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1.
The lack of adequate water supply and sanitation services is a major issue related to sustainable development in many parts
of the developing world. New strategic planning approaches which directly address users’ needs and demand—often referred to
as demand-responsive, community-based or household-centred approaches—are regarded as a crucial step towards improving the
situation. This paper investigates household needs and demand for improved water supply and sanitation services in peri-urban,
low-income settlements, known as “ger areas”, in the city of Darkhan, Mongolia. The paper is based largely on a household
survey conducted in a selected ger area subdistrict in Darkhan. The results reveal a complex picture. Even if the existing
situation can be regarded as largely “improved” in terms of the definitions stipulated by the Joint Monitoring Programme for
water supply and sanitation, it is shown that there is a need for action nonetheless. The paper also argues that the household
survey is a useful method for assessing users’ needs and demand and for meeting the requirements of demand-responsive sanitation
planning approaches. 相似文献
2.
Water supply and sanitation are examined with the objective of describing the evaluation of alternative technologies for providing these services within urban areas of developing countries. First, an overview is given of the Pace of urbanization and the magnitude of the water and sanitation problem. A brief review of various water-supply and sanitation technologies follows, with a discussion of some basic principles involved in their comparison. An empirical study of the situation in Cali, Colombia is then provided as an example, with particular attention given to economic costing and some of its difficulties. The concluding part discusses the role of such analyses in urban planning and policy making, providing specific examples in the areas of low-cost housing, appropriate technology, water conservation, and urban expansion.
相似文献3.
Martin Oteng-Ababio 《GeoJournal》2014,79(3):357-371
Urbanization is a product of development and in recent years, most cities have been experiencing unprecedented growth with improvements in their infrastructure. The obvious benefits of the process tend to paradoxically overshadow its insidious symptoms, as unregulated growth tend to create huge unmet needs such as lack of access to good-quality services, increasing poverty and deteriorating environment. The origin of this dichotomy is rooted in the governance practices where city authorities pay greater attention to issues of managing the ‘global commons’ than the critical ‘brown issues’, such as improving water supply and sanitation that affect the urban poor. Using multiple research techniques, this study highlights how such neglected necessities consign sections of the population to one of the deadly infectious diseases Ghana has ever known—cholera. The paper calls for an all-inclusive and explicitly pro-poor community-led orientation as one of the effective strategy for achieving equity in the urban settings and possibly, helps win the ‘war’ on poor sanitation. 相似文献
4.
Paul L. Younger 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):828-840
Pro-poor water engineering aims to deliver water services to individuals and communities in a manner that yields obvious and significant net-benefits to the poorest people. Technology transfer in the field of pro-poor water engineering has too often been seen as one-way (north to south), with industrialised nations exporting their supposedly superior technologies and organisational priorities to the ‘grateful poor’ in the under-developed world. While north-to-south technology transfer can boast significant successes, failures are more numerous, arguably due to the contrast between technocratic (northern) and communitarian (southern) traditions of water management. There is much the northern countries might learn from the southern perspective. One concrete example illustrates how direct experience of community-based, NGO-fostered development of borehole water supplies in Bolivia led to the conscious adaptation of this model for application to problems of remediation of severe contamination of streams in a former mining district in the UK. This application was highly successful, leading to the development of robust community organisations that have gone on to tackle other social and environmental problems. This experience has in turn prompted the testing of the low-cost, technological approaches to acid drainage treatment developed in the UK case for potential application to similar problems in Bolivia. Following further ‘acclimatisation’ of the technology, field trials proved successful and led to plans for full-scale application of the approach with community-based NGOs in Bolivia. Lessons are drawn for furthering the implementation of pro-poor, participative strategies in water management in both the North and the South, with brief critical analyses of Participación Popular in Bolivia, and of both policy and polity in relation to community engagement in aspects of water management in Europe. 相似文献
5.
This study explored the feasibility and acceptability of harvested rainwater in rural communities of Bangladesh as well as
densely populated City like Dhaka, using simple and low-cost technology. As a part of this study, a field survey was conducted
in the water-scarce Dhaka City. Four slums were selected for conducting questionnaire survey. A questionnaire was furnished
to know some information such as the socio-economic condition for those slum dwellers and family information, housing condition,
sanitation condition, health condition, economic condition, existing water supply condition, knowledge about rainwater, willingness
to accept rainwater, etc. Two hundred people from different representative groups were selected randomly. Yield after spillage
and yield before spillage models were developed to know the actual rainwater availability and storage conditions, which were
used to justify the effective tank size. Cost-benefit analysis and feasibility analysis were performed using the survey results
and the research findings. A sensitivity analysis was performed to check the important parameters toward the implementation
of the system as well. The results showed that cost was the most sensitive parameter (48.1%), the second highest sensitive
parameter was roof area (25.9%) and the lowest sensitive parameter was demand (2.2%). The study showed that the low-cost rainwater
harvesting technique was feasible and acceptable to the slum dwellers as the only potential alternative source of safe drinking
water. 相似文献
6.
GeoJournal - A key contributor to the growing levels of morbidity, mortality and poverty in slum settlements has been attributed to lack of basic sanitation services. To curb this menace, various... 相似文献
7.
《Geoforum》2016
Over the past decade pro-poor agricultural growth strategies intended to raise smallholder productivity and increase commercialization among smallholders have been put forth as the key method for addressing poverty in rural Africa. By contrast perspectives that challenge this model question the market optimism and presumptions of higher smallholder efficiency that underpin the pro-poor agricultural growth model. Little longitudinal data exists that can shed light on questions related to sustainability of growth patterns and their distributional consequences at the village level, however. This paper uses a mixed methods approach to trace growth dynamics as well as the distributional aspects of such growth in terms of access to agrarian resources and local level labour relations. Quantitative data was used to select three villages in Zambia that had experienced pro-poor agricultural growth between 2002 and 2008. These villages were re-surveyed in 2013 and supplementary qualitative data was collected. Two of the three villages showed sustainable growth patterns. While the sources of such growth as well their distributional outcomes were different in the two villages, the reasons for such differences are related to Zambian agricultural policy as well as geography. 相似文献
8.
Poverty and citizenship: Sociological perspectives on water services and public-private participation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
José Esteban Castro 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):756-771
This article focuses on the arguments used to support private sector participation (PSP) in the provision of water and sanitation services (WSS) since the 1980s. It addresses the following questions: what was the historical evidence informing the claim that promoting PSP would be the best instrument for reducing water poverty? What are the principles that provided the foundation for this claim? And, what has been the empirical record of the resulting WSS policies? It argues that early neoliberal WSS policies since the 1980s were not intended to expand services to the poor. A pro-poor rhetoric was added to these policies since the 1990s, probably as a result of increasing citizen unrest in developing countries and the failure of privatized WSS projects in the Americas and Europe. However, the claim that PSP can provide the solution to public sector failure in extending coverage of essential WSS to the poor has little ground both in the theoretical literature and in the historical record. As could have been expected from the accumulated knowledge about the relationship between market-driven WSS and the poor, the recent experience with PSP projects has been disappointing. In practice these policies not only have failed to extend these essential services to the poor but have also contributed to deepening existing inequalities of power resulting in the weakening of state, local government, and civil society capacities to exercise democratic control over private water monopolies in most developing countries. Reversing this imbalance is one of the crucial challenges ahead in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. However, the article argues that the inertial forces set in motion by the neoliberal model of water policy based on market-centred governance of water and WSS remains the crucial obstacle for the achievement of the goals. 相似文献
9.
《Geoforum》2015
We examine the performance of water user associations (WUAs) and the role of actors, power relations, socio-institutional dynamics, and context in supplying water to poor urban and peri-urban neighborhoods of Malawi’s two major cities. Using a preliminary survey, key-informant interviews, focus groups, secondary data, and insights from the community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) literature and common-pool resources (CPR) theory, we argue that while a business-based WUA model can enhance water supply and access, the urban/peri-urban and historical context alters the nature of water and social actors and power relations involved, causing tradeoffs between water-supply and social goals of ownership, participation, and empowerment. The ensuing tradeoffs demonstrate that water supply to the urban/peri-urban landscape through community-based initiatives require flexibility in CBNRM expectations. 相似文献
10.
在原位改质技术开发中,对低熟页岩的巨大的油气资源潜力的技术可行性质疑不多,但由于致热页岩耗能巨大,经济可行性还面临重重质疑,也缺乏有力的定量论证。本文从能量守恒原理出发,对致热页岩过程中生成油气的获能和裂解有机质的耗能、页岩吸热耗能、围岩散热耗能分别进行了定量评价,得到了不同条件下的能耗比及其影响因素,结果表明：能耗比随TOC含量的升高快速增大,对倾油性的页岩,能耗比为3时对应的TOC含量≈4.2%,表明,当TOC含量较高时,有望通过大规模作业摊薄工程成本,使考虑工程成本之后的能耗比>1,即原位加热改质技术可以具有经济效益。从有关因素对能耗比的影响幅度来看,提高经济可行性的增效途径之一是探寻高效致热页岩、减少围岩传导耗热的技术;途径之二是探寻高效转化有机质为油气的技术,即探索具有催化效应/能力的技术,减少页岩吸热和致热时间;途径之三是探寻综合考虑能耗比、时间成本、工程成本的水平井综合布井技术。 相似文献
11.
Simon Mariwah 《GeoJournal》2018,83(2):223-236
While inadequate water and sanitation services have both been implicated in a number of mortality and morbidity situations all over the world, the improvement in sanitation provision lags far behind that of water. This paper therefore seeks to examine the spatial variation in sanitation provision in Ghana and assess the factors that have contributed to the low investment in sanitation infrastructure as well as how sanitation can be improved. It revealed that the low sanitation has its roots in somewhat complicated political, institutional, economic and socio-cultural factors, including inadequate political commitment, poor monitoring, higher negative externalities associated with sanitation compared with water, and low sanitation demand resulting from poor social marketing for sanitation. Sanitation should therefore be marketed as a concept that has public health benefits and not merely as a toilet facility. Proper social marketing for sanitation and scaling up the community-led total sanitation approach should be pursued to stimulate individual demand for private sanitation. 相似文献
12.
我国油页岩地质资源量巨大,是保证我国能源安全的重要战略资源。油页岩地下原位转化开采是油页岩工业的发展趋势,在系统收集相关资料、数据和调研的基础上,总结了国内外油页岩原位转化技术的发展历程,提出了高效加热技术、储层改造技术和地下空间封闭技术三个油页岩原位转化核心技术,并对这三大核心技术的主要技术特点和发展现状做出了进一步分析。在明确油页岩地下原位转化开采低成本、高产量和低污染的目标基础上,提出了地表井下协同加热-多阶段物理化学复合加热-自生热驱动链式原位裂解的热流体原位复合加热技术、双水平井小井距电磁测距导向技术、多工艺精确储层改造压裂技术、注浆帷幕和气驱止水地下空间封闭技术等油页岩原位转化核心技术的发展方向,以期对我国油页岩地下原位转化开采技术提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
13.
Eric Gutierrez 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):886-900
Meeting Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation services in developing countries are fraught with difficulties, as can be seen most clearly from the experiences of Malawi and Zambia, two of the world’s poorest countries that have committed to meeting these goals. The challenges are not only technical, requiring programmatic or engineering solutions, but are also and most importantly political, because solutions will most often cause a rearrangement of the peculiar forms of power relations that have emerged within institutional and political environments of the two countries. The challenges include weak state support for water and sanitation provision, unreliable and contested indicators of coverage, poor sectoral co-ordination, and fragmented donor efforts. This field note examines these challenges in greater detail to cast new light as well as draw attention to possible solutions that can be implemented. 相似文献
14.
《Geoforum》2017
A lack of safe sanitation threatens human wellbeing and has overlooked implications for environmental sustainability. There is a growing need to understand community-level drivers of sanitation use, as poor sanitation in a few households can create risks for neighboring households and contaminate the surrounding environment. This paper considers sanitation in the context of common-pool resources, focusing on processes of collective action and sustainable sanitation use, and draws on a case study conducted in Koassanga, Plateau-Central, Burkina Faso, where an ecological sanitation system intervention was implemented. Using a qualitative study design, 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents using a social capital framework for water, sanitation and hygiene. Data were thematically analyzed to understand how collective action played a role in sustaining use of the sanitation system. The case study findings indicated that social capital characterized by membership in local groups and associations may have contributed to successful implementation of the intervention and ending open defecation, through normalization and monitoring of the use of ecological sanitation systems. In addition, community leaders played prominent roles in ensuring that collective management of the sanitation systems was sustained. These findings highlight potential for further examination of sanitation systems from a common pool resources perspective to identify other factors that contribute to long-term sustainability. With growing interest in community-led sanitation approaches, this understanding can inform more effective strategies for governments and NGOs to promote the health of entire communities to achieve SDG targets for universal coverage. 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》2015
Over one billion of the poorest people on earth continue to practice open defecation. A complex assemblage of factors, embedded within prevailing inequities and inequalities, continue to betray efforts to improve this. Subsidy-based projects have had little impact in rural Africa where sanitation remains under-prioritised by the state and donors. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) offers a new, people-centric approach conceptually grounded in participatory development. But despite its broad appeal, the CLTS policy narrative has become equated with quick results, low-cost, provocative language and the potential for community self-help. Drawing on research in Katete district, Eastern Zambia, this paper explores tensions between CLTS theory, policy, practice and local realities. Rapidly scaled-up by local government, poor management and stakeholder engagement effectively diluted the approach, and continued the “projectification” of the sanitation sector. Open defecation, both symbolically and practically, represented an embedded marginalisation from the modern Zambian state where multiple barriers to latrine construction coexisted in the context of fragile livelihoods. In such agrarian communities, CLTS cannot be conceptualised as a blanket approach quickly bringing total sanitation to the masses. For its strengths to be realised in contexts of rural poverty, a targeted strategy that builds local institutional capacity and iteratively scales-up over time is needed. But realising this in practice requires moving beyond a prevailing emphasis on “open defecators” to engage complex issues of power and politics in sanitation governance. 相似文献
16.
上海地区桩基工程勘探中忽视桩端主要持力层范围内相对软弱夹层存在的情况时有出现。文章从第四纪地质角度分析了相关地层组成复杂性的客观因素,它是松散土层垂直相变的反映。同时指出,当前工程勘察工作中现场勘探劳务施工和岩土工程工作脱离、岩土工程师缺乏第四纪地质观念,常以建筑材料观念看待、处理地基土层,以及过分依赖计算机的倾向。建议按ISO9001精神,加强桩基勘探工作的全过程控制。 相似文献
17.
Peter Oosterveer 《Geoforum》2009,40(6):1061-1068
Although governments are generally expected to provide environmental services such as sanitation and solid waste collection for their citizens, most (municipal) governments in Sub-Saharan Africa seem hardly able to take up this task. Without ignoring the lack of material resources resulting from poverty, there are other structural causes for this failure as well and related to the role of the state. Since independence, the state in Africa has been debated in political as well as in academic circles and opposing views can still be discerned today. While some promote a strong interventionist state which can effectively enhance development, others consider introducing network governance by involving various societal actors in combination with different levels of government a more promising alternative. After presenting an historical overview, in this paper I will summarize this debate and discuss future options for East African authorities for providing more effective and sustainable urban environmental infrastructures and services. 相似文献
18.
Jordanian authorities have achieved a nearly one hundred percent connection rate to municipal water supply services in urban areas. Following this unusual achievement for a lower-income country, a private management contractor was introduced to the capital city Amman, along with a form of economic regulation. However, water rationing due to extreme water scarcity, amplified by high and irregular population growth, disproportionately affects the city’s low-income households. This paper investigates the status of water supply service and regulatory arrangements with respect to poor and vulnerable consumers who were targeted in a household survey in June/July 2005. It identifies specific regulatory challenges which were not within the remit of or addressed by the acting quasi-regulator and the water authorities. In its extremes of connection coverage, water scarcity and population, the management of water supply in Amman presages the pro-poor water service challenge of many, even lower income, economies irrespective of the extent to which they may achieve the access targets of the Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
19.
Alexandra V. Suhogusoff Ricardo Hirata Luiz Carlos K. M. Ferrari 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(3):899-910
Sparsely populated areas, or peripheral communities commonly lack access to a public water supply and sewerage systems. The inhabitants of these areas must make use of excavated wells to provide their water needs, and cesspits for domestic wastewater disposal. These on-site sanitation systems can release pathogens and nutrients into shallow groundwater. These poor communities urgently require cheap and efficient techniques for the detection of sanitary conditions, in order to prevent contamination of the water resources supplied by dug wells. The sanitary risk assessment methodology, applied in an irregular settlement south of the city of São Paulo, was based on a questionnaire with yes/no questions (risk factors), which allowed the identification of problems related to the well construction and operation, and the presence of potential contamination sources in its vicinity. These risk factors were compared against nitrate and bacterial analysis using the clustering statistical method, to verify the relationship between contamination and certain aspects surveyed in the questionnaire. Questions that were more related to contaminated wells were those concerning the presence of cover and its integrity; gaps between mouth and cover; the surrounding pavement and presence of ground irregularities; infiltration in the well casing; water-suspended materials; and proximity to contamination sources. Contamination models based on variograms allowed to observe that bacterial contamination presented a strong localized component, which was associated frequently with the way residents handled the wells, whereas nitrate contamination was related more to a regional (spatial) component; that is, the distance between wells and cesspits. 相似文献
20.
GeoJournal - Basic urban services refer to the important civic services required for the citizens of urban areas and for the functioning of cities viz., water supply, sanitation, waste management,... 相似文献