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1.
Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate. In this study, low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples. Results show that the signal intensity of T2 distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure, but is affected by temperature. The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T2 distribution. The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media. The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation. The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media. For the fine sand sample, the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate, but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio (Cw=96.2%). The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio, especially montmorillonite (Cw=95.8%). The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

2.
Residual and movable porosity are significant parameters for characterising petrophysical properties, especially in tight reservoirs. Eight tight sandstone samples from the upper Paleozoic gas-bearing strata in the Kangning area, from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and porosity and permeability tests. The lithology and pore types were identified and classified using petrography and SEM. The residual and movable porosity were obtained with NMR. In addition, NMR was used to visualise pore structure and pore size distribution. The results suggest that the upper Paleozoic sandstones in the study area mainly comprise feldspathic litharenite and litharenite. The sandstone porosity and permeability are low, with means of 5.9% and 0.549 mD, respectively. Four pore types exist in the tight sandstones: residual primary pores, grain dissolution pores, micropores (clay-dominated) and microfractures. The T2 spectra under water-saturated conditions correlate with pore size and can be used to distinguish small and large pores based on the transverse relaxation time cutoff value of 10 ms, which corresponds to a pore diameter of 0.232 μm. Small pores account for 72% of the pores in the tight sandstones. The continuous bimodal T2 spectra suggest good connectivity between small and large pores, despite the low porosity and permeability. In this study, the movable porosity of the major tight sandstone gas reservoirs is higher than the residual porosity, which confirms the effective evaluation of movable porosity to tight sandstone reservoirs, based on NMR experiments.  相似文献   

3.
甲烷水合物生成过程中海水常量离子浓度的变化规律   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
本文自行研制了一套甲烷水合物合成装置,模拟海洋环境甲烷水合物的生成过程,对该过程水合物生成位置、形态、反应时间、环境温压条件进行观测,同时连续测试体系海水中常量离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、C1-、SO42-的浓度及海水盐度,探讨水合物生成过程的温压变化及离子浓度变化之间的关系和离子浓度的变化规律.结果表明,海水中甲烷水合物生成具有很大的随机性,在相同的初始条件下可能有不同的水合物成核、聚集过程;甲烷水合物在生成过程中,耗气量不断增加,孔隙水的盐度和海水中常量阴阳离子的浓度也在不断增加,这种变化具有较高的线性相关性(相关系数为0.9848～0.9950),且不受甲烷水合物生成位置及状态的影响;在水合物生成过程的微环境下耗气量相同时,离子浓度存在细微的差异.这些特征为通过测定海底水合物周围孔隙水中常量离子的浓度初步推算水合物的甲烷耗气量提供了依据.  相似文献   

4.
Microscopic pore structure and water distribution are important and fundamental parameters for coalbed methane reservoir characterisation. These are closely related to the calculation/interpretation of other critical parameters, such as permeability and flow capacity. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations were used to study the pore structure characteristics and water distribution of Zhaozhuang coal mine in the southeastern Qinshui Basin, PR China. The results show that the pore radius ranges from 2.066 to 594.045?nm, mainly classified as micropores and transitional pores. The micropores significantly contribute to the total pore volume. The adsorption pores (micropores and transitional pores) contribute the most to the total specific surface area. The T2 spectrum distributions of saturated water samples show two peaks. The first T2 spectrum peak is related to adsorption pores, whereas the second T2 spectrum peak is related to seepage pores. The seepage pores were not well developed as the adsorption pores. Most adsorption pores are saturated with irreducible water that could not be discharged by centrifugation, whereas the seepage pores are saturated with movable water that could be completely discharged by centrifugation. The T2 cutoff method was used to calculate the irreducible water saturation, and the irreducible water saturation of the sample was ≥90%. The irreducible water was mainly distributed in the micropores, and some of the irreducible water was distributed in the transitional pores. The irreducible water that remains in the pores can cause reservoir damage.  相似文献   

5.
《China Geology》2022,5(3):383-392
To obtain the characteristics of the gas hydrate reservoirs at GMGS3-W19, extensive geophysical logging data and cores were analyzed to assess the reservoir properties. Sediment porosities were estimated from density, neutron, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs. Both the resistivity and NMR logs were used to calculate gas hydrate saturations, the Simandoux model was employed to eliminate the effects of high clay content determined based on the ECS and core data. The density porosity was closely in agreement with the core-derived porosity, and the neutron porosity was higher while the NMR porosity was lower than the density porosity of sediments without hydrates. The resistivity log has higher vertical resolution than the NMR log and thus is more favorable for assessing gas hydrate saturation with strong heterogeneity. For the gas hydrate reservoirs at GMGS3-W19, the porosity, gas hydrate saturation and free gas saturation was 52.7%, 42.7% and 10%, on average, respectively. The various logs provide different methods for the comprehensive evaluation of hydrate reservoir, which supports the selection of candidate site for gas hydrate production testing.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

6.
Evaluating velocity-porosity relationships of hydrate-bearing marine sediments is essential for characterizing natural gas hydrates below seafloor as either a potential energy resource or geohazards risks. Four sites had cored using pressure and non-pressure methods during the gas hydrates drilling project (GMGS4) expedition at Shenhu Area, north slope of the South China Sea. Sediments were cored above, below, and through the gas-hydrate-bearing zone guided with logging-while-drilling analysis results. Gamma density and P-wave velocity were measured in each pressure core before subsampling. Methane hydrates volumes in total 62 samples were calculated from the moles of excess methane collected during depressurization experiments. The concentration of methane hydrates ranged from 0.3% to 32.3%. The concentrations of pore fluid (25.44% to 68.82%) and sediments (23.63% to 54.28%) were calculated from the gamma density. The regression models of P-wave velocity were derived and compared with a global empirical equation derived from shallow, unconsolidated sediments data. The results were close to the global trend when the fluid concentration is larger than the critical porosity. It is concluded that the dominant factor of P-wave velocity in hydrate-bearing marine sediments is the presence of the hydrate. Methane hydrates can reduce the fluid concentration by discharging the pore fluid and occupying the original pore space of sediments after its formation.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

7.
海底多相流动区域沉积物孔隙内流体迁移-甲烷输运-水合物形成是一种普遍模式,形成的水合物在孔隙内沉淀并与多孔介质骨架胶结从而改变当地的地层结构和性质。水合物的不断形成将减少沉积地层孔隙度,改变孔隙内各相间界面张力,增大当地孔隙的进入压力及毛细压力,增强地层滞后效应,降低地层渗透率,同时多相流体流动前缘气液分离带变厚而使得气柱变长。建立了在这类环境里水合物-水-气-盐共同作用下的水合物成藏模型,选择合适的参数分析了水合物形成对沉积地层静水力学性质等的影响关系。最后根据资料估算了南海北部神狐海域沉积物内甲烷气柱的分布,结果表明：随着水合物在沉积物孔隙内逐渐饱和,临界甲烷气柱长度将在接近海底面处达到最大,约为09 m。  相似文献   

8.
【研究目的】中国地质调查局先后于2017年、2020年在南海北部神狐海域成功实施两轮水合物试采,创造了产气时间最长、产气总量最大、日均产气量最高等多项世界纪录,了解和掌握南海天然气水合物开采储层相变与渗流机理,有助于进一步揭示该类型水合物分解机理、产出规律、增产机制等,可为中国海域水合物资源规模高效开采提供理论基础。【研究方法】基于两轮试采实践,笔者通过深入研究发现,储层结构表征、水合物相变、多相渗流与增渗、产能模拟与调控是制约水合物分解产气效率的重要因素。【研究结果】研究表明,南海水合物相变具有分解温度低,易在储层内形成二次水合物等特点,是由渗流场-应力场-温度场-化学场共同作用的复杂系统;多相渗流作用主要受控于未固结储层的物性特征、水合物相变、开采方式等多元因素影响,具有较强的甲烷吸附性、绝对渗透率易突变、气相流动能力弱等特点;围绕南海水合物长期、稳定、高效开采目标,需要在初始储层改造基础上,通过实施储层二次改造,进一步优化提高储层渗流能力,实现增渗扩产目的。【结论】随着天然气水合物产业化进程不断向前推进,还需要着力解决大规模长时间产气过程中温度压力微观变化及物质能源交换响应机制以及水合物高效分解、二次生成边界条件等难题。创新点：南海水合物相变是由渗流场-应力场-温度场-化学场共同作用的复杂系统;南海泥质粉砂储层具有较强的甲烷吸附性、绝对渗透率易突变、气相流动能力弱等特点,多相渗流机理复杂。  相似文献   

9.
Large amounts of gas hydrate are distributed in the northern slope of the South China Sea, which is a potential threat of methane leakage. Aerobic methane oxidation by methanotrophs, significant methane biotransformation that occurs in sediment surface and water column, can effectively reduce atmospheric emission of hydrate-decomposed methane. To identify active aerobic methanotrophs and their methane oxidation potential in sediments from the Shenhu Area in the South China Sea, multi-day enrichment incubations were conducted in this study. The results show that the methane oxidation rates in the studied sediments were 2.03–2.36 μmol/gdw/d, which were higher than those obtained by sediment incubations from other areas in marine ecosystems. Thus the authors suspect that the methane oxidation potential of methanotrophs was relatively higher in sediments from the Shenhu Area. After the incubations family Methylococcaea (type I methanotrophs) mainly consisted of genus Methylobacter and Methylococcaea_Other were predominant with an increased proportion of 70.3%, whereas Methylocaldum decreased simultaneously in the incubated sediments. Collectively, this study may help to gain a better understanding of the methane biotransformation in the Shenhu Area.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract: Interstitial water expelled from gas hydrate-bearing and -free sediments in the Nankai Trough are analyzed in terms of Cl-, SO42-, δ18O and δD. The baselines for the Cl- concentration and δ18O value are close to seawater values (530 mM and 0%), indicating that the interstitial water is of seawater origin. The δD values decrease with depth, implying isotopic exchange of hydrogen between upwelling biogenic methane depleted in D and interstitial water. The Cl- concentrations in gas hydrate-bearing sediments are anomalously low, while the δ18O and δD values are both high, suggesting that the water forming these gas hydrates was poor in Cl- and enriched in 18O and D during gas hydrate formation. Calculation of the gas hydrate saturations using Cl "and δ18O anomalies gives results of up to 80 % in sand, and shows that the δ18O baseline is not consistent with the Cl" baseline. The δ18O baseline increases by +1% in gas hydrate-free clay and silt. This is considered to be caused by clustering of water molecules after gas hydrate dissociation in response to the upward migration of the base of gas hydrate stability, as indicated by the presence of a double bottom-simulating reflector at this site. The water clusters enriched in 18O are responsible for the increase in the δ18O baseline with normal Cl". The abrupt shallowing of the base of gas hydrate stability may induce the dissociation of gas hydrates and the accumulation of gases in the new stability zone, representing a geological process that increases gas hydrate saturation.  相似文献   

11.
刘唯一  陈勇  王淼  张韩静 《岩矿测试》2018,37(2):111-120
甲烷水合物稳定性主要控制着甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度,温度、压力、孔隙水盐度和气体组分等因素影响着水合物稳定带的厚度。甲烷水合物的形成与地层水关系密切,而地层水中的各种盐离子(Cl~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4(~2-)、Ca~(2+))以及过渡金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni等)会影响天然气水合物的形成和分解条件。因此,研究盐类对甲烷水合物的稳定性认识有助于更加深入了解天然气水合物的成藏条件。本文分析了氯化物、硫酸盐、碳酸盐三大盐类对甲烷水合物稳定性的影响:同一盐类不同盐度条件下,随着盐度的增加,甲烷水合物相平衡曲线向低温高压偏移。总结了不同盐类和阴阳离子对甲烷水合物的抑制作用大小:在相同浓度、不同盐类条件下,盐类浓度在1.0~1.5 mol/L时盐类对甲烷水合物的抑制作用大小为MgCl_2CaCl_2Na ClKCl,盐类浓度大于1.5 mol/L时CaCl_2的抑制作用较强;阴离子对甲烷水合物的抑制作用大小争议较大,阳离子中Mg~(2+)对甲烷水合物的抑制作用最强。从目前的研究成果来看,已有数据与实际地质条件还存在一定差距,需要在真实实验条件下加强氯化物-硫酸盐-碳酸盐-甲烷-水体系的详细研究。本文提出,将高压可视反应腔与显微激光拉曼技术相结合,有望准确获取天然气水合物稳定形成时的温压条件,明确盐类和阴阳离子的抑制作用大小,以及盐类和离子特性如何影响水合物的形成和稳定,以便为未来的水合物勘探开发提供参考。  相似文献   

12.
封闭系统中多孔介质甲烷水合物的CT实验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
阐述了在封闭系统中的查理模型,建立了利用查理定律计算分析甲烷水合物生成和分解的方法。通过实验,对封闭系统中不同含水量多孔介质甲烷水合物生成、发育和分解的实验方法、相平衡条件、生成量关系等进行了探讨。在一定温度差的介质里,水分克服重力向冷端迁移并生成水合物。实验中利用查理数的改变计算水合物的生成量变化,连通性好的含水多孔介质有很好的水—气结合条件,达到平衡条件后迅速生成水合物,在240分钟内完成,含水量线性地影响甲烷水合物的生成量。同时,利用CT扫描方法直接观测含水粗砂在低温—高压环境下的甲烷水合物生成和分解过程,并可以利用CT图像数据计算出多孔介质中水分迁移、区域密度改变和砂体的移动、及分解后介质密度分布变化特征。  相似文献   

13.
It is a typical multiphase flow process for hydrate formation in seeping seafloor sediments. Free gas can not only be present but also take part in formation of hydrate. The volume fraction of free gas in local pore of hydrate stable zone (HSZ) influences the formation of hydrate in seeping seafloor area, and methane flux determines the abundance and resource of hydrate-bearing reservoirs. In this paper, a multiphase flow model including water (dissolved methane and salt)-free gas hydrate has been established to describe this kind of flow-transfer-reaction process where there exists a large scale of free gas migration and transform in seafloor pore. In the order of three different scenarios, the conversions among permeability, capillary pressure, phase saturations and salinity along with the formation of hydrate have been deducted. Furthermore, the influence of four sorts of free gas saturations and three classes of methane fluxes on hydrate formation and the resource has also been analyzed and compared. Based on the rules drawn from the simulation, and combined information gotten from drills in field, the methane hydrate(MH) formation in Shenhu area of South China Sea has been forecasted. It has been speculated that there may breed a moderate methane flux below this seafloor HSZ. If the flux is about 0.5 kg m−2 a−1, then it will go on to evolve about 2700 ka until the hydrate saturation in pore will arrive its peak (about 75%). Approximately 1.47 × 109 m3 MH has been reckoned in this marine basin finally, is about 13 times over preliminary estimate.  相似文献   

14.
超声探测技术在天然气水合物模拟实验中的应用   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
为了解不同介质中天然气水合物的声学特性,在特制的高压反应釜中分别进行了纯水、松散沉积物和岩心中甲烷水合物的生成和分解的模拟实验,同时应用超声技术进行了探测。在纯水-甲烷体系中,声波速度的变化主要受温度的制约,水中生成的絮状水合物并没有使声波速度发生明显变化;在纯水-松散沉积物-甲烷体系中,声波速度和系统主频的变化灵敏地反映出体系内水合物的生成和分解;在纯水-岩心-甲烷体系中,随着水合物的生成,纵波速度、横波速度以及纵波幅度均增大,这说明纵波和横波的速度随着孔隙度的减小而增大,而纵波幅度的衰减则随着孔隙度的减小而减小。实验结果显示,超声探测是天然气水合物模拟实验中的一项有效的探测技术。  相似文献   

15.
[研究目的]中国浅层-中深层页岩气勘探开发技术已经趋于成熟,深层页岩成为下一步勘探开发的重点,探明不同埋深条件下页岩的孔隙特征及其控制因素利于推动深层页岩的评优选区工作.[研究方法]本文基于核磁共振、场发射扫描电镜和X-射线衍射等实验分析手段,对比性评价了川南地区不同深度的龙马溪组页岩孔隙度、孔隙结构参数特征并进行影响...  相似文献   

16.
The Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area is located in the central Baiyun sag, Zhu Ⅱ depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, northern South China Sea. The gas compositions contained in the hydrate-bearing zones is dominated by methane with content up to 99.89% and 99.91%. The carbon isotope of the methane (δ13C1 ) are 56.7‰ and 60.9‰, and its hydrogen isotope (δD) are 199‰ and 180‰, respectively, indicating the methane from the microbial reduction of CO2 . Based on the data of measured seafloor temperature and geothermal gradient, the gas formed hydrate reservoirs are from depths 24-1699 m below the seafloor, and main gas-generation zone is present at the depth interval of 416-1165 m. Gas-bearing zones include the Hanjiang Formation, Yuehai Formation, Wanshan Formation and Quaternary sediments. We infer that the microbial gas migrated laterally or vertically along faults (especially interlayer faults), slump structures, small-scale diapiric structures, regional sand beds and sedimentary boundaries to the hydrate stability zone, and formed natural gas hydrates in the upper Yuehai Formation and lower Wanshan Formation, probably with contribution of a little thermogenic gas from the deep sedments during this process.  相似文献   

17.
青海木里煤田天然气水合物特征与成因   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
青海木里煤田成功钻获天然气水合物实物样品,使我国成为世界上首次在中低纬度冻土区发现天然气水合物的国家。通过对钻获天然气水合物样品的分析,以及对以往异常可燃气体涌出钻孔的测井曲线的重新解释和对比分析,初步确定天然气水合物赋存于中侏罗统江仓组油页岩段的细粉砂岩夹层内的孔隙和裂隙中。研究结果显示,天然气水合物中的气体以重烃类为主,甲烷达52%~68%;其δ13C值为-50.5‰(PDB标准),并具有δl3Cl<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13iC4<δl3nC4的特征,其δD值分别为-266‰和-262‰(VSMOW标准),显示出明显的深部热解气特征。结合木里煤田煤层气地质特征,认为煤层气是木里煤田天然气水合物的主要来源,并将其命名为“煤型气源”天然气水合物。   相似文献   

18.
Mechanical properties of methane hydrate‐bearing soils are complex. Their behavior undergoes a significant change when hydrates dissociate and become methane gas. On the other hand, methane hydrates are ice‐like compounds and, depending on the hydrate accumulation habits and the degree of hydrate saturation, may cement soil particles into stronger and stiffer soils. A new constitutive model is proposed that is capable of capturing essential characteristics of hydrate‐bearing soils. The core of the model includes the spatial mobilized plane concept; a transformed stress, tij; the critical state; and the subloading framework. The proposed model gives soil responses due to stress changes or hydrate saturation changes or both. The performance of the model has been found satisfactory, over a range of hydrate saturation and confining pressures, using triaxial test data from laboratory‐synthesized samples and from field samples extracted from Nankai Trough, Japan. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Most submarine gas hydrates are located within the two-phase equilibrium region of hydrate and interstitial water with pressures (P) ranging from 8 to 60 MPa and temperatures (T) from 275 to 293 K. However, current measurements of solubilities of methane in equilibrium with hydrate in the absence of a vapor phase are limited below 20 MPa and 283.15 K, and the differences among these data are up to 30%. When these data were extrapolated to other P-T conditions, it leads to large and poorly known uncertainties. In this study, in situ Raman spectroscopy was used to measure methane concentrations in pure water in equilibrium with sI (structure one) methane hydrate, in the absence of a vapor phase, at temperatures from 276.6 to 294.6 (±0.3) K and pressures at 10, 20, 30 and 40 (±0.4%) MPa. The relationship among concentration of methane in water in equilibrium with hydrate, in mole fraction [X(CH4)], the temperature in K, and pressure in MPa was derived as: X(CH4) = exp [11.0464 + 0.023267 P − (4886.0 + 8.0158 P)/T]. Both the standard enthalpy and entropy of hydrate dissolution at the studied T-P conditions increase slightly with increasing pressure, ranging from 41.29 to 43.29 kJ/mol and from 0.1272 to 0.1330 kJ/K · mol, respectively. When compared with traditional sampling and analytical methods, the advantages of our method include: (1) the use of in situ Raman signals for methane concentration measurements eliminates possible uncertainty caused by sampling and ex situ analysis, (2) it is simple and efficient, and (3) high-pressure data can be obtained safely.  相似文献   

20.
天然气水合物成因探讨   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
天然气水合物是未来的能源资源。其分布于极地地区、深海地区及深水湖泊中。在海洋里,天然气水合物主要分布于外大陆边缘和洋岛的周围,其分布与近代火山的分布范围具有一致性。同位素组成表明天然气水合物甲烷主要是由自养产甲烷菌还原CO2形成的。典型的大陆边缘沉积物有机碳含量低（＜0．5％～1．0％）,不足以产生天然气水合物带高含量的甲烷。赋存天然气水合物的沉积物时代主要为晚中新世-晚上新世,具有一定的时限性,并且天然气水合物与火山灰或火山砂共存,表明其形成与火山-热液体系有一定联系。火山与天然气水合物空间上的一致性表明,天然气水合物甲烷的底物可能主要是由洋底火山喷发带来的CO2。由前人研究结果推断 HCO－3在脱去两个O原子的同时,可能发生了亲核重排,羟基 H原子迁移到 C原子上,形成了甲酰基（HCO－）,使甲烷的第一个 H原子来源于水。探讨了甲烷及其水合物的形成机制,提出了天然气水合物成因模型。  相似文献   

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