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我们把处于亚失稳阶段的断裂简称为亚失稳断裂,亚失稳阶段是断层临近失稳的最后阶段,识别这个阶段并判断出地震最终的发生位置是一个关键的科学问题.参考实验室关于断层亚失稳应力状态的研究结果,以6.8级以上地震为研究的目标地震,提出判定具备发生6.8级以上地震的亚失稳断裂研究方法：①构造区Benioff应变积累支持6.8级以上地震发生;②从高应变积累构造区中找出高应变积累且应变开始缓慢释放的断裂;③区分断裂的积累段和释放段,根据断裂释放段的协同化程度判定其是否处于亚失稳阶段,寻找失稳部位;④断裂Benioff应变是否符合加速释放模型,分析亚失稳断裂发震的紧迫性.本文以南天山西段为研究区,使用亚失稳断裂判定方法对2008年10月5日乌恰6.8级地震进行回溯性研究,结果显示卡兹克阿尔特断裂在主震前具备上述4个条件,预测取得较好的效果;进而使用该方法对研究区现今应力状态进行探索性预测研究,发现目前柯坪断裂符合亚失稳状态条件的前三条,需关注该断裂的地震活动. 相似文献
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昆仑Ms 8.1地震前青藏块体北、东缘水平运动变形的关联特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
青藏块体东北缘和川滇GPS监测区1991(1993)、1999和2001年高精度GPS观测资料揭示：2001年11月14日昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体北、东缘构造区域水平运动变形场动态演变具有一定的关联性特征。即：在继承性运动总体背景下，临近大震发生时两区域运动强度同步减弱且变形状态发生变化。结合地质构造分析研究认为，昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体边界运动变形的关联性变化与大震孕育后期大范围应力应变快速积累所形成的扰动应力场有关；随着块体内部大震的发生、应变能的大量释放和构造应力场的调整，可能会促使块体边界地带具有较高应变积累的相关构造部位(尤其是未被历史强震破裂贯通的地带)的应力应变的进一步积累或破裂释放。 相似文献
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亚失稳阶段是指应力从峰值时刻到产生快速应力降起始时刻之间的阶段,是断层临近失稳的最后阶段,也是区域应力状态由积累为主转变为释放为主的阶段。识别断层的亚失稳应力状态、探讨强震亚失稳阶段即将面临的失稳部位的特征,寻找确认方法是一个很有现实意义,又很有挑战意义的科学问题。在实验室得到的断层亚失稳阶段的特点为野外识别亚失稳应力状态打下了基础。论文结合实验室已有结果,对处于亚失稳应力状态断层的特点进行了初步探索,研究了失稳前发震断裂的演化,分析了断裂协同化过程及应力状态;初步得到野外强震前断层的亚失稳阶段特征、演化过程以及可能的判定指标。地震发生过程中构造应力和应变的变化可以用Benioff应变分析法对其地震活动进行定量描述,分析研究区应变积累释放特征,探讨震前发震断裂是否存在地震加速活动现象或平静现象,以便与实验室应变观测结合起来进行分析。论文首先分析了前人利用Benioff应变研究加速释放方法的研究结果,探讨了其存在的问题,作者改进了已有方法。文中结合实验室研究结果给出了亚失稳断裂的研究方法,继而对南天山断裂带西段发生过2008年乌恰6.8级地震的卡兹克阿尔特断裂开展了回溯性研究,并使用该方法在研究区对目前的应力状态进行了预测性研究。其次以汶川M_S8.0地震为例,研究地震前后由于介质变化引起的远震转换波到时差的变化特征,从而分析震源区介质所处的应力状态。本项研究在以下方面取得进展:(1)把处于亚失稳阶段的断裂简称为亚失稳断裂,参考实验室关于断层亚失稳应力状态的研究结果,以Benioff应变积累达到支持7级以上地震发生的断裂为研究目标,提出判定亚失稳断裂的4步研究方法:(1)构造区Benioff应变积累足以支持7级以上地震发生;(2)从高应变积累构造区中找出高应变积累且应变开始缓慢释放的断裂;(3)区分断裂的积累段和释放段,根据断裂释放段的协同化程度判定其是否处于亚失稳阶段,寻找失稳部位;(4)判断断裂Benioff应变是否符合加速释放模型,分析亚失稳断裂发震的紧迫性。(2)文中在使用累积Benioff应变的加速释放模型方法时,地震序列的空间范围按断裂选取;在时间尺度选取上,取断裂Benioff应变积累释放曲线上最近的一次积累—缓慢释放时段进行分析。实验室岩石随着应力加载,亚失稳阶段应变积累、释放特征主要出现在断层附近。空间的这种选取方法根据实验室亚失稳阶段研究结果,有一定的构造物理意义。(3)本文以南天山西段为研究区,使用亚失稳断裂判定方法对2008年10月5日乌恰6.8级地震进行回溯性研究,结果显示,卡兹克阿尔特断裂在主震前满足亚失稳断裂判定方法的4个条件,取得了较好的效果;进而使用该方法对研究区现今应力状态进行预测性研究,发现目前柯坪断裂符合亚失稳状态条件的前3条:(1)南天山西段研究区的Benioff应变积累支持7级以上地震发生;(2)柯坪断裂累积Benioff应变支持6.8级以上地震发生,并且Benioff应变积累释放曲线出现波动、转平的趋势;(3)柯坪断裂77.5°—80°E的段落转为应变积累区,位于77.5°E以西的区域应变开始释放;但柯坪断裂目前不符合第4条,地震Benioff应变的释放不符合条件加速模型,表明断裂尚未进入加速协同化阶段。目前仍需密切关注该断裂的地震活动发展情况。(4)利用远震初至波穿越地壳、上地幔等速度界面时产生的一系列PS型透射转换波,测定远震PS转换波与初至P波的到时差Δt_(ps)=t_(ps)-t_p随时间的变化特征有可能监测孕震区转换界面以上有限的地层空间内介质物性的变化。选取2001—2012年作为研究时段,利用四川地震台网的YZP和JJS两台站记录到的兴都库什、苏门答腊南部地区两组震中距变化小于3°的远震,得到两个台站在2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震前后记录的转换波到时差Δt_(ps)的变化特征。结果表明,在2006年以前Δt_(ps)有一个缓慢增大的趋势;汶川地震前约2年左右的时间段内Δt_(ps)出现明显低值过程,最大降幅达0.2—0.3 s左右,超过测量误差4—5倍;震前约2—3个月低值有一定程度的回返。表明本文提出的远震转换波方法在地震监测中有很好的应用前景,值得进一步实验研究。 相似文献
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本文应用极值理论对鄂尔多斯北、东、西等三缘地区地震危险性作了估计。仅从该方法的统计预测的角度来看;北缘从1984年至1988年,西缘从1983年至1987年,东缘从1983年至1987年,分别具有发生6.0、6.3、5.7、级左右地震的危险性。 相似文献
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青藏块体东北缘主要断裂带断层形变时序特征与强震关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用青藏块体东北缘地区20世纪80年代末至2007年底的跨断层短水准流动观测资料,借助应变强度比指标,分析了该区主要活动断裂带的构造变形动态演化特征和分段差异性及与强震的孕育-发生过程的关系.结果表明:①各断裂带、断裂段应变强度比时序曲线对其上或边缘附近发生的5.8级以上地震反映较好,震前数月至1年左右时间内基本对应"明显上升-均值线以上峰值-回落"的过程;而断裂带(段)之间应变强度比显著差异对其交汇区及附近强震有一定预示意义.②昆仑山口西、玉门、民乐地震相继发生后,构造应力场经过一段时间的调整,目前青藏块体东北缘总体上处于新一轮能量积累状态,其中,祁连山断裂带-海原断裂和西秦岭北缘断层尤为明显. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2020,(2)
鄂尔多斯地块的运动学特征和动力学机制深受地学界关注。文中基于GPS数据和SKS剪切波分裂结果等地球物理资料,分析了鄂尔多斯地块及其周缘现今的壳幔运动学特征。结果表明,鄂尔多斯地块相对于欧亚大陆呈现逆时针旋转,欧拉极位于俄罗斯东南部,欧拉矢量为(50. 942±1. 935)°N,(115. 692±0. 303)°E,(0. 195±0. 006)°/Ma;块体内部变形微弱,GPS速率差异2mm/a,应变率5nano/a,应变时间序列的变化范围为-10～10nano,均在GPS的误差范围之内,表明在现有GPS资料的有效分辨范围内,鄂尔多斯块体内部相对完整,不存在明显的差异运动。块体西缘和东缘活动强烈,形成了2条明显的右旋剪切带,旋转速率为0. 2°～0. 4°/Ma;块体南缘和北缘活动较弱,边界断裂有左旋运动性质,旋转速率约0. 1°/Ma。青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯块体西缘的壳-幔变形完全一致,满足垂直贯通模型,变形由青藏高原东北缘强烈的推挤作用引起;块体南部到秦岭造山带的地震各向异性与绝对板块运动方向一致,表明该区域存在地幔流通道,且已深入到鄂尔多斯块体内部;山西断陷带到太行山的SKS剪切波分裂的快波偏振方向与软流圈地幔流动方向一致,表明该区域受控于太平洋板块的俯冲作用;鄂尔多斯块体内部微弱的SKS各向异性来自于克拉通内部"化石"的各向异性。综合上述资料分析,鄂尔多斯地块相对于其周缘的旋转运动可能主要来自于其周缘构造带在岩石圈和软流圈作用下的主动运动,块体的主动旋转可能比较微弱。 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献