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1.
以三维高分辨地震与海底高频地震仪（OBS）联合勘探数据为基础,获得海底之下沉积层的地震反射成像剖面及多波信息,并以此确定研究区含天然气水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度的变化特征.根据走时反演获得的横波速度与纵波速度对比分析发现,研究区海底之下500 m深度范围内的某些沉积层具有较高的纵横波速度,这一纵波速度升高区域与水合物稳定带对应,而纵波速度下降并且横波速度变化较小的区域,可能与游离气的存在相关.游离气的可能存在与基于这一区域2007年钻探测井结果的普遍认识不完全相符. 相似文献
2.
研究含天然气水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型与似海底反射层的振幅随入射角变化(AVA)特征. 基于时间平均-Wood加权方程、三相介质波传播理论模型和弹性模量模型,计算并阐述含天然气水合物岩石弹性参数与水合物饱和度、含游离气岩石弹性参数与游离气饱和度的关系;给出不同模型AVA特征. 结果表明,不同天然气水合物饱和度、不同游离气饱和度的各种组合呈现形态相似但反射系数值不同的AVA特征. 相似文献
3.
讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况，分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关，当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时，品质因子出现负异常，而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质，其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料，分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%，游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)05%～1%；而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%. 相似文献
4.
本文采用AVO数值模拟方法，共选取水合物系统分层结构6个模型，对水合物、游离气和饱水沉积物接触界面的反射特征进行了数值模拟，研究了BSR及双BSR的存在条件与水合物体系垂向分布的关系，对一些现象从理论上进行了阐明.主要结论是：（1）强的似海底反射界面BSR与游离气体的存在密不可分，实际地震剖面中的“BSR”可能不对应水合物而只对应气体，无明显BSR的地方可能有水合物.（2）水合物顶部有可能存在游离气体，它可以在正常BSR（BSR1）之上形成另一个具有正极性的似海底反射界面BSR2.（3）正常BSR之下的双BSR（BSR0）其弹性机理有两种可能，一是水合物之下游离气上升迁移遇到某种阻隔层或不同气体组分的自然分层所造成的气体垂向分布的梯度性差异；二是当水合物之下的游离气体中存在残存的水合物时，同样会形成一定强度的似海底反射，在这种情形下BSR0的极性比较难以判断，取决于残存水合物上下游离气的饱和度和残存水合物的厚度. 相似文献
5.
海底地震仪(OBS)资料同时具备纵波和转换横波的优势,但其接收站点少、接收间距大的特点导致其处理方式相对常规海洋地震资料而言具有极大的挑战.对本文主要针对于OBS资料处理的关键技术:利用直达波进行OBS重定位处理,保证后续处理的正确性;利用水检资料和陆检资料进行波场分离,获得上行波场和下行波场;利用下行波进行P波镜像叠前时间偏移处理;对转换横波利用欧拉重构进行重定向处理及极化旋转处理、进行转换横波叠前时间偏移处理.最终获得海底成像清楚、海底以下成像分辨率高、偏移归位准确的OBS纵剖面及相应的转换横波剖面.同时具备的纵、横波剖面利于解释专家对水合物成矿区域进行综合分析. 相似文献
6.
含水合物松散沉积物的声学特性对海上天然气水合物地球物理勘探和资源评价具有重要意义.研制了适用于高压条件下含水合物沉积物声学特性探测的纵横波一体化新型弯曲元换能器,提出利用频谱分析(FFT)和小波分析(WT)相结合的方法获取纵横波速度,并进行了多个轮次的水合物声学特性模拟实验研究.结果表明,新型弯曲元技术可以灵敏探测松散沉积物中水合物的生成和分解,随着水合物饱和度(Sh)的增大,纵横波速度呈规律性增长:当Sh<25%时,纵横波速度增长较快,水合物可能胶结沉积物颗粒生成;25%~60%之间,声速增长较为缓慢,水合物可能与沉积物颗粒呈接触关系;在Sh>60%时声速随着水合物饱和度增加又快速增长,表明水合物可能重新胶结沉积物颗粒生成. 相似文献
7.
对台湾西南海域增生楔部位长排列多道地震数据进行地震成像、速度分析、AVO分析、AVO反演处理,获得了天然气水合物多属性地震特征.在偏移剖面上,BSR与海底近似平行,极性与海底相反,穿越沉积层.AVO分析显示,强BSR振幅部位,BSR振幅随偏移距增大而增大.精细速度分析表明强BSR振幅下方存在纵波低速层.对应于强BSR振幅部位,AVO反演的P波、G波为相对高负值区,位于P、G交会图的第三象限,该部位泊松比变化率为负值,横波反射系数接近于零.以上多属性地震特征均预示着该区域可能存在天然气水合物层,且天然气水合物层下方可能存在游离甲烷气层. 相似文献
8.
9.
含水合物储层纵横波速度不仅与天然气水合物饱和度有关,还取决于水合物的赋存形态.本文基于考虑水合物微观形态的岩石物理模型预测了水合物海脊1247B和1250F井位的水合物饱和度,并与核磁共振——密度孔隙度评价的饱和度进行比较,以确定水合物在沉积物中的存在形态.而且对比了有效介质模型、改进的Boit-Gassmann模型和简化的三相方程在同一赋存形态下预测的饱和度,以此探究三种模型在含水合物储层定量评价中的适用性.对比预测结果显示,1247B和1250F井位的天然气水合物主要以骨架支撑形态存在.虽然各岩石物理模型在含水合物层段预测趋势一致,但是,相对于简化三相方程预测结果而言,有效介质模型和改进的BiotGassmann模型能更准确预测出海底沉积物中水合物饱和度,并且在同一种模型中纵横波速度联合反演比单纵波预测的水合物饱和度更合理. 相似文献
10.
天然气水合物(主要是甲烷水合物)因其重要的资源、环境意义越来越受人们关注.其在海底沉积物中的稳定存在及分布受温度、压力、甲烷供应量等因素的控制,勘探工作中,经常把似海底反射层(BSR)对应于甲烷水合物的稳定带底界(BHSZ).通过对南海北部地区甲烷水合物BHSZ与BSR的对比研究,我们发现在南海北部部分地区二者并不一致,二者之间的误差较大且呈一定的规律性分布,在神狐地区北部,水深较浅、沉积速率较快,BHSZ与BSR的误差为负,绝对值达192%;而在水深较深、基底为隆起的、沉积速率相对慢的神狐东南部,BHSZ与BSR的误差逐渐过渡到为正值,误差约为45%,我们综合分析了由速度-深度关系、BSR深度处反射时间、海底温度、平均热导率、静水/静岩压力模型、水合物稳定P-T方程等参数、流体活动性等计算参数可导致的的误差范围,最后认为导致BHSZ与BSR之间误差的主要因素可能是对BSR的理论认识上,在南海北部地区地震反射识别的部分BSR对应的可能是游离气带顶界(TFGZ)或古BSR或仅仅是由近水平地层或不整合面封存的含气层,而非传统意义上对应于BHSZ的BSR.而造成BHSZ与BSR规律性分布的基础地质因素则可能为在张裂基底上不同构造部位发育的不同的沉降、沉积过程及其热响应,进而造成不同的甲烷生成量、聚集量以及不同的水合物系统相对沉积物的迁移速率,最后产生不同深度的游离气顶界或不同深度的残留异常"古BSR"或含气层. 相似文献
11.
To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component (4C) ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates. 相似文献
12.
A. Ya. Golmshtok 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2014,50(4):528-542
The phase transition problem of methane hydrate in porous sediments is solved. Based on the obtained solution, the impact of faulting on the stability conditions of gas hydrates is investigated by the numerical modeling of the filtration and thermal regimes in the sedimentary cover of the Central Basin of Lake Baikal within the segment of the anomalous behavior of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR). It is assumed that such behavior is caused by the tectonic action. The calculations testify to the plausibility of the proposed model of formation of the anomalous area with total decomposition of the contained hydrates. It is shown that dissociation of gas hydrates in sediments due to faulting and the subsequent uplift of the products of these transformations along the incipient channel toward the bottom of the lake can result in the extensive accumulation of gas hydrates on this surface. It is also shown that if the total amount of the free gas, which left the hydrate dissociation zone, reached the level of the lake surface at normal pressure and temperature, its volume could be equivalent to the resources of a medium-size gas field. The results of numerical modeling the violation of the gas-hydrate stability conditions in Lake Baikal sediments can also be valid for the other regions with hydrate-bearing sediments if the case specific conditions and regional tectonic activity are taken into account. 相似文献
13.
J. FERTIG 《Geophysical Prospecting》1984,32(1):1-17
The most common source of seismic energy is an explosion at some depth in a borehole. The radiated waves are reflected not only at the subsurface layers but also at the free surface. The earth's surface acts as a generator of both P- and S-waves. If the source depth is much less than the dominant wavelength the reflected waves resemble closely the waves generated by a single force. Theoretical seismograms were computed with different methods to look for the relevance of the surface-reflected waves. The numerical experiments show reflected shear waves even for small shotpoint—receiver distances. Due to their polarization these waves can be detected most easily on in-line horizontal geophones. The existence of these waves was examined during a conventional survey in Northern Germany. Conventional data analysis shows a large variability in the νp/νs ratio. The method used here produced a shear-wave section with a rather good signal-to-noise ratio down to 4 s S-wave reflection time. 相似文献
14.
海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(III):似海底反射 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
对天然气水合物研究中与似海底反射有关的一些观点进行讨论 ,以推动天然气水合物地震研究的认识 .30年的似海底反射研究表明 ,似海底反射仍然是指示天然气水合物沉积存在的最好手段之一 .有似海底反射 ,是可以认为存在天然气水合物的 .虽然存在“游离气带速度模型”与“水合物楔速度模型” ,但似海底反射主要由天然气水合物稳定带底界下方的游离气引起 .BSR上方的天然气水合物、下方的游离气与天然气再循环和含甲烷的流体流有关 .由于天然气水合物稳定带计算控制因素难以准确确定等因素 ,似海底反射与天然气水合物稳定带底界只是近似的对应关系 .需从动态的观点考虑天然气水合物 天然气体系及其与似海底反射的关系 . 相似文献
15.
Improved estimates of the amount of subsurface gas hydrates are needed for natural resource, geohazard, and climate impact assessments. To evaluate gas hydrate saturation from seismic methods, the properties of pure gas hydrates need to be known. Whereas the properties of sediments, specifically sands, and hydrate‐bearing sediments are well studied, the properties of pure hydrates are largely unknown. Hence, we present laboratory ultrasonic P‐wave velocity and attenuation measurements on pure tetrahydrofuran hydrates as they form with reducing temperatures from 25°C to 1°C under atmospheric pressure conditions. Tetrahydrofuran hydrates, with structure II symmetry, are considered as proxies for the structure I methane hydrates because both have similar effects on elastic properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments. We find that although velocity increased, the waveform frequency content and amplitude decreased after the hydrate formation reaction was complete, indicating an increase in P‐wave attenuation after hydrate formation. When the tetrahydrofuran hydrate was cooled below the freezing point of water, velocity and quality factor increased. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance results indicate the presence of water in the “pure hydrate” samples above the water freezing point, but none below. The presence of liquid water between hydrate grains most likely causes heightened attenuation in tetrahydrofuran hydrates above the freezing point of water. In naturally occurring hydrates, a similarly high attenuation might relate to the presence of water. 相似文献
16.
Giuliana Rossi Davide Gei Gualtiero Böhm Gianni Madrussani José M. Carcione 《Geophysical Prospecting》2007,55(5):655-669
We estimate the quality factor (Q) from seismic reflections by using a tomographic inversion algorithm based on the frequency‐shift method. The algorithm is verified with a synthetic case and is applied to offshore data, acquired at western Svalbard, to detect the presence of bottom‐simulating reflectors (BSR) and gas hydrates. An array of 20 ocean‐bottom seismographs has been used. The combined use of traveltime and attenuation tomography provides a 3D velocity–Q cube, which can be used to map the spatial distribution of the gas‐hydrate concentration and free‐gas saturation. In general, high P‐wave velocity and quality factor indicate the presence of solid hydrates and low P‐wave velocity and quality factor correspond to free‐gas bearing sediments. The Q‐values vary between 200 and 25, with higher values (150–200) above the BSR and lower values below the BSR (25–40). These results seem to confirm that hydrates cement the grains, and attenuation decreases with increasing hydrate concentration. 相似文献
17.
A direct detection of hydrocarbons is used by connecting increased attenuation of seismic waves with oil and gas fields. This study analyzes the seismic attenuation of P- and S-waves in one tight sandstone gas reservoir and attempts to give the quantitative distinguishing results of gas and water by the characteristics of the seismic attenuation of P- and S-waves. The Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) is used to better measure attenuation associated with gas saturation. A formation absorption section is defined to compute the values of attenuation using the common frequency sections obtained by the HHT method. Values of attenuation have been extracted from three seismic sections intersecting three different wells: one gas-saturated well, one fully water-saturated well, and one gas- and water- saturated well. For the seismic data from the Sulige gas field located in northwest Ordos Basin, China, we observed that in the gas-saturated media the S-wave attenuation was very low and much lower than the P-wave attenuation. In the fully water-saturated media the S-wave attenuation was higher than the P-wave attenuation. We suggest that the joint application of P- and S-wave attenuation can improve the direct detection between gas and water in seismic sections. This study is hoped to be useful in seismic exploration as an aid for distinguishing gas and water from gas- and water-bearing formations. 相似文献
18.
Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis and waveform inversion are techniques used to determine qualitative or quantitative information on gas hydrates and free gas in sediments. However, the quantitative contribution of gas hydrates to the acoustic impedance contrast observed at the bottom‐simulating reflector and the reliability of quantitative AVO analyses are still topics of discussion. In this study, common‐midpoint gathers from multichannel wide‐angle reflection seismic data, acquired offshore Costa Rica, have been processed to preserve true amplitude information at the bottom‐simulating reflector for a quantitative AVO analysis incorporating angles of incidence of up to 60°. Corrections were applied for effects that significantly alter the observed amplitudes, such as the source directivity. AVO and rock‐physics modelling indicate that free gas immediately beneath the gas‐hydrate stability zone can be detected and low concentrations can be quantified from AVO analysis, whereas the offset‐dependent reflectivity is not sensitive to gas‐hydrate concentrations of less than about 10% at the base of the gas‐hydrate stability zone. Bulk free‐gas saturations up to 5% have been determined from the reflection seismic data assuming a homogeneous distribution of free gas in the sediment. Assuming a patchy distribution of free gas increases the estimated concentrations up to 14%. There is a patchy occurrence of bottom‐simulating reflectors south‐east of the Nicoya Peninsula on the continental margin, offshore Costa Rica. AVO analysis indicates that this phenomenon is related to the local presence of free gas beneath the gas‐hydrate stability zone, probably related to a focused vertical fluid flow. In areas without bottom‐simulating reflectors, the results indicate that no free gas is present. 相似文献
19.
地球物理技术在天然气水合物预测中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the sensitivity of geophysical response to gas hydrates contained in sediments, we studied the prediction of gas hydrates with seismic techniques, including seismic attributes analysis, AVO, inverted velocity field construction for dipping formations, and pseudo-well constrained impedance inversion. We used an optimal integration of geophysical techniques results in a set of reliable and effective workflows to predict gas hydrates. The results show that the integrated analysis of the combination of reflectivity amplitude, instantaneous phase, interval velocity, relative impedance, absolute impedance, and AVO intercept is a valid combination of techniques for identifying the BSR （Bottom Simulated Reflector） from the lower boundary of the gas hydrates. Integration of seismic sections, relative and absolute impedance sections, and interval velocity sections can improve the validity of gas hydrates determination. The combination of instantaneous frequency, energy half attenuation time, interval velocity, AVO intercept, AVO product, and AVO fluid factor accurately locates the escaped gas beneath the BSR. With these conclusions, the combined techniques have been used to successfully predict the gas hydrates in the Dongsha Sea area. 相似文献
20.
C. P. A. WAPENAAR P. HERRMANN D. J. VERSCHUUR A. J. BERKHOUT 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(6):633-661
Inversion of multicomponent seismic data can be subdivided in three main processes: (1) Surface-related preprocessing (decomposition of the multicomponent data into ‘primary’ P-and S-wave responses). (2) Prestack migration of the primary P- and S-wave responses, yielding the (angle-dependent) P-P, P-S, S-P and S-S reflectivity of the subsurface. (3) Target-related post-processing (transformation of the reflectivity into the rock and pore parameters in the target). This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of surface-related preprocessing. In a multicomponent seismic data set the P- and S-wave responses of the subsurface are distorted by two main causes: (1) The seismic vibrators always radiate a mixture of P- and S-waves into the subsurface. Similarly, the geophones always measure a mixture of P- and S-waves. (2) The free surface reflects any upgoing wave fully back into the subsurface. This gives rise to strong multiple reflections, including conversions. Therefore, surface-related preprocessing consists of two steps: (1)Decomposition of the multicomponent data (pseudo P- and S-wave responses) into true P- and S-wave responses. In practice this procedure involves (a) decomposition per common shot record of the particle velocity vector into scalar upgoing P- and S-waves, followed by (b) decomposition per common receiver record of the traction vector into scalar downgoing P- and S-waves. (2) Elimination of the surface-related multiple reflections and conversions. In this procedure the free surface is replaced by a reflection-free surface. The effect is that we obtain ‘primary’ P-and S-wave responses, that contain internal multiples only. An interesting aspect of the procedure is that no knowledge of the subsurface is required. In fact, the subsurface may have any degree of complexity. Both the decomposition step and the multiple elimination step are fully determined by the medium parameters at the free surface only. After surface-related preprocessing, the scalar P- and S-wave responses can be further processed independently by existing scalar algorithms. 相似文献