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1.
An estimation of the domain state of 15 natural and synthetic samples containing both homogeneous and multiphase oxidized titanomagnetites was made by means of Jrs/ Js and Hcr/ Hc ratios, the Lowrie-Fuller criterion, the thermomagnetic criterion, F criterion and the Preisach diagram. The Jrs/ Js and Hcr/ Hc ratios and the Lowrie-Fuller criterion are shown to be not sufficiently informative for a determination of the domain state. In the case where the lamellae thickness became thinner than 0.1 μm, titanomagnetite grains demonstrate multidomain behaviour independent of the size of the interlamellar regions (cells). If the lamellae become thicker than 0.1 μm the domain state depends on the size of the cells. Single-domain behaviour is obtained for a cell size less than 1 × 1 μm; in agreement with the results of others, larger cells have multidomain properties. 相似文献
2.
We test the possibility of using the pseudo-Thellier method as a means of determining absolute paleointensity. Thellier analysis of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and pseudo-Thellier analysis of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) have been carried out on a large collection of sized synthetic magnetites and natural rocks. In all samples, the intensity of TRM is larger than that of ARM and the ratio R (=TRM/ARM) is strongly grain size dependent. The best-fit slope ( bTA) from pseudo-Thellier analysis of TRM shows a linear correlation with R. The ratio bTA/ R yielded approximately correct paleointensities, although uncertainties are larger than in typical Thellier-type determinations. For single-domain and multidomain magnetites, alternating field and thermal stabilities of ARM and TRM are fairly similar. However, for ∼0.24 μm magnetite, ARM is both much less intense and less resistant to thermal demagnetization than TRM, reflecting different domain states for the two remanences and resulting in severely non-linear Arai plots for Thellier analysis of ARM. 相似文献
3.
Magnetic carriers in remagnetized Cretaceous granitic rocks of northeast Japan were studied using paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by comparison with unremagnetized granitic rocks. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of the remagnetized rocks is strong (0.3–1.7 A/m) and shows a northwesterly direction with moderate inclination (NW remanence), whereas the unremagnetized rocks preserve weak NRM (<0.5 A/m) with westerly and shallow direction (W remanence). Although thermal demagnetization shows that both NRMs are carried by magnetite, the remagnetized rocks reveal a higher coercivity with respect to alternating field demagnetization (20 mT 相似文献
4.
We report normalized AF demagnetization curves of anhysteretic remanences (ARM's) produced by 1-, 10- and 40-Oe steady fields and of saturation isothermal remanence (IRM s) in a suite of dispersed, unannealed magnetite powders with median sizes of 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 μm (pseudo-single-domain or PSD size range) and 100 μm (multidomain or MD size). Interpreted in the light of the domain structure test first proposed by Lowrie and Fuller [12], the relative stability trend of curves for the 2 μm sample is of single-domain (SD) type, the 1-Oe ARM being most resistant to demagnetization followed by the 10-Oe and 40-Oe ARM's and IRM s. For the 100-μm sample, the trend is exactly reversed and is of MD-type. In the 4–14 μm samples, hitherto undescribed transitional trends between SD-type and MD-type occur. At 6 μm, 1-Oe, 10-Oe and 40-Oe ARM's preserve an SD-type trend but for all AF's > 75 Oe, IRM s is more resistant than any of these remanences. At 10 μm, this trend is unmistakable, and only at 14 μm do the 1-Oe, 10-Oe and 40-Oe ARM curves merge. We conclude (1) that the Lowrie-Fuller test distinguishes between small MD grains enhanced by PSD remanence and large MD grains lacking PSD remanence, rather than between SD and MD structures per se, and (2) that in the PSD transition region from 6 to 14 μm in magnetite, IRM s changes over to MD-type relative stability around 6 μm, whereas 10-Oe and 40-Oe ARM's achieve an MD-type trend around 14 μm, in accord with the predicted field dependence of the PSD threshold size.Our theoretical interpretation assumes that the intrinsic (internal field) coercive force spectra of weak-field and strong-field remanences are identical but that the observed (external field) spectrum is shifted to lower fields as a result of the internal demagnetizing field — NJr of the remanence Jr. The effect is slight for weak-field Jr's but substantial for IRM s. Since all coercivities, high as well as low, are shifted, the result of the Lowrie-Fuller test is determined simply by the shape of the intrinsic coercivity spectrum or the corresponding AF demagnetization curve. Depending on the model of self-demagnetization used, either subexponential or sublinear AF decay curves of weak-field remanence will automatically lead to an MD-type trend, whereas by either model the decay curves that characterize SD and PSD remanences (decaying slowly initially and then more rapidly) will always produce and SD-type trend. 相似文献
5.
The behaviour of some magnetic properties of natural and synthetic haematite of different grain size is examined. The natural haematite was obtained from the hydrothermal deposit Kada
(Czech and Slovak Federal Rep.). Six grain-size fractions ranging from 120 to 40 μm were prepared by means of sieving and two further fractions down to 5 μm by wet ultrasonic sieving. Since the behaviour of the fractions is similar, that of only four representative samples is reported. In addition, the behaviour of one submicron synthetic haematite fraction (0.5 μm) prepared by oxidation of ferrous sulphate (uniform in size and shape) was investigated. The initial remanence value (Jr) seems to increase with decreasing grain size. During alternating field (AF) demagnetization, all fractions behaved similarly, except for the submicron fraction which is considerably softer than the others. Normalized (isothermal remanent magnetization) IRM acquisition curves were similar for all fractions. Parameters of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) display significant changes, mainly during IRM acquisition. During AF demagnetization, the anisotropy degree P exhibits a slight increase (some %), while the behaviour of the shape factor T is complicated. The anisotropy ellipsoid exhibits a tendency to rotate. Significant changes in the AMS parameters occur during IRM acquisition. Curves of P and T vs. IRM acquisition field, for various grain-size fractions, show no coherent pattern. For all the samples studied, the T vs. H curve exhibits a threshold value at which change in the type of arrangement of easy axis of magnetization occurs. For the IRM acquisition fields higher than some 320 kA m−1, the minimum susceptibility axis parallels the direction of the IRM acquisition field. Hysteresis curves of the fractions are similar to each other. The Preisach distribution function was determined and it indicates that the reversible part of the magnetization process plays an important role comparatively. Based on the coercivity data presented no unambiguous conclusion could be drawn from the single-domain (SD)-multidomain (MD) transition, associated with a coercivity maximum. 相似文献
6.
We report results on the magnetic properties of magnetites produced by magnetotactic and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Magnetotactic bacterial (MTB) strains MS1, MV1 and MV2 and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium strain GS-15, grown in pure cultures, were used in this study. Our results suggest that a combination of room temperature coercivity analysis and low temperature remanence measurements provides a characteristic magnetic signature for intact chains of single domain (SD) particles of magnetite from MTBs. The most useful magnetic property measurements include: (1) acquisition and demagnetization of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) using static, pulse and alternating fields; (2) acquisition of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM); and (3) thermal dependence of low temperature (20 K) saturation IRM after cooling in zero field (ZFC) or in a 2.5 T field (FC) from 300 K. However, potentially the most diagnostic magnetic parameter for magnetosome chain identification in bulk sediment samples is related to the difference between low temperature zero-field and field cooled SIRMs on warming through the Verwey transition ( T ≈ 100 K). Intact chains of unoxidized magnetite magnetosomes have ratios of δ FC/δ ZFC greater than 2, where the parameter δ is a measure of the amount of remanence lost by warming through the Verwey transition. Disruption of the chain structure or conversion of the magnetosomes to maghemite reduces the δ FC/δ ZFC ratio to around 1, similar to values observed for some inorganic magnetite, maghemite, greigite and GS-15 particles. Numerical simulations of δ FC/δ ZFC ratios for simple binary mixtures of magnetosome chains and inorganic magnetic fractions suggest that the δ FC/δ ZFC parameter can be a sensitive indicator of biogenic magnetite in the form of intact chains of magnetite magnetosomes and can be a useful magnetic technique for identifying them in whole-sediment samples. The strength of our approach lies in the comparative ease and rapidity with which magnetic measurements can be made, compared to techniques such as electron microscopy. 相似文献
7.
Iron ore and host rocks have been sampled (90 oriented samples from 19 sites) from the Las Truchas mine, western Mexico. A broad range of magnetic parameters have been studied to characterize the samples: saturation magnetization, Curie temperature, density, susceptibility, remanence intensity, Koenigsberger ratio, and hysteresis parameters. Magnetic properties are controlled by variations in titanomagnetite content, deuteric oxidation, and hydrothermal alteration. Las Truchas deposit formed by contact metasomatism in a Mesozoic volcano-sedimentary sequence intruded by a batholith, and titanomagnetites underwent intermediate degrees of deuteric oxidation. Post-mineralization hydrothermal alteration, evidenced by pyrite, epidote, sericite, and kaolin, seems to be the major event that affected the minerals and magnetic properties. Magnetite grain sizes in iron ores range from 5 to >200 μm, which suggest dominance of multidomain (MD) states. Curie temperatures are 580±5°C, characteristic of magnetite. Hysteresis parameters indicate that most samples have MD magnetite, some samples pseudo-single domain (PSD), and just a few single domain (SD) particles. AF demagnetization and IRM acquisition indicate that NRM and laboratory remanences are carried by MD magnetite in iron ores and PSD–SD magnetite in host rocks. The Koenigsberger ratio falls in a narrow range between 0.1 and 10, indicating the significance of MD and PSD magnetites. 相似文献
8.
The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in individual chondrules from the Allende meteorite was measured. These had previously been oriented relative to each other. The NRM directions of the chondrules are not initially random, but they become scattered after either alternating field (AF) or thermal demagnetization. The NRM is less stable than anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) against AF-demagnetization. The bulk of the NRM in the matrix is erased by 300°C. For the larger chondrules it is erased by 550°C, but for the smaller chondrules and the white inclusion a substantial decrease in NRM occurs by 350°C leaving about 20% up to 600°C. The behavior of the laboratory-induced ARM and the NRM under alternating field demagnetization suggest that the NRM of the chondrules consists of at least two components of TRM. One is a high-temperature component which was acquired when the individual chondrules were cooled through the Curie temperature and before they were assembled into the Allende meteorite. The other is a low-temperature component which was probably acquired in a field of about 1 Oe when the meteorite experienced thermal metamorphism or during the assembly of the meteorite. 相似文献
9.
Thermally acquired remanent magnetization is important for the estimation of the past magnetic field present at the time of cooling. Rocks that cool slowly commonly contain magnetic grains of millimeter scale. This study investigated 1-mm-sized magnetic minerals of iron, iron–nickel, magnetite, and hematite and concluded that the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) acquired by these grains did not accurately record the ambient magnetic fields less than 1 μT. Instead, the TRM of these grains fluctuated around a constant value. Consequently, the magnetic grain ability to record the ambient field accurately is reduced. Above the critical field, TRM acquisition is governed by an empirical law and is proportional to saturation magnetization ( Ms). The efficiency of TRM is inversely proportional to the mineral's saturation magnetization Ms and is related to the number of domains in the magnetic grains. The absolute field for which we have an onset of TRM sensitivity is inversely proportional to the size of the magnetic grain. These results have implications for previous reports of random directions in meteorites during alternating field demagnetization, or thermal demagnetization of TRM. Extraterrestrial magnetic fields in our solar system are weaker than the geomagnetic field by several orders of magnitude. Extraterrestrial rocks commonly contain large iron-based magnetic minerals as a common part of their composition, and therefore ignoring this behavior of multidomain grains can result in erroneous paleofield estimates. 相似文献
10.
Curie temperatures, hysteresis, alternating field properties and anhysteretic and ordinary susceptibilities have been used to characterize the titanomagnetites in a large collection of continental granites, diorites, syenites, anorthosites, gabbros, diabases and basalts. Low-Curie-point titanomagnetites or titanomaghemites were found only in basalts. In all shallow and deep-seated intrusive rocks, the predominant magnetic phase was nearly-titanium-free titanomagnetite with a Curie point of 520–580°C. Most felsic plutonic rocks owed their magnetic properties to coarse, discrete titanomagnetites with truly multidomain properties. Many mafic plutonic rocks (anorthosites, gabbros, norites) displayed bimodal magnetic properties, strong-field properties being due to the discrete titanomagnetites and weak-field properties being due to fine magnetite inclusions in deuterically altered silicates. The Lowrie-Fuller test and the anhysteretic induction curve were the most diagnostic tests of this bimodal behaviour. Grain-size variation within a single diabase dike or sill had a strong expression in all magnetic properties, except HR/ Hc and the Lowrie-Fuller test. On the other hand, the Lowrie-Fuller test was a sensitive indicator of changes in “effective” grain size in basalts due to the subdivision of grains by ilmenite lamellae. 相似文献
11.
Experiments comparing anhysteretic remanence (ARM) and thermoremanence (TRM) in samples containing natural and synthetic magnetite, whose mean particle sizes range from single domain to multidomain, show that ARM and TRM are very similar (but not identical) in their stabilities with respect to alternating field (AF) demagnetization, temperature cycles in zero field to below magnetite's isotropic temperature near 130°K, and stability with respect to spontaneous decay in zero field. Therefore, for magnetites, ARM can be used to model (with reasonable success) these stability properties of TRM. The field dependence of the acquisition of ARM and TRM shows that the low field susceptibility ratio, χARM/χTRM, has a particle size dependence, increasing from 0.1 for certain submicron particles to 2.0 for large multidomain crystals. Even for samples whose remanence is predominantly carried by submicron particles χARM/χTRM is highly variable, 0.11 ≤ χARM/χTRM ≤ 0.50. Therefore, ARM paleointensity methods which do not take into account the large variability in and the particle size dependence of χARM/χTRM are subject to order-of-magnitude uncertainties. 相似文献
12.
Magnetic domain patterns have been observed on particles of natural pyrrhotite and titanomagnetite undergoing hysteresis. These observations indicate that hysteresis properties are governed by two distinct mechanisms: (1) wall-pinning and (2) nucleation of reverse domains. Particles which are dominated by wall-pinning spontaneously nucleate reverse domains in saturation remanence ( Jrs). The coercivity of such grains is determined by the presence of potential wells encountered by the wall in its traverse across the grain. However, many pseudosingle-domain particles (PSD) between 5 and 30 μm in diameter do not nucleate reverse domains in Jrs, but remain as saturated single-domains. These particles require a reverse field Hn to nucleate domain walls. When Hn is sufficiently large, the nucleating field controls magnetization reversal by driving the wall across the particle in a single Barkhausen jump, and the muscopic coercivity is nucleation-dominated. The proportion P (w=0) of particles of a given size d which fail to nucleate walls in Jrs is found to be given by A exp(−Bd1/2), where A and B are experimentally determined constants. The nucleation field Hn in pyrrhotite is observed to increase with decreasing grain size, exceeding 500 Oe in 5 μm particles. The difficulty with which reverse domains are nucleated subsequent to saturation may thus provide a mechanism for achieving the high values of Jrs/Js and coercive force observed in fine, pseudosingle-domain particles. 相似文献
13.
Thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) components were imposed on natural rock samples. The artificial laboratory components had different directions and the blocking temperature and/or coercivity spectra were overlapping. Two methods, principal component analysis (PCA) by Kirschvink and analytical modelling of demagnetization data (by Stupavsky and Symons, S&S) were used to resolve these components. The PCA technique calculated lines fitted to the demagnetization path with ASD = 10° (angular standard deviation), and the S&S method used four types of intensity decay curves for calculated components. Both methods (PCA and S&S) resolved perfectly the one-component case. The two- or three-component case results strongly depended on spectra overlapping, and on the angles between component directions and magnetic minerals in samples. Principal component analysis gave more reliable results for separated spectra of TRM and thermally cleaned samples, whereas the S&S technique was more efficient for the case of strong spectra overlapping of ARM components and the alternative current field (AF) demagnetization method. Remarkable anisotropy of RM was observed which influences the results for the haematite-bearing samples. 相似文献
14.
North-seeking bacteria (NSB) with 1 μm diameters migrate to the S pole only. They were applied to identify the S pole determination on a polished surface of magnetite-rich pyroxenite whose natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity was 5.64 × 10 −3 Am 2 kg −1. The microscopic observations were performed under dark-field illumination in a controlled magnetic field to 10 μT. The NSB formed clusters on limited areas of magnetite grains and scattered over the whole magnetite grains. The NRM decreased to 1.02 × 10−5 Am2 kg−1 by alternating field (AF) demagnetization to 60 mT but no clusters appeared, while small populations of the NSB scattered on each grain. These scattered bacteria may gather toward the S pole resulting from magnetic domain walls. When the sample acquired saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) to 1 T, the NSB formed dense clusters at the opposite side to the applied field direction on the many grains as expected. This evidence indicated that the NSB can be useful micro-organisms for the determination of fine magnetic structures. Some grains also had NSB clusters at the edge of the grains toward the field direction or did not exhibit any clusters. The complicated distribution of the clusters (the S poles) may be explained by shape anisotropy of the magnetic grains. 相似文献
15.
Paleofield intensity determinations involving a comparison of the stable natural remanence (NRM) component with a laboratory thermoremanence (TRM) were carried out on nine chondrites selected in Brecher and Fuhrman (1979a, this issue, hereafter called Paper I), as well as on two manifestly unsuitable controls. To judge their reliability: (1) heat-alteration was monitored by comparing saturation coercivity spectra before and after heating; and (2) the NRM and TRM intensity and stability were compared to those of residual magnetization following zero-field cooling (TRM 0) from above the Curie point of kamacite (Ni---Fe). The latter criterion separates the role of an external magnetic field (of 0.43 Oe) at cooling from intrinsic contributions to magnetic grain alignments, due to accretionary, metamorphic or shock-oriented petrofabrics. In some chondrites (e.g., Brownfield, H3B; Holyoke, H4C; Farley, H5A), a surprisingly large (10% NRM) and stable TRM0 proved so similar to NRM and TRM, that sizeable spurious “paleofields” — comparable to paleointensities obtained — were derived by the standard method for zero-field cooling. In other chondrites, with negligible TRM0 (1% of NRM) and irregular AF demagnetization curves, more reliable paleofield strengths in the range 0.01–0.09 Oe were obtained (e.g., Cavour, H6C). These seem representative of magnetic fields at the end of metamorphism intervals (107 years after accretion) and/or at post-shock cooling. Thus, field strengths obtained from ordinary chondrites are typically weaker (by factors of 10–100) than those reliably determined from carbonaceous chondrites and ureilites, suggesting temporal decay of nebular magnetic fields, from the end of accretion until the end of metamorphism and early catastrophic-collisional stages. 相似文献
16.
AF (alternating field) demagnetization, ARM (anhysteretic remanent magnetization) and strong-field hysteresis properties of a large collection of mostly continental igneous rocks are reported here. The collection included rocks whose magnetic carriers were believed from previous work to be of one of three types: MD (multidomain); SD/PSD (single-domain/pseudo-single-domain); or a bimodal mixture of MD grains (e.g., discrete opaques) and SD/PSD material (e.g., silicate inclusions). Two series of subaerial basalts with a full range of deuteric oxidation classes included examples of all three classes of behaviour. SD/PSD rocks have relatively hard inflected AF decay curves (decay rate initially increasing, then decreasing), MD rocks have soft, exponential-like decay curves, and bimodal rocks have a combination of these characteristics. Relative hardnesses of normalized decay curves of remanences acquired in weak, intermediate and strong fields (the Lowrie-Fuller test) are also distinctively different for the three classes, and the results support the theory developed in an accompanying paper [1] that Lowrie-Fuller characteristics are an expression of the shapes of decay curves. The Lowrie-Fuller test, although its result can be expressed as a numerical parameter, is not capable of fine-scale classification of domain structure or grain size. The shape of the ARM induction curve does have a quasi-continuous variation with grain size, however. The parameter χar/Jrs (initial anhysteretic susceptibility normalized to saturation remanence), which is easily measured with standard paleomagnetic instrumentation, is potentially useful for magnetic granulometry, although χ ar itself was not diagnostic of grain size. 相似文献
17.
The results of a palaeomagnetic investigation of a 27 m thick loess/palaeosol sequence in Viatovo (NE Bulgaria) are presented in this paper. The sequence consists of topsoil S 0, seven loess horizons (L 1–L 7) and six interbedded palaeosols (S 1–S 6) overlying a red clay (terra rossa) complex. Magnetic viscosity experiments, IRM acquisition, AMS analysis and NRM stepwise alternating and thermal demagnetisation experiments of pilot samples were implemented for precise determination of the characteristic remanence and construction of a reliable magnetostratigraphical scheme. Analysis of IRM acquisition curves using the expectation – maximization algorithm of Heslop et al. [Heslop, D., Dekkers, M., Kruiver, P., van Oorschot, H., 2002. Analysis of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves using the expectation – maximization algorithm. Geophys. J. Int., 148, 58–64] suggests that the best fitting is obtained by three coercivity components. Component 1 corresponds to SD maghemite/magnetite, while component 2 is probably related to the presence of oxidised detrital magnetites. The third component shows varying coercivities depending on the degree of pedogenic alteration of the samples and probably reflects the presence of detrital magnetite grains oxidised at different degree. The relevance of the Viatovo section as a key representative sequence for the loess cover in the Danube basin is confirmed by the presence of geomagnetic polarity changes in the lower part of the sequence. The youngest one recorded in the seventh loess unit L7 can be identified as corresponding to the Matuyama/Brunhes palaeomagnetic polarity transition. Two normal magnetozones were found in the red clay complex, probably corresponding to the Jaramillo and Olduvai subchronozones of the Matuyama chron. 相似文献
18.
The Thellier method for paleointensity determinations has been applied to prepared samples containing magnetites whose mean particle sizes range from single domain, SD, to multidomain, MD. Linear (ideal) PNRM-PTRM curves are obtained for samples containing SD and submicron magnetite particles. However, for MD particles non-linear (concave-up) PNRM-PTRM curves are observed such that a linear approximation to the lower blocking-temperature data leads to apparent paleointensities that are higher than the actual paleofield; however, the ratio of the end-points, NRM/TRM, yields the correct (laboratory) intensity. The non-linear (concave-up) PNRM-PTRM curves for the MD particles are explained in terms of the lack of symmetry of the domain-wall movements during the two heatings of the Thellier experiment. Low stabilities with respect to alternating fields and with respect to temperature cycles below magnetite's isotropic temperature are diagnostic in detecting samples most likely to exhibit non-linearities due to the MD effect. 相似文献
19.
ARM (anhysteretic remanence)/SIRM (saturation isothermal remanence) and TRM (thermoremanence)/SIRM were measured as a function of the concentration (volume fraction) of single-domain magnetite ( 3 × 10?6 ? C ? 2 × 10?2), ARM/SIRM increases with decreasing concentration, showing that there is magnetic interaction between fine particles. The role of magnetic interaction in TRM acquisition is also important at higher concentrations of magnetite ( C ? 0.1%), where the value of TRM/SIRM increases with decreasing concentration. It is only for concentrations of C ? 0.1% that the value of TRM/SIRM is fairly constant and interactions among magnetite grains seem to be ignored. The ratio TRM/ARM decreases from seven to almost unity as the concentration of magnetite decreases. 相似文献
20.
To test the reliability of the Thellier method for paleointensity determinations, we studied six historic lavas from Hawaii and two Gauss-age lava flows from Raiatea Island (French Polynesia). Our aim is to investigate the effects of the NRM fraction and concave-up behavior of NRM–thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) diagrams on paleointensity determinations. For the Hawaiian samples, the paleointensity results were investigated at both sample and site levels. For consistency and confidence in the paleointensity results, it is important to measure multiple samples from each cooling unit. The results from the Raiatea Island samples confirm that reliable paleointensities can be obtained from NRM–TRM diagrams with concave-up curvature, provided the data are accompanied by successful partial TRM (pTRM) checks and no significant chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) production. We conclude that reliable determinations of the paleofield strength require analyses of linear segments representing at least 40–50% of the total NRM. This new criterion has to be considered for future studies and for evaluating published paleointensities for calculating average geomagnetic field models. Using this condition together with other commonly employed selection criteria, the observed mean site paleointensities are typically within 10% of the Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field (DGRF). Our new results for the Hawaii 1960 lava flow are in excellent agreement with the expected value, in contrast to significant discrepancies observed in some earlier studies. Overestimates of paleointensity determinations can arise from cooling-rate dependence of TRM acquisition, viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) at elevated temperatures, and TRM properties of multidomain (MD) particles. These outcomes are exaggerated at lower temperature ranges. Therefore, we suggest that, provided the pTRM checks are successful and there is no significant CRM production, it is better to increase the NRM fraction used in paleointensity analyses rather than to maximize correlation coefficients of line segments on the NRM–TRM diagrams. We introduce the factor, Q = Nq, to assess the quality of the weighted mean paleointensity, Hw, for each cooling unit. 相似文献
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