共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The Central Trough of the North Sea is not a simple rift graben. It is an elongated area of regional subsidence which was initiated in mid Cretaceous times and continued to subside through to the late Tertiary. Its form is not representative of pre-mid Cretaceous tectonics.In Late Permian times the North Sea was divided into a northern and southern Zechstein basin by the E-W trending Mid North Sea-Ringkøbing-Fyn High. The latter was dissected by a narrow graben trending NNW through the Tail End Graben and the Søgne Basin. The Feda Graben was a minor basin on the northern flank of the Mid North Sea High at this time. This structural configuration persisted until end Middle Jurassic times when a new WNW trend separated the Tail End Graben from the Søgne Basin. Right lateral wrench movement on this new trend caused excessive subsudence in the Tail End and Feda Grabens while the Søgne Basin became inactive.Upper Jurassic subsidence trends continued during the Early Cretaceous causing the deposition of large thicknesses of sediments in local areas along the trend. From mid Cretaceous times the regional subsidence of the Central Trough was dominant but significant structural inversions occurred in those areas of maximum Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic subsidence. 相似文献
2.
Ingrid Marie Hasle Amundsen Maria Blinova Berit Oline Hjelstuen Rolf Mjelde Haflidi Haflidason 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2011,32(4):441-453
The northeastern high-latitude North Atlantic is characterised by the Bellsund and Isfjorden fans on the continental slope
off west Svalbard, the asymmetrical ultraslow Knipovich spreading ridge and a 1,000 m deep rift valley. Recently collected
multichannel seismic profiles and bathymetric records now provide a more complete picture of sedimentary processes and depositional
environments within this region. Both downslope and alongslope sedimentary processes are identified in the study area. Turbidity
currents and deposition of glacigenic debris flows are the dominating downslope processes, whereas mass failures, which are
a common process on glaciated margins, appear to have been less significant. The slide debrite observed on the Bellsund Fan
is most likely related to a 2.5–1.7 Ma old failure on the northwestern Barents Sea margin. The seismic records further reveal
that alongslope current processes played a major role in shaping the sediment packages in the study area. Within the Knipovich
rift valley and at the western rift flank accumulations as thick as 950–1,000 m are deposited. We note that oceanic basement
is locally exposed within the rift valley, and that seismostratigraphic relationships indicate that fault activity along the
eastern rift flank lasted until at least as recently as 1.5 Ma. A purely hemipelagic origin of the sediments in the rift valley
and on the western rift flank is unlikely. We suggest that these sediments, partly, have been sourced from the western Svalbard—northwestern
Barents Sea margin and into the Knipovich Ridge rift valley before continuous spreading and tectonic activity caused the sediments
to be transported out of the valley and westward. 相似文献
3.
Grab samples from the Norwegian continental shelf show that diapiric structures occurring within a sequence of Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments represent volcanic rocks consisting of porphyritic olivine-nephelinite. The KAr age of 55.7 ± 0.9 m.y. shows that the area affected by Lower Tertiary magmatism in the North Atlantic region also included the continental shelf off Mid Norway. The highly undersaturated nature of these volcanic rocks, however, indicates that they are unlikely to be closely related to the widespread tuff horizons of the same age known from the North Sea. 相似文献
4.
The Oman Mountains preserve Permo-Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Arabian passive margin that were overridden during Late Cretaceous time by deep-water sediments of the Hawasina units and by the Semail Ophiolite, a portion of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust and upper mantle. Passive margin sequences are exposed in the Jabal Akhdar Culmination (JAC) and in the Jabal Salakh Range at the Oman Mountains thrust front. Samples of these sequences were investigated by X-ray diffraction of the clay size fraction to evaluate the thermal evolution of the subophiolite rocks and estimate the thickness and extent of the obducted ophiolites.The sedimentary succession from the northern flank of the JAC shows a clay mineral assemblage characterized by long-range ordered mixed layer I-S with an illite content between 85% and 92% and the occurrence of pyrophyllite and/or paragonite, suggesting maximum paleotemperatures between 150° and 200 °C in deep diagenetic conditions. On the southern flank of the JAC, temperature dependent clay minerals indicate maximum paleotemperatures, ranging between 120° and 150 °C, indicating a reduced ophiolite thickness towards the south. Ooid strain analyses of the subophiolite rocks from the northern flank of JAC show a component of flattening and stretching in the z-x plane as a result of plastic deformation and pressure solution. On the southern flank, such ductile deformation is absent, suggesting a brittle rheology for the subophiolite carbonates and a reduced overburden. 1D thermal modeling reveals that the sub-ophiolite units of the JAC were overthrust by 4.5 km-thick Semail Ophiolite and Hawasina units during the Coniacian, and exhumed since the Campanian. The subophiolite rocks of the Jabal Salakh Range were buried under 1.35 km of synobduction clastics and overthrust by 2 km-thick Hawasina units, suggesting a decrease of the thickness of allochthonous units from NE to SW, consistent with strain analysis and their direction of emplacement. 相似文献
5.
Igneous rocks in the northern margin of the South China Sea (SCS) have been identified via high resolution multi-channel seismic data in addition to other geophysical and drilling well data. This study identified intrusive and extrusive structures including seamounts and buried volcanoes, and their seismic characteristics. Intrusive features consist of piercement and implicit-piercement type structures, indicating different energy input associated with diapir formation. Extrusive structures are divided into flat-topped and conical-topped seamounts. Three main criteria (the overlying strata, the contact relationship and sills) were used to distinguish between intrusive rocks and buried volcanos. Three criteria are also used to estimate the timing of igneous rock formation: the contact relationship, the overlying sedimentary thickness and seismic reflection characteristics. These criteria are applied to recognize and distinguish between three periods of Cenozoic magmatism in the northern margin of the SCS: before seafloor spreading (Paleocene and Eocene), during seafloor spreading (Early Oligocene–Mid Miocene) and after cessation of seafloor spreading (Mid Miocene–Recent). Among them, greater attention is given to the extensive magmatism since 5.5 Ma, which is present throughout nearly all of the study area, making it a significant event in the SCS. Almost all of the Cenozoic igneous rocks were located below the 1500 m bathymetric contour. In contrast with the wide distribution of igneous rocks in the volcanic rifted margin, igneous rocks in the syn-rift stage of the northern margin of the SCS are extremely sporadic, and they could only be found in the southern Pearl River Mouth basin and NW sub-sea basin. The ocean–continent transition of the northern SCS exhibits high-angle listric faults, concentrated on the seaward side of the magmatic zone, and a sharply decreased crust, with little influence from a mantle plume. These observations provide further evidence to suggest that the northern margin of the SCS is a magma-poor rifted margin. 相似文献
6.
The North Anatolian Fault crosses the Sea of Marmara from east to west. Tectonic features of the Sea of Marmara were studied
using multi-channel deep seismic reflection data. The northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault is active as a right lateral
strike-slip fault zone and indicates both negative and positive flower structures. The North Anatolian Fault splays into two
faults at the Sea of Marmara as a northern branch and north segment of the southern branch. The northern branch named the
Main Marmara Fault extends in a complicated manner from the north of the Kapıdağı Peninsula to westward in the Sea of Marmara.
The north segment of southern branch extends between the Gemlik and Bandırma gulfs in the south of the Sea of Marmara. In
addition, uplift areas arose by compression and a push-up style in between the Kapıdağı Peninsula and the Main Marmara Fault.
The North Anatolian Fault is characterized by a negative flower structure in basins and push-up style in uplift areas in the
Sea of Marmara. An uplift area arose between the north segment of the southern branch and the northern branch of the North
Anatolian Fault. The north segment of the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault is a strike-slip fault and displays
a pull-apart style in the seismic reflection data. 相似文献
7.
Youngho Yoon Gwang H. Lee Sanghoon Han Dong G. Yoo Hyun C. Han Kyungsik Choi Keumsuk Lee 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2010
The petroleum system of the Kunsan Basin in the Northern South Yellow Sea Basin is not well known, compared to other continental rift basins in the Yellow Sea, despite its substantial hydrocarbon potential. Restoration of two depth-converted seismic profiles across the Central Subbasin in the southern Kunsan Basin shows that extension was interrupted by inversions in the Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene that created anticlinal structures. One-dimensional basin modeling of the IIH-1Xa well suggests that hydrocarbon expulsion in the northeastern margin of the depocenter of the Central Subbasin peaked in the Early Oligocene, predating the inversions. Hydrocarbon generation at the dummy well location in the depocenter of the subbasin began in the Late Paleocene. Most source rocks in the depocenter passed the main expulsion phase except for the shallowest source rocks. Hydrocarbons generated from the depocenter are likely to have migrated southward toward the anticlinal structure and faults away from the traps along the northern and northeastern margins of the depocenter because the basin-fill strata are dipping north. Faulting that continued during the rift phase (∼ Middle Miocene) of the subbasin probably acted as conduits for the escape of hydrocarbons. Thus, the anticlinal structure and associated faults to the south of the dummy well may trap hydrocarbons that have been charged from the shallow source rocks in the depocenter since the Middle Miocene. 相似文献
8.
根据东海陆架盆地周边地质、地球物理和钻井资料,应用岩石学、古生物学、同位素年代学、层序地层学等分析方法,研究东海陆架盆地的前新生界.陆架盆地广泛发育中生界,其中盆地南部发育最全,以三叠—白垩系陆相碎屑岩为主,中部隆起带以发育侏罗—白垩系的陆相火山岩为主,以台湾海峡为中心的盆地南部有海相—海陆过渡相的中生界.在盆地南部钻遇的年龄为1680 Ma的黑云角闪斜长片麻岩和在北部钻遇的糜棱片麻岩分别为浙闽东部前震旦纪变质岩和浙北晚元古代变质岩在海中的延伸.陆架地区晚古生代可能属于亚洲大陆东缘优地槽带的冒地槽,在盆地内尤其在东部坳陷带可能有晚古生代浅变质岩. 相似文献
9.
Laura S. L. Kong Robert S. Detrick Paul J. Fox Larry A. Mayer W. B. F. Ryan 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1988,10(1-2):59-90
High-resolution Sea Beam bathymetry and Sea MARC I side scan sonar data have been obtained in the MARK area, a 100-km-long
portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley south of the Kane Fracture Zone. These data reveal a surprisingly complex rift
valley structure that is composed of two distinct spreading cells which overlap to create a small, zero-offset transform or
discordant zone. The northern spreading cell consists of a magmatically robust, active ridge segment 40–50 km in length that
extends from the eastern Kane ridge-transform intersection south to about 23°12′ N. The rift valley in this area is dominated
by a large constructional volcanic ridge that creates 200–500 m of relief and is associated with high-temperature hydrothermal
activity. The southern spreading cell is characterized by a NNE-trending band of small (50–200 m high), conical volcanos that
are built upon relatively old, fissured and sediment-covered lavas, and which in some cases are themselves fissured and faulted.
This cell appears to be in a predominantly extensional phase with only small, isolated eruptions. These two spreading cells
overlap in an anomalous zone between 23°05′ N and 23°17′ N that lacks a well-developed rift valley or neovolcanic zone, and
may represent a slow-spreading ridge analogue to the overlapping spreading centers found at the East Pacific Rise. Despite
the complexity of the MARK area, volcanic and tectonic activity appears to be confined to the 10–17 km wide rift valley floor.
Block faulting along near-vertical, small-offset normal faults, accompanied by minor amounts of back-tilting (generally less
than 5°), begins within a few km of the ridge axis and is largely completed by the time the crust is transported up into the
rift valley walls. Features that appear to be constructional volcanic ridges formed in the median valley are preserved largely
intact in the rift mountains. Mass-wasting and gullying of scarp faces, and sedimentation which buries low-relief seafloor
features, are the major geological processes occurring outside of the rift valley. The morphological and structural heterogeneity
within the MARK rift valley and in the flanking rift mountains documented in this study are largely the product of two spreading
cells that evolve independently to the interplay between extensional tectonism and episodic variations in magma production
rates. 相似文献
10.
The North Sea Basin has been subsiding during the Quaternary and contains hundreds of metres of fill. Seismic surveys (170 000 km2) provide new evidence on Early Quaternary sedimentation, from about 2.75 Ma to around the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0.78 Ma). We present an informal seismic stratigraphy for the Early Quaternary of the North Sea, and calculate sediment volumes for major units. Early Quaternary sediment thickness is > 1000 m in the northern basin and >700 m in the central basin (total about 40 000 km3). Northern North Sea basin-fill comprises several clinoform units, prograding westward over 60 000 km2. Architecture of the central basin also comprises clinoforms, building from the southeast. To the west, an acoustically layered and mounded unit (Unit Z) was deposited. Remaining accommodation space was filled with fine-grained sediments of two Central Basin units. Above these units, an Upper Regional Unconformity-equivalent (URU) records a conformable surface with flat-lying units that indicate stronger direct glacial influence than on the sediments below. On the North Sea Plateau north of 59°N, the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) is defined by a shift from westward to eastward dipping seismic reflectors, recording a major change in sedimentation, with the Shetland Platform becoming a significant source. A model of Early Quaternary sediment delivery to the North Sea shows sources from the Scandinavian ice sheet and major European rivers. Clinoforms prograding west in the northern North Sea Basin, representing glacigenic debris flows, indicate an ice sheet on the western Scandinavian margin. In the central basin, sediments are generally fine-grained, suggesting a distal fluvial or glacifluvial origin from European rivers. Ploughmarks also demonstrate that icebergs, derived from an ice sheet to the north, drifted into the central North Sea Basin. By contrast, sediments and glacial landforms above the URU provide evidence for the later presence of a grounded ice sheet. 相似文献
11.
Submersible observations and photogeology document dramatic variations in the distribution of young volcanic rocks, faulting,
fissuring, and hydrothermal activity along an 80 km-long segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane Transform (MARK
Area). These variations define two spreading cells separated by a cell boundary zone or a small-offset transform zone. The
northern spreading cell is characterized by a median ‘neovolcanic’ ridge which runs down the axis of the median valley floor
for 40 km. This edifice is as much as 4 km wide and 600 m high and is composed of very lightly sedimented basalts inferred
to be < 5000 years old. It is the largest single volcanic constructional feature discovered to date on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
The active Snake Pit hydrothermal vent field is on the crest of this ridge and implies the presence of a magma chamber in
the northern spreading cell. In contrast, the southern cell is characterized by small, individual volcanos similar in size
to the central volcanos in the FAMOUS area. Two of the volcanos that were sampled appear to be composed of dominantly glassy
basaltic rocks with very light sediment cover; whereas, other volcanos in this region appear to be older features. The boundary
zone between the two spreading cells is intensely faulted and lacks young volcanic rocks. This area may also contain a small-offset
( < 8 km) transform zone. Magmatism in the northern cell has been episodic and tens of thousands of years have lapsed since
the last major magmatic event there. In the southern cell, a more continuous style of volcanic accretion appears to be operative.
The style of spreading in the southern cell may be much more typical for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge than that of the northern
cell because the latter is adjacent to the 150 km-offset Kane Transform that may act as a thermal sink along the MAR. Such
large transforms are not common on the MAR, therefore, lithosphere produced in a spreading cell influenced by a large transform
may also be somewhat atypical. 相似文献
12.
John D. Bicknell Ken C. MacDonald Stephen P. Miller Peter F. Lonsdale Keir Becker 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1986,8(2):131-148
The Nereus Deep (23°N) lies in the central portion of the Red Sea, in a region which marks a transition between the nearly continuous axial rift valley of the southern Red Sea and the northern Red Sea, where a well defined axial rift is absent. The deep-tow survey and associated heat flow measurements reported here show that the Nereus Deep is a short segment of axial rift, and it is the northernmost deep where petrology, heat flow, magnetics, and morphology all indicate classic seafloor spreading. Heat flow measured in the Nereus Deep is characterized by non-linear gradients and closely-spaced variability indicative of active hydrothermal circulation associated with seafloor spreading. The two axial highs which we have mapped in Nereus differ markedly in that the southernmost appears younger or at least has had a more recent phase of volcanism. The two axial highs are offset left laterally approximately 2 km. This small offset or bend in the axial course has been labelled the Nereus shear zone, and, despite its small extent, it mimics many of the major features of small offset, slow-slipping transform faults. This shear zone may result from shear stresses associated with misalignments in succeeding volcanic episodes. The Nereus Deep appears to represent one of the earliest phases of seafloor spreading. The Red Sea seems to be opening towards the north, and the Nereus Deep is near the tip of propagation, but it is clear from this study that rift propagation in a site of initial rifting differs greatly from that observed along a well developed, fast spreading center like the East Pacific Rise. 相似文献
13.
南海火山玻璃的分布特征、化学成分及源区探讨 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
研究了南海火山玻璃的分布特征、化学成分及源区,结果表明,表层沉积物中的火山玻璃含量基本呈南北向分布,由北部、西部、南部大陆架分别向中部、东部深海盆逐渐增加;柱样沉积物中的火山玻璃在深海盆出现的层数多、含量大.火山玻璃化学组分之间的相关性不显著,表层沉积物中的火山玻璃属于安山岩,柱样沉积物中的火山玻璃的岩石类型广泛,主要属于安山岩和流纹岩.菲律宾岛弧火山带、南海深海盆火山喷发以及印尼岛弧火山带是南海火山玻璃主要源区,火山玻璃搬运和沉积主要受台风、越赤道气流和环流的影响和控制. 相似文献
14.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2003,50(3):435-447
Assemblages of living deep-sea benthic foraminifera, their densities, vertical distribution pattern, and diversity, were investigated in the intermonsoon period after the northeast monsoon in the Arabian Sea in spring 1997. Foraminiferal numbers show a distinct gradient from north to south, with a maximum of 623 foraminifera in 50 cm3 at the northern site. High percentages of small foraminifera were found in the western and northern part of the Arabian Sea. Most stations show a typical vertical distribution with a maximum in the first centimeter and decreasing numbers with increasing sediment depths. But at the central station, high densities can be found even in deeper sediment layers. Diversity is very high at the northern and western sites, but reduced at the central and southern stations. Data and faunal assemblages were compared with studies carried out in 1995. A principal component analysis of intermonsoon assemblages shows that the living benthic foraminifera can be characterized by five principal component communities. Dominant communities influencing each site differ strongly between the two years. In spring 1997, stations in the north, west and central Arabian Sea were dominated by opportunistic species, indicating the influence of fresh sedimentation pulses or enhanced organic carbon fluxes after the northeast monsoon. 相似文献
15.
Deniz Cukur Senay Horozal Dae C. Kim Gwang H. Lee Hyun C. Han Moo H. Kang 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2010,31(4):299-313
This paper presents results of two-dimensional seismic mapping of the northern East China Sea Shelf Basin. Various igneous
features such as sills, volcanic edifices and stocks were identified by the geophysical exploration. The sills are most common,
and are observed at more than 90 locations. Most mapped sills in the study area are characterized by high-amplitude continuous
reflections with distinct terminations. Saucer- and cup-shaped sills are observed locally. The stocks are discordant (nearly
vertical) igneous bodies and they are characterized by seismic transparency, with upturned host rocks and uplifted overburden.
The volcanic edifices and/or necks consist of irregular mounds and peaks and are characterized by strong positive top reflections
with chaotic internal facies. The oldest igneous activity in the northern East China Sea Shelf Basin is Early Cretaceous (123.3 ± 3.7).
This igneous activity coincides with those observed in eastern China which has been related mainly to the subduction of the
Pacific Plate beneath Eurasia Plate. The Miocene igneous activity is well constrained based on seismic stratigraphic relationships
within the folded stratigraphy, age dating, and the occurrence of igneous sills. The timing of this intrusion is coincident
with the intensive igneous activity as previously suggested for the eastern China. Igneous rocks can produce hydrocarbon traps,
reservoirs and they can act as a seal, and therefore are of great importance in petroleum study. 相似文献
16.
Dust-loadings in the lower atmosphere of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the China Sea and Sea of Japan are given. Average dust-loadings decrease in the following order: North Atlantic (northeast trades, ～ 7.7 μg/m3 of air) > northern Indian Ocean (～ 1.2 μg/m3 of air) > South Atlantic (southeast trades, ～ 0.78 μg/m3 of air) = southern Indian Ocean (～ 0.68 μg/m3 of air) > China Sea (～ 0.21 μg/m3 of air).There are differences in the clay mineralogies of dusts transported in similar latitudes in the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans. Dusts in the Atlantic northeast trades are dominated by kaolinite from the soils of equatorial Africa; dusts in the northeast monsoons of the northern Indian Ocean have a source in the arid regions of the Rajasthan desert where illite is the principal clay mineral.In the regions investigated quartz occurs in larger amounts in the dusts of the Northern Hemisphere (～ 7% quartz) than those of the Southern Hemisphere (～ 3% quartz) over both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.From the results given in the present paper and those reported in the literature a map is presented illustrating the order of magnitude of lower atmospheric dust-loadings in part of the world ocean. 相似文献
17.
The Red Sea is an unusual example of a rift basin that transitioned from its evaporitic stage to fully open-ocean conditions at the end of the Miocene (∼5.3 Ma), much more recently than older Mesozoic margins around the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The patterns of halokinetic deformation occurring in the Red Sea are potentially of interest for understanding more generally how evaporite deposits deform during this early stage. Relevant to this issue, a line of reconnaissance sidescan sonar data (GLORIA) collected along the Red Sea in 1979 is re-evaluated here. We first interpret the data with the aid of newly compiled bathymetry from multibeam sonars in the central and southern Red Sea. Features in the acoustic backscatter data are associated with ridges, valleys and rounded flow fronts produced by halokinetic deformation. Some areas of higher acoustic backscattering from the evaporites are suggested to relate to roughness produced by deformation of the evaporite surface. Within the volcanic (oceanic) axial valleys, areas of differing high and low backscattering suggest varied sediment cover and/or carbonate encrustations. With the benefit of the above experience, we then interpreted data from the northern Red Sea, where there are fewer multibeam data available. Rounded fronts of halokinetic deformation are present in the Zabargad Fracture Zone, a broad, shallow valley crossing the Red Sea obliquely. The presence of halokinetic deformation here is evidence that subsidence has occurred along the fracture zone. Elsewhere in the northern Red Sea, the GLORIA data reveal folds in the evaporite surface, suggesting local areas of convergence, like those implied by multibeam data from inter-trough zones further south. Some linear features are observed, many of which are likely to be ridges overlying salt walls. Interestingly, several such features are oriented along an accommodation zone that is oriented parallel to the plate spreading direction. Several rounded, corrugated features are interpreted as possible evaporite flow fronts. Overall, the impression from the data is of a strongly mobile seabed in the Red Sea because of halokinetic deformation, involving both vertical and horizontal movements. However, salt walls appear more common than in the central and southern axial Red Sea, where horizontal movements instead tend to dominate. 相似文献
18.
Until recently, bryozoans have not been used as indicators for changes in bottom communities or climate control in the North Sea Basin, despite a 200-year history of bryozoan collecting. The epizoobiontic bryozoan fauna of Flustra foliacea (Linnaeus, 1758) was analysed on 51 sample stations kept in four German museums. The samples cover the entire North Sea and different time periods (1776–2008, mainly the period of 1904/1905 compared to 1980–87). Cluster analysis shows a differentiation into a northern and a southern North Sea assemblage. The northern assemblage is characterized by Amphiblestrum flemingii (Busk, 1854), Callopora dumerilii (Audouin, 1826) and Tricellaria ternata (Ellis & Solander, 1786), while the southern North Sea is characterized by Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767), Crisia eburnea (Linnaeus, 1758) and Plagioecia patina (Lamarck, 1816). Spatial separation approximately follows the 50 m depth contour. The temporal distribution patterns of bryozoans are discussed in terms of NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and temperature variations. 相似文献
19.
The ecosystem model ERSEM II has been used to hindcast the development of the ecosystem of the North Sea during the years 1955 to 1993. The simulation was driven by the box-aggregated output from a general circulation model of the North Sea of corresponding duration; radiation, river inputs, atmospheric input and boundary conditions at the borders to the Atlantic Ocean and to the Baltic Sea were applied as realistically as possible. The general features of the eutrophication process are reproduced in the hindcast: the coastal areas show strong changes in nutrient concentrations in the hindcast as well as in the observations. Eutrophication not only shows up in the nutrient concentrations, but also in primary production. The simulated spatial distributions of phosphate, nitrate and primary production compare well with the observed ones. In addition, the hindcast simulates considerable trend-like changes of the nutrients in the southern part of the North Sea, where the nutrients are transported from the continental coastal strip to the southern central North Sea. The line from the river Humber to southern Norway separates the region of noticeable anthropogenic influence of riverine and atmospheric input from the northern area, which is mainly influenced by the Atlantic nutrient inflow. The observed annual cycles in the central and northern North Sea are quite well reproduced by the hindcast. The comparison of the hindcast with the long-term observations at two sites in the continental coastal zone of the North Sea shows that the long-term behaviour of phosphate, nitrate and silicate is simulated well. Primary production is increased in summers during the main period of eutrophication, 1975 to 1989, in the hindcast and in the observations. The flagellates at Helgoland, however, experience much more pronounced annual cycles with much less interannual variability in the hindcast than in the observations. 相似文献
20.
The Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, has an atypical thermal and fluid history due to the occurrence of an episodic continental flood volcanism during the Early Cretaceous. So far, there are few data about the influence of this volcanic event on the paleotemperatures and paleofluids of the Paraná Basin sedimentary rocks. The Teresina Formation in the northern flank of the Ponta Grossa dyke swarm hosts high concentration of subsurface igneous rock bodies (sills and dykes), besides its covering by a hundreds meter thick volcanic rock cap. In this study, we used fluid inclusion analysis performed in horizontal and vertical calcite veins from the Teresina Formation and from a Late Cretaceous basic dyke to estimate paleotemperatures and to characterize the composition of diagenetic paleofluids. Homogenization temperatures of requilibrated fluid inclusions show that the Teresina Formation reached temperatures above 200 °C. Horizontal parallel bedding calcite veins from the Teresina Formation record low to high salinity (2–26 wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous paleofluids. The prevalence of high salinity fluid inclusions associated with light hydrocarbon fluid inclusions indicates deep buried fluids. Fluid inclusions in vertical calcite vein from basic dyke comprise only low salinity aqueous fluids (0–3 wt.% eq.NaCl) interpreted as dominated by meteoric water. The recorded paleotemperatures are attributed to the heating by the Paraná volcanic event during the Early Cretaceous, with the thermal effect of the volcanic rock cap surpassing the effect of nearby sills and dykes. Estimated paleotemperatures higher than 200 °C would allow the generation of light liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Overpressured compartments in the Teresina Formation allowed the expulsion of buried pore fluids (high salinity aqueous fluids and hydrocarbons) to fracture systems, where they mixed with meteoric water. The input of meteoric water through fracture systems connected with the surface favored hydrocarbons degradation in the early stages of source rock maturation during the Early Cretaceous. 相似文献