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1.
This article presents long period ocean wave (swell) frequencies inverted from a 13-month dataset of high-frequency (HF) phased array radars and an assessment of these estimates by comparison with WAVEWATCH III model data. The method of swell frequency inversion from high-frequency radar sea echo Doppler spectra is described. Radar data were collected from a two-site HF Wellen Radar (WERA) radar system on the west coast of Brittany (France) operating at 12 MHz. A standard beam-forming processing technique has been used to obtain Doppler spectra of processed radar cells. Swell frequencies are obtained from the frequencies of particular spectral peaks of the second-order continuum in hourly averaged Doppler spectra. The data coverage of effective Doppler spectra considered for swell frequency estimates shows the influence of islands and shallow water effects. Swell estimates from both radar stations are in good agreement. The comparison of radar-derived results to WAVEWATCH III (WW3) estimates shows that radar measurements agree quite well with model results. The bias and standard deviation between two estimates are very small for swells with frequency less than 0.09 Hz (period >11 s), whereas radar estimates are generally lower than model estimates for shorter swells, along with higher standard deviation. Statistical analysis suggests that radar measurement uncertainty explains most of the difference between radar and model estimates. For each swell event, time series of frequency exhibits a quasi-linear frequency increase which is associated with the dispersive property of wave phase velocity. The use of swell frequency estimates from both radars on common radar cells only slightly increases the accuracy of swell frequency measurement.  相似文献   

2.
基于正则化方法的高频地波雷达海浪方向谱反演   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
提出了一种从高频地波雷达海面回波谱中提取海浪方向谱的新方法:基于高频电波海洋探测基本原理将线性化后的非线性积分方程离散为矩阵方程组,通过引入正则化数学模型将不适定方程转化为正规方程,然后采用奇异值分解法求解.对于正则化方法中正则化参数,采用L曲线法来确定.为了验证本文算法的有效性,分别在单部雷达和双部雷达探测下进行了不同噪声水平下的数值模拟,结果表明了该正则化反演方法的有效性.文中还给出了实测数据分析初步结果.该算法的工程性应用还需进一步研究.对于实际的地波雷达海浪反演具有良好的应用前景.  相似文献   

3.
High-frequency (HF) surface wave radars provide the unique capability to continuously monitor the coastal environment far beyond the range of conventional microwave radars. Bragg-resonant backscattering by ocean waves with half the electromagnetic radar wavelength allows ocean surface currents to be measured at distances up to 200 km. When a tsunami propagates from the deep ocean to shallow water, a specific ocean current signature is generated throughout the water column. Due to the long range of an HF radar, it is possible to detect this current signature at the shelf edge. When the shelf edge is about 100 km in front of the coastline, the radar can detect the tsunami about 45 min before it hits the coast, leaving enough time to issue an early warning. As up to now no HF radar measurements of an approaching tsunami exist, a simulation study has been done to fix parameters like the required spatial resolution or the maximum coherent integration time allowed. The simulation involves several steps, starting with the Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM) which is used to estimate the tsunami-induced current velocity at 1 km spatial resolution and 1 s time step. This ocean current signal is then superimposed to modelled and measured HF radar backscatter signals using a new modulation technique. After applying conventional HF radar signal processing techniques, the surface current maps contain the rapidly changing tsunami-induced current features, which can be compared to the HAMSOM data. The specific radial tsunami current signatures can clearly be observed in these maps, if appropriate spatial and temporal resolution is used. Based on the entropy of the ocean current maps, a tsunami detection algorithm is described which can be used to issue an automated tsunami warning message.  相似文献   

4.
We present observations of radar volume reflectivities under conditions of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) at three frequencies, i.e., 53.5, 224, and 930 MHz corresponding to Bragg wavelengths of 2.8, 0.67, and 0.16 m. These measurements were made with the ALWIN radar in Andenes and the EISCAT VHF and UHF radars in Tromsø. Contributions to the signal at 930 MHz by incoherent scatter are used to estimate electron number densities and their gradient at PMSE altitudes, and spectral width measurements of Doppler spectra recorded at 224 MHz are used to estimate the turbulent energy dissipation rate. We further derive a theoretical expression for the radar volume reflectivity for the case of turbulent scatter aided by a large Schmidt number (i.e., the current standard theory of PMSE) and show that our observations quantitatively agree with this theory if Schmidt numbers between 2500 and 5000 are assumed. We then show that these Schmidt numbers correspond to ice particles with radii in the range 20–30 nm which should frequently occur in the polar summer mesopause region. In addition, we show that for the short period when PMSE was observed at UHF frequencies the volume reflectivity is proportional to a factor determined by the turbulent energy dissipation rate, electron number density, and the electron number density gradient in agreement with theory. We consider our findings as strong support that PMSE at all considered frequencies is indeed created by turbulent scatter in the presence of a large Schmidt number. We finally highlight that ultimate proof of this concept will require the direct measurement of ice particle sizes in a PMSE environment probed by radars covering frequencies between 50 MHz and 1 GHz.  相似文献   

5.
Continuous MF and meteor radar observations allow detailed studies of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) as well as temperatures around the mesopause. This height region is characterized by a strong variability in winter due to enhanced planetary wave activity and related stratospheric warming events, which are distinct coupling processes between lower, middle and upper atmosphere. Here the variability of mesospheric winds and temperatures is discussed in relation with major and minor stratospheric warmings as observed during winter 2005/06 in comparison with results during winter 1998/99.Our studies are based on MF radar wind measurements at Andenes (69°N, 16°E), Poker Flat (65°N, 147°W) and Juliusruh (55°N, 13°E) as well as on meteor radar observations of winds and temperatures at Resolute Bay (75°N, 95°W), Andenes (69°N, 16°E) and Kühlungsborn (54°N, 12°E). Additionally, energy dissipation rates have been estimated from spectral width measurements using a 3 MHz Doppler radar near Andenes. Particular attention is directed to the changes of winds, turbulence and the gravity wave activity in the mesosphere in relation to the planetary wave activity in the stratosphere.Observations indicate an enhancement of planetary wave 1 activity in the mesosphere at high latitudes during major stratospheric warmings. Daily mean temperatures derived from meteor decay times indicate that strong warming events are connected with a cooling of the 90 km region by about 10–20 K. The onset of these cooling processes and the reversals of the mesospheric circulation to easterly winds occur some days before the changes of the zonal circulation in the stratosphere start indicating a downward propagation of the circulation disturbances from the MLT region to the stratosphere and troposphere during the stratospheric warming events. The short-term reversal of the mesospheric winds is followed by a period of strong westerly winds connected with enhanced turbulence rates and an increase of gravity wave activity in the altitude range 70–85 km.  相似文献   

6.
The development of ocean waves under explosive cyclones (ECs) is investigated in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean using a hindcast wave simulation around Japan during the period 1994 through 2014. A composite analysis of the ocean wave fields under ECs is used to investigate how the spatial patterns of the spectral wave parameters develop over time. Using dual criteria of a drop in sea level pressure below 980 hPa at the center of a cyclone and a decrease of at least 12 hPa over a 12-h period, ECs are identified in atmospheric reanalysis data. Two areas under an EC were identified with narrow directional spectra: the cold side of a warm front and the right-hand side of an EC (relative to the propagating direction). Because ECs are associated with atmospheric fronts, ocean waves develop very differently under ECs than they do under tropical cyclones. Moreover, ECs evolve very rapidly such that the development of the ocean wave field lags behind the peak wind speed by hours. In a case study of an EC that occurred in January 2013, the wave spectrum indicates that a warm front played a critical role in generating distinct ocean wave systems in the warm and cold zones along the warm front. Both the warm and cold zones have narrow directional and frequency spectra. In contrast, the ocean wave field in the third quadrant (rear left area relative to the propagation direction) of the EC is composed of swell and wind sea systems propagating in different directions.  相似文献   

7.
This paper compares the response of a jacket-supported offshore wind turbine (OWT) under wave loading, when (a) soil–structure interaction (SSI) is ignored and (b) SSI is considered. The jacket is placed in a water depth of 70 m and soil conditions off the west coast of India are used in the study. The rotor of the OWT is considered to be parked, under a survival average wind speed of 50 m/s, significant waver height Hs=16 m and peak spectral period Tp=18 s. The significance of includng SSI in OWT studies is investigated by means of pushover analyses and irregular-wave dynamic analyses. Modal studies are performed to determine the variation in the free-vibration response of the two cases. It is observed that ignoring SSI tends to over-estimate the ultimate strength characteristics of the OWT by 3–60% in various modes or increase the tower top displacement above serviceable limit. For dynamics analysis, the wave elevation is generated using wave superposition method. The JONSWAP wave spectrum is discretized using constant area method which introduces additional uncertainty. The analysis shows that approximately 200 frequencies are necessary using constant area method to capture the tail region appropriately. Also the statistical uncertainty in the generation of wave elevation for dynamic analyses is quantified by means of sample convergence studies. The results show that approximately 20–40 samples are required in order to obtain reasonable statistics.  相似文献   

8.
Ocean wave imaging mechanism by imaging radar   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Analytical representations of the high frequency spectra of ocean wave and its variation due to the variation of ocean surface current are derived from the wave-number spectrum balance equation. The ocean surface imaging formulation of real aperture radar (RAR) is given using electromagnetic wave backscattering theory of ocean surface and the modulations of ocean surface winds, currents and their variations to RAR are described. A general representation of the phase modulation induced by the ocean surface motion is derived according to standard synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging theory. The detectability of ocean current and sea bottom topography by imaging radar is discussed. The results constitute the theoretical basis for detecting ocean wave fields, ocean surface winds, ocean surface current fields, sea bottom topography, internal wave and so on.  相似文献   

9.
Simultaneous observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) have been carried out during summer 1994 in northern Norway using three radars on different frequencies: the ALOMAR SOUSY radar at Andenes on 53.5 MHz, the EISCAT VHP radar at Tromsø on 224 MHz and the MF radar at Tromsø on 2.78 MHz. During the common measuring period in July/August 1994, PMSE could be detected at 224 and 53.5 MHz, and there are strong hints that PMSE also occur at 2.78 MHz. Reliable correlations between hourly backscattered power values indicate that the PMSE structures have zonal extensions of more than 130 km and can be detected at very different scales (half wavelength) between 0.67 (EISCAT VHP radar) and 54 m (MF radar). Using the wind values derived by the MF radar it can be shown that the mesospheric wind field influences the structure of PMSE. The diurnal variation of PMSE is strongly connected with tidal-wind components, whereas spatial differences of PMSE can partly be explained by the mean wind field.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

By using an empirical expression relating the rate of increase in wave energy to the local wind speed, an equation for the phase speed at the peak of the wave spectrum is derived. The solution of the equation is determined for some simple wind fields. In particular, the wave field caused by a localised storm moving steadily over an unbounded ocean is considered. It is also shown that only a small fraction of the momentum transferred from the wind into the water propagates away from a local storm area in the form of wave momentum.  相似文献   

11.
Results from coordinated measurements of OI 630.0 nm dayglow intensities (centered on ∼220 km altitude), along with VHF (50 MHz) coherent backscatter returns from Thiruvananthapuram, a dip equatorial station in India, revealed that the temporal variability at short periods (<4 h) of the Doppler frequency of the coherently backscattered 50 MHz radar signal in the electrojet region (∼101 km altitude) preceded the dayglow variations. The time delay was found to be inversely related to the electric field magnitude inferred from the Doppler frequency and also with the independently estimated electrojet strength inferred from the ground magnetic data. These results are presented as direct evidence for the prevailing electrodynamic coupling between the E- and F-region of the ionosphere over the dip equator.  相似文献   

12.
机载SAR对海探测时,探测范围小和时空匹配难等局限使其无法借助风条纹和辅助资料反演海面风矢量.本文在仿真研究CMOD5.N地球物理模型参数的函数关系,实例分析机载SAR探测图像中距离向均值曲线变化规律的基础上,发现相同风向、风速条件下,CMOD5.N模型构建的标准曲线和探测图像的距离向均值曲线遵循统一的归一化雷达截面随入射角变化规律,且两者具有良好的相关性.据此,本文提出将距离向均值曲线与标准曲线逐条匹配,采用相关系数判定两者的相关程度,选择使得相关系数绝对值最大的标准曲线作为最优匹配曲线,进而直接确定风向和风速的海面风矢量反演方法.机载SAR飞行探测实验结果表明,海面风矢量反演结果与浮标观测结果的均方根误差为风向11.3°,风速0.9m·s-1,高于反演精度指标要求,原因在于该方法既避免了机载SAR探测图像中斑点噪声的影响,又不会产生局部最优解,提高了海面风矢量反演精度.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Data are presented concerning Reynolds Stresses in wind waves obtained from time series records of horizontal and vertical velocity components of motion beneath the ocean free surface. The stresses, of the order of 25 dyne cm–2, are generally positive indicating horizontal momentum transfer downward through the dynamic wind wave regime. The magnitude of the observed stress increases with wind speed and sea state. The co-spectra show strong negative peaks which appear at the ambient wave frequencies and indicate that the correlations or eddy stresses of the gross wave motions are responsible for the momentum flux. This is a corroboration of results reported previously by the writer in this journal.  相似文献   

14.
地面电磁法在实际工作中在很大程度上受到了探测深度和分辨率的限制.为了克服这些缺点,出现了井间电磁法.井间电磁法指的是在两个(或多个)钻孔中分别发射或接收电磁波信号,利用电磁波信号进行成像并探测井间物理性质的地球物理方法.由于发射机和接收机可以分别放置在很深钻孔中,其具有大透距、大探测深度的特点,因而广泛应用于工程环境物探、矿产勘查、石油勘探等中.针对不同的应用,产生了各具特点的一些特殊方法,包括井间无线电波成像、跨孔雷达、井间电磁成像.井间无线电波成像仪目前只测量电场强度数据,工作频率低,一般是单频的电磁波,频率范围通常在1 kHz至10 MHz.由于缺少走时数据修正射线路径,井间无线电波成像主要是进行基于直射线追踪的衰减层析成像.井间无线电波成像既可用于工程与环境地球物理也可用于找矿.跨孔雷达是钻孔雷达的一种探测方式,用高频电磁脉冲探测两个井孔间介电常数和电导率的变化.跨孔雷达层析成像也叫地质雷达CT,既可进行走时成像,还可进行衰减成像.一般来说,地质雷达CT的电磁波工作频率较高,中心频率通常在10 MHz和1 GHz之间,因此在分辨率指标上占有优势,跨孔雷达主要用于工程与环境地球物理.井间电磁成像采用更低的频率,测量复电磁信号,适合油气储集层监测,是一种地球物理前沿技术.经过在多个试验区初步试验表明,井间电磁成像是油藏研究的有效手段,可用于分析剩余油分布,寻找油气富集区,进而达到提高钻探高效井成功率和提高采收率的目的.本文详细介绍对比了这三种方法在理论和实践中的一些特点,并对未来的发展进行了展望.  相似文献   

15.
Z.M.  S.  J.  J.P.  G. 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2007,62(4):361-374
This paper demonstrates that the direct wave of a radar ground-coupled antenna may be used for the nondestructive assessment of the physical condition of concrete, which directly influences the corrosion of the reinforcing bars in the structure. The validity of this method was evaluated by a comparison with the electrical resistivity method, which is frequently used for the evaluation of corrosion probability. Both methods were implemented in the laboratory on 72 concrete samples (25 × 25 × 8 cm3) with various degrees of saturation and chloride contamination levels. On-site investigations were also carried out on the concrete slab (1080 m2) of a car-park.The results of the laboratory tests show that the radar direct signal is strongly affected by variations in concrete moisture and chloride contamination level. The tests performed in real conditions confirm the good correlation between radar direct wave attenuation and electrical resistivity and, thus, the aptitude of the radar direct wave to detect concrete conditions leading to reinforcement corrosion.  相似文献   

16.
“龙王”台风期间高频地波雷达数据分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
OSMAR2003岸基高频地波雷达系统由武汉大学电波传播实验室研制并于2005年应用于福建沿海,能够全天候、大面积探测台湾海峡内海洋表面动力学要素. 本文首先将0519号台风期间高频地波雷达的测量数据与局部点的浮标数据对比，然后又对大面积海域内雷达测量风场与uikSCAT卫星遥感数据进行了对比分析. 结果表明高频地波雷达较好地反映了台风期间台湾海峡内风场的空间分布及其发展变化情况，具有一定的灾害性海洋天气监测能力.  相似文献   

17.
Using over 20 years of ground-based magnetometer data from the CANOPUS/CARISMA magnetometer array, we present a statistical characterisation of Pc5 ultra-low frequency (ULF) power in the 2–10 mHz band as a function of magnetic local time (MLT), L-shell, and solar wind speed. We examine the power across L-shells between 4.2 and 7.9, using data from the PINA, ISLL, GILL and FCHU stations, and demonstrate that there is a significant MLT dependence in both the H- and D-component median 2–10 mHz power during both fast (>500 km/s) and slow (<500 km/s) solar wind speeds. The H-component power consistently dominates over D-component power at all MLTs and during both fast and slow solar wind. At the higher-L stations (L>5.4), there are strong MLT power peaks in the morning and midnight local time sectors; the morning sector dominating midnight during fast solar wind events. At lower L-shells, there is no evidence of the midnight peak and the 2–10 mHz power is more symmetric with respect to MLT except during the fastest solar wind speeds. There is little evidence in the ground-based power of a localised MLT peak in ULF power at dusk, except at the lowest L-shell station, predominantly in the H-component. The median 2–10 mHz power increases with an approximate power law dependence on solar wind speed, at all local times across the L-shell domain studied in both components. The H-component power peaks at the latitude of the GILL station, with significantly lower power at both higher and lower L-shells. Conversely, the D-component power increases monotonically. We believe that this is evidence for 2–10 mHz power accumulating at auroral latitudes in field line resonances. Finally, we discuss how such ULF wave power characterisation might be used to derive empirical radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients based on, and driven by, the solar wind speed dependence of ULF wave power.  相似文献   

18.
Ballast fouling is created by the breakdown of aggregates or outside contamination by coal dust from coal trains, or from soil intrusion beneath rail track. Due to ballast fouling, the conditions of rail track can be deteriorated considerably depending on the type of fouling material and the degree of fouling. So far there is no comprehensive guideline available to identify the critical degree of fouling for different types of fouling materials. This paper presents the identification of degree of fouling and types of fouling using non-destructive testing, namely seismic surface-wave and ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey. To understand this, a model rail track with different degree of fouling has been constructed in Civil engineering laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia. Shear wave velocity obtained from seismic survey has been employed to identify the degree of fouling and types of fouling material. It is found that shear wave velocity of fouled ballast increases initially, reaches optimum fouling point (OFP), and decreases when the fouling increases. The degree of fouling corresponding after which the shear wave velocity of fouled ballast will be smaller than that of clean ballast is called the critical fouling point (CFP). Ground penetrating radar with four different ground coupled antennas (500 MHz, 800 MHz, 1.6 GHz and 2.3 GHz) was also used to identify the ballast fouling condition. It is found that the 800 MHz ground coupled antenna gives a better signal in assessing the ballast fouling condition. Seismic survey is relatively slow when compared to GPR survey however it gives quantifiable results. In contrast, GPR survey is faster and better in estimating the depth of fouling.  相似文献   

19.
A theoretical framework to include the influences of nonbreaking surface waves in ocean general circulation models is established based on Reynolds stresses and fluxes terms derived from surface wave-induced fluctuation. An expression for the wave-induced viscosity and diffusivity as a function of the wave number spectrum is derived for infinite and finite water depths; this derivation allows the coupling of ocean circulation models with a wave number spectrum numerical model. In the case of monochromatic surface wave, the wave-induced viscosity and diffusivity are functions of the Stokes drift. The influence of the wave-induced mixing scheme on global ocean circulation models was tested with the Princeton Ocean Model, indicating significant improvement in upper ocean thermal structure and mixed layer depth compared with mixing obtained by the Mellor–Yamada scheme without the wave influence. For example, the model–observation correlation coefficient of the upper 100-m temperature along 35° N increases from 0.68 without wave influence to 0.93 with wave influence. The wave-induced Reynolds stress can reach up to about 5% of the wind stress in high latitudes, and drive 2–3 Sv transport in the global ocean in the form of mesoscale eddies with diameter of 500–1,000 km. The surface wave-induced mixing is more pronounced in middle and high latitudes during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere and in middle latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.  相似文献   

20.
A comprehensive study is performed on the dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbine (OWT) structure supported on monopile foundation in clay. The system is modeled using a beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation model. Soil resistance is modeled using American Petroleum Institute based cyclic p–y and t–z curves. Dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain using finite element method considering wind and wave loads. Several parameters, such as soil–monopile–tower interaction, rotor and wave frequencies, wind and wave loading parameters, and length, diameter and thickness of monopile affecting the dynamic characteristics of OWT system and the responses are investigated. The study shows soil–monopile–tower interaction increases response of tower and monopile. Soil nonlinearity increases the system response at higher wind speed. Rotor frequency is found to have dominant role than blade passing frequency and wave frequency. Magnitude of wave load is important for design rather than resonance from wave frequency.  相似文献   

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