including the fact of agricultural phenology change, parameterization of phenology dynamic in land surface progress model, the influence of agricultural phenology dynamic on biophysical process, as well as its feedback on climate. The results showed that the agriculture phenophase, represented by the key phenological phases such as sowing, flowering and maturity, had shifted significantly due to the impacts of climate change and agronomic management. The digital expressions of land surface dynamic process, as well as the biophysical process and atmospheric process, were improved by coupling phenology dynamic in land surface model. The agricultural phenology dynamic had influenced net radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, albedo, temperature, precipitation, circulation, playing an important role in the surface energy partitioning and climate feedback. Considering the importance of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface biophysical process and climate feedback, the following research priorities should be stressed:(1) the interactions between climate change and land surface phenology dynamic;(2) the relations between agricultural phenology dynamic and land surface reflectivity at different spectrums;(3) the contributions of crop physiology characteristic changes to land surface biophysical process;(4) the regional differences of climate feedbacks from phenology dynamic in different climate zones. This review is helpful to accelerate understanding of the role of agricultural phenology dynamic in land surface process and climate feedback. 相似文献
6.
甘肃省农业干旱灾害损失特征及其对气候变暖的响应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着全球气候变暖,干旱频次和强度增大,粮食生产与安全面临严重的挑战。利用1960-2012年甘肃省农业干旱灾情和气象资料,分析不同干旱程度的农业受灾率、成灾率和绝收率变化特征,并构建了农业干旱灾害风险指数(农业干旱综合损失率),揭示了甘肃农业干旱灾害损失特征及其对气候变暖的响应,讨论了关键时段气象条件对灾害损失的影响,阐述干旱灾害损失在气温和降水气候态中的分布特征,模拟出农业干旱受灾程度的气象阈值,并对未来情景下干旱灾害风险进行预测。结果表明:甘肃省近50多年农业干旱灾害范围、程度和频次均呈增加趋势,粮食受干旱灾害减产的风险加大。受灾率、成灾率、绝收率和综合损失率均呈明显上升趋势,尤其是20世纪90年代气温突变以后干旱灾害损失增大的趋势更明显。21世纪00年代干旱增幅最大,干旱受灾率、成灾率、绝收率和综合损失率均高于全国平均水平。多年平均综合损失率为10.8%,约为全国平均值(5.1%)的2倍。气温和降水量是甘肃农业干旱灾害损失的关键致灾因子,并且关键时段降水量和气温对干旱灾害的影响比全年平均值更加明显,年降水量每减少100 mm,综合损失率增加5.6%。年平均气温每升高1 ℃时,综合损失率增加6.3%。年平均气温6.45 ℃和年降水量460 mm是干旱高风险的临界值。未来气候变暖情境下,甘肃综合损失率增幅将可能达到1.85倍,气候变暖导致农业干旱灾害风险加大。 相似文献
7.
气候变化对农业的影响是全球关注的热点问题之一,青藏高原对气候变化尤其敏感,但气候变化对青藏高原农业产量的定量影响缺乏系统研究。为定量评估气候变化对西藏谷物单产的影响,本文使用气象数据与年鉴统计数据,选取了固定效应模型、差分模型和线性去趋势模型3类统计模型,分析了1993—2017年间气候变化（最低气温、降水量、生长度日和太阳辐射）对西藏县（区）级、市级和自治区3个尺度的谷物单产的影响。结果表明：西藏整体对于温度（最低气温和生长度日）的敏感性大于降水量和太阳辐射。各项气候因子对西藏谷物单产的整体影响为正影响,但不同区域对气候因子的敏感程度和显著性不同。除了生长度日对于拉萨为负影响以外,最低气温、降水量和太阳辐射对于所有市均为正影响。气候趋势对于西藏整体谷物单产的影响为正影响,不同模型计算结果集中在1.5%~4.8%区间内。3类模型中固定效应模型稳定性最好,线性去趋势模型好于差分模型,差分模型在引入气候因子间的交互项后模型稳定性降低。本文有助于西藏实施更加有空间针对性的农业适应气候变化措施,以应对气候造成的青藏高原农业生态系统变化。 相似文献
8.
Climate change is a global environmental crisis, but there have been few studies of the effects of climate change on cereal yields on the Tibetan Plateau. We used data from meteorological stations and statistical yearbooks to assess the impacts of climate change on cereal yields in Tibet. Three types of statistical models were selected: fixed-effects model, first-difference models, and linear detrending models. We analyzed the impacts of climate change(including the minimum temperature, precipitation, growing degree days and solar radiation) on cereal yields in Tibet from 1993 to 2017 at the county, prefecture-level city, and autonomous region scales. The results showed that the sensitivity of cereal yields in Tibet to temperature(minimum temperature and growing degree days) was greater than their sensitivity to precipitation and solar radiation. The joint impacts of climate variables were positive, but the sensitivity and significance varied in different regions. The impacts of minimum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were positive in all cities, apart from the negative impacts of growing degree days on cereal yields in Lhasa. The impacts of climate trends on cereal yields in Tibet were positive and the results were in the range of 1.5%–4.8%. Among the three types of model, the fixed-effects model was the most robust and the linear detrending model performed better than the first-difference model. The robustness of the first-difference model decreased after adding the interaction terms between different climate variables. Our findings will help in implementing more spatially targeted agricultural adaptations to cope with the impacts of climate change on the agro-ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
9.
东北地区植被分布全球气候变化区域响应 总被引：26，自引：8，他引：18
根据东北地区生态气候环境和生物地理规律对Holdridge生命地带分类系统进行修正,将东北地区植被分为寒温带湿润森林、寒温带潮湿森林、温带湿润森林、暖温带湿润森林、温带半湿润森林草甸草原、温带半湿润草甸草原、温带半干旱典型草原、暖温带半湿润草甸草原和暖温带半干旱典型草原等9 个生命地带并分析了其空间分布特征。运用大气环流模式分析东北地区由于温室气体增加导致的气候变化趋势。以此为基础评价东北地区植被分布的区域响应。全球气候变暖情景下,东北地区暖温带和温带范围明显扩大,而寒温带范围缩小甚至退出东北地区,植被分布界限显著北移;同时湿润区面积减少半湿润区和半干旱区扩大,导致森林面积缩小草原面积扩大。 相似文献
10.
地表过程对全球变化的响应和反馈是地球系统科学研究的核心课题之一,目前的研究多关注全球变化对地表过程的影响,而地表动态过程对地表生物物理过程及气候的反馈研究较少。系统认识地表物候动态对生物物理过程及气候的反馈对深化地球系统科学研究有着重要的意义。本文从农业物候动态的事实、农业物候动态在陆面过程模型中的参数化表达、农业物候动态对地表生物物理过程及气候的反馈等方面进行综述,发现在气候变化和管理措施影响下,以种植期和灌浆期为代表的农业物候期发生了显著的规律性变化;耦合农业物候动态,改善了模型对地表动态过程、生物物理过程和大气过程的数字化表达;农业物候变化对地表净辐射、潜热、感热、反照率和气温、降水、环流等过程产生了影响,并表现出以地表能量分配为主的气候反馈机理。针对农业物候动态对地表生物物理过程及气候效应的时空重要性,需要继续开展以下方面的工作：① 加强全球变化对地表物候动态的影响及其反馈的综合研究;② 不同光谱波段地表反射率与农业物候动态的关系研究;③ 农业物候动态引起的作物生理学特征变化在地表生物物理过程中的贡献;④ 重视不同气候区物候动态对气候反馈效应的差异。 相似文献
11.
华北地区气候暖干化的农业适应性对策研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
通过对华北地区1951-2000年的气温和降水的统计资料进行分析,并作出年平均气温距平变化图和平均降水变化图,得出华北地区50多年来气候呈现暖干化趋势,气温明显升高,冬季表现最为明显,降水明显减少,夏季表现最为明显。接着采用降水量减去同时期蒸发力的方法,从水分平衡的角度分析了气候暖干化对地表水资源的影响,得出近50年来,华北地区年及季的水分亏缺量总体呈增加趋势,春季亏缺尤为严重,加剧了对农业生产的不利影响。然后通过大量农业实验数据,分析了气候暖干化对农作物产量、品质、病虫害及化肥农药的使用的影响,得出气候暖干化对农业生产的影响害处远大于利处。在此基础上分析得出华北地区农业应对气候暖干化的主要问题是水问题,然后通过具体实例和对实验数据的分析,提出以下具体建议与适应性对策:积极推广和普及农业节水技术;推广集水保水技术;因水制宜调整农作物类型,发展优势作物;合理调整种植结构,优化作物布局;加强宣传教育,增强农民气候适应意识。 相似文献
12.
气候变化下中国南北过渡带的动态变化及地域范围探测是识别农业生产敏感区、研究农业适应行为的基础。前人基于“自上而下”或“自下而上”的方法,采用不同的划界指标对中国南北过渡带的范围进行了探索,但对气候变化下南北过渡带范围的地理表达及其地域范围的定量探测较少涉及。采用1951—2018年2400多个国家气象站点气温和降水的逐日观测数据,以800 mm等降水量线、1月0℃均温、日均温≥10℃积温、日均温≥10℃日数和干燥度指数0.5为划界指标,运用ArcGIS栅格计算和均值-标准差对中国南北过渡带进行地理表达。结果表明,中国的南北分界是一条宽窄不一的过渡带,各划界指标的等值线在气候变化下变动明显,各气象要素的大致变动范围西南段较东北段更为稳定,日均温≥10℃积温和干燥度指数的变化幅度大于800 mm等降水量线和1月0℃均温。确定的中国南北过渡带的极端最北界自西向东依次穿过礼县、耀县、韩城、安泽、涉县、静海县;极端最南界自西向东依次穿过北川、宁强、西乡、房县、淅川、罗山、商城、定远、临安县。该范围内提取的637个县域中,位于南北过渡带气候变化稳定区的县域256个,位于气候变化敏感区的县域187个。研究可为中国南北过渡带农业生产适应气候变化提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
基于模式优选的21世纪中国气候变化情景集合预估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
未来气候变化情景预估是制定气候变化应对和适应策略的科学基础。本文利用参与耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）的30个气候模式的模拟数据,通过评估各模式对历史气候变化的模拟能力,筛选出模拟区域气候变化的最优模式组合,进而建立偏最小二乘回归（PLS）集合预估模型,据此利用最优模式模拟结果预估区域温度和降水变化情景。通过与历史数据的对比,研究发现本文基于最优模式建立的PLS集合预估模型不仅优于传统的多模式集合平均,而且也优于利用全部模式建立的PLS集合预估模型,体现了模式优选过程的重要性。本文基于优选模式的PLS集合预估模型预估结果表明：① 21世纪各区域温度将持续上升,且冬半年升温速率总体大于夏半年,北方地区升温速率总体高于南方地区;RCP 4.5排放情景下温度上升先快后慢,转折点出现在21世纪中期,RCP 8.5排放情景下,呈持续增加趋势,至21世纪末的升温幅度约为RCP 4.5情景的2倍。② 21世纪各区降水变化均呈显著增加趋势,并表现出高排放情景大于低排放情景,少雨区大于多雨区的特征,但是降水增加过程伴有明显的年代际波动。对比发现,传统的等权重集合平均全部模式（EMC）方法预估的中国夏季变暖速率高于冬季,且降水基本呈线性增加,有悖于全球变暖的基本特征及中国降水具有鲜明的年代际变化特征的基本认识。因而,本文预估的温度和降水变化特征均更符合中国气候变化的基本规律。 相似文献
14.
In this study, the spatial distribution and changing trends of agricultural heat and precipitation resources in Northeast China were analyzed to explore the impacts of future climate changes on agroclimatic resources in the region. This research is based on the output meteorological data from the regional climate model system for Northeast China from 2005 to 2099, under low and high radiative forcing scenarios RCP4.5 (low emission scenario) and RCP8.5 (high emission scenario) as proposed in IPCC AR5. Model outputs under the baseline scenario, and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were assimilated with observed data from 91 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2010 to perform the analyses. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial distribution of temperature decreases from south to north, and the temperature is projected to increase in all regions, especially under a high emission scenario. The average annual temperature under the baseline scenario is 7.70°C, and the average annual temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 9.67°C and 10.66°C, respectively. Other agricultural heat resources change in accordance with temperature changes. Specifically, the first day with temperatures ≥10°C arrives 3 to 4 d earlier, the first frost date is delayed by 2 to 6 d, and the duration of the growing season is lengthened by 4 to 10 d, and the accumulated temperature increases by 400 to 700°C·d. Water resources exhibit slight but not significant increases. (2) While the historical temperature increase rate is 0.35°C/10a, the rate of future temperature increase is the highest under the RCP8.5 scenario at 0.48°C/10a, compared to 0.19°C/10a under the RCP4.5 scenario. In the later part of this century, the trend of temperature increase is significantly faster under the RCP8.5 scenario than under the RCP4.5 scenario, with faster increases in the northern region. Other agricultural heat resources exhibit similar trends as temperature, but with different specific spatial distributions. Precipitation in the growing season generally shows an increasing but insignificant trend in the future, with relatively large yearly fluctuations. Precipitation in the eastern region is projected to increase, while a decrease is expected in the western region. The future climate in Northeast China will change towards higher temperature and humidity. The heat resource will increase globally, however its disparity with the change in precipitation may negatively affect agricultural activities. 相似文献
15.
青海湖水量变化模拟及原因分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了探讨气候变化和人类活动对流域水文过程的影响,以分布式水文模型SWAT为基础,结合湖泊水量平衡模型,建立了青海湖水位(水量)模型,模拟了青海湖过去几十年水位变化过程。水文因子分析表明,20世纪80~90年代青海湖流域径流和湖泊水位变化的主要原因是气候变化。根据不同气候情景,对未来青海湖水位变化进行了预测。结果表明,未来30年径流增加的可能性比较大,青海湖水位下降速度将会减缓甚至出现上升趋势。这一结果将会缓解青海湖流域水资源日益紧张的局势,并有利于植被的恢复,减少土地沙化面积,对流域生态环境的改善和社会经济的发展将会有极大的帮助。 相似文献
16.
气候变暖背景下中原腹地冬小麦气候适宜度变化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过构建冬小麦光照、温度、降水及综合气候适宜度计算模型,探讨气候变化对冬小麦气候适宜性的影响。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期温度、光照、降水及综合气候适宜度均值分别为0.54、0.64、0.37及0.50;冬小麦对光照适宜性较好,降水是限制冬小麦生长发育的主要因子;温度和降水适宜度以0.001·a-1线性趋势下降,光照适宜度以0.002·a-1线性趋势下降,气候因子匹配效果变差对冬小麦的生长不利。冬前生长阶段温度、光照和降水适宜性较弱,各气候因子匹配效果较差。出苗-拔节期降水适宜性较强,各气候因子组合效果较差;拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-乳熟期温度与光照适宜性较强,水分胁迫较大,气候因子组合效果趋好。乳熟-成熟期光照和降水适宜性较强,综合气候适宜性变差。光照、温度和降水适宜度在全生育期的中后期与冬小麦产量的相关性比较显著。 相似文献
17.
18.
气候是影响植被类型和分布的关键因素,植被类型和分布格局也能反映气候的地域差异。随着气候变暖,全球气温和降水格局都将发生变化,植被类型和分布格局也将随之改变。而植物对气候变化的响应存在一定的滞后性,因此仅用气候指标研究亚热带北界及其移动具有一定的局限性。以青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted）为研究对象,应用最大熵模型（Maxent）,研究了其对气候变化的响应并探讨了气候变化情景下青冈分布格局变化对中国亚热带北界移动的指示意义。结果表明：影响青冈分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、最冷季降水量、气温年变化范围和最冷月最低气温;随着气候变暖,青冈分布北界将向北移动,其分布质心亦向西北移动,预示着在气候变暖的背景下,到21世纪中叶中国亚热带北界将向北移动约1个纬度。 相似文献
19.
Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past
century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.
More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,
North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends
were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle
and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.
Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and
the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change
studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes,
since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future. 相似文献
20.
未来气候情景下我国北方地区干旱时空变化趋势 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
干旱是我国北方地区最为突出的环境问题。根据WCRP耦合模式输出的未来气候变化逐月资料,基于降水-蒸发力标准化干旱指数（SPEI）,分析了IPCC SRES A1B、A2和B1三种情景下,2011-2050年我国北方地区干旱状况的时空变化趋势。结果表明：中国北方地区未来40 a呈现干旱化倾向,其中轻度和中度季节性干旱发生频率降低,重度和极端季节性干旱发生频率增加,增温引起的地表蒸发增加是极端干旱频发的主要原因。A1B、B1和A2情景下,2040s整个北方地区极端干旱频率增加、强度增强、影响范围明显扩大。极端干旱的增加可能给农业生产带来风险,采取有效应对措施,将有利于区域农业的可持续发展。 相似文献