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水动力条件下太湖透明度模拟研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据太湖实测资料分析得到了太湖悬浮物浓度和透明度之间呈现明显的反比关系, 归纳总结了以往研究成果中建立的太湖透明度与悬浮物浓度之间的关系, 说明可以通过模拟太湖悬浮物来反映太湖透明度的变化规律. 实测资料表明, 不同水深处的悬浮物浓度与风速的变化趋势大致相近, 风速越大, 悬浮物浓度越大. 太湖波浪、湖流与悬浮物浓度均呈现正相关关系, 悬浮物浓度随着波浪和湖流的增大而增大, 但波浪是影响底泥再悬浮的主要因素, 流速次之. 建立了太湖湖流、波浪和悬浮物耦合的数学模型, 在悬浮物模型中考虑了波浪和湖流的综合影响. 并将床面层附近底泥的起悬量和沉降量分开处理, 考虑了近底水流中湍流脉动的随机特性, 引入了底泥起悬条件. 模型清楚地反映出了悬浮物中的底泥颗粒与床面层内运动底泥及床面活动底泥发生相互交换过程中的两个方面. 模拟结果表明太湖悬浮物沿岸区域受湖流的影响较大, 湖心区域受波浪影响较大. 利用该模型, 模拟了太湖悬浮物和透明度的变化规律, 模拟结果被实测值较好验证, 说明所建立的模型是基本合理的, 可用来进行太湖透明度的模拟和预测. 相似文献
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不同水动力扰动下太湖沉积物的悬浮特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
利用2002年7月及2003年4月分别在太湖乌龟山和梅梁湾的水动力观测资料,计算了波浪和湖流产生的湖底切应力,分析了二者对太湖沉积物悬浮的不同贡献.结果发现,在小扰动情况下,流切应力大于波切应力,但不能引起沉积物的悬浮;在强扰动情况下,底流对沉积物悬浮的影响可以忽略,且扰动越强,其作用越小,而波浪的影响却愈加突出;在中等扰动下,二者的相互作用产生沉积物的悬浮,但波浪的作用较为显著.该结论能为计算太湖水体悬浮物浓度和动态内源释放提供重要的参考依据. 相似文献
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波浪水槽中研究了小波掀沙(波高8.77cm,波周期0.8s)和大波掀沙(波高12.31cm和13.29cm,波周期1.0s)对太湖沉积物悬浮及N、P营养盐释放的作用规律.结果显示:小波掀沙时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,SS浓度最高时仅13.6mg/L;大波掀沙时,底泥大规模悬浮,SS浓度最高达达245.2mg/L水体悬浮物、营养盐浓度变化滞后波高变化1h以上.当波高改变1h后,水体悬浮物、N、P营养盐浓度才改变到相应的平衡浓度.除总磷浓度显著提高外,小波掀沙对水体N、P浓度的影响很小,大波掀沙则显著提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、总磷、总溶解磷、氨氮(NH4 -N)、溶解性活性磷(SRP),其中NH4 -N、SRP最大增幅达30％和20％.小波和大波掀沙过程中,水体溶解氧浓度均持续增加,掀沙2h后增高2mg/L,溶解性有机碳持续下降,2h后下降33％-51％.试验结果表明,掀沙过程中水体充氧及颗粒物的絮凝、吸附作用可能是限制NH4 -N、SRP浓度增高的重要因素之一. 相似文献
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沉降运动是悬浮物主要运动形式之一,是影响营养盐内源释放的主要运动过程,研究悬浮物沉降速度对湖泊富营养化的研究具有重要意义.为了解浅水湖泊悬浮物的沉降特征,以太湖梅梁湾为例,采用声学多普勒流速仪,光学后向散射浊度仪以及风速风向仪在梅梁湾进行了连续9 d的野外观测.采用扩散沉降平衡的方法计算小风速情况下悬浮物的沉降速度,并对沉降速度与垂向流速、风速、悬浮物浓度的关系进行分析.结果表明悬浮物平均沉降速度为0.0785 mm/s,表层垂向流速和悬浮物浓度对悬浮物沉降速度变化起主要作用;而在底层,风速、垂向流速、悬浮物浓度都对悬浮物运动有重要影响,具体表现为风速1.5 m/s时,垂向流速紊动增大,悬浮物因起悬而浓度较大,并且沉降速度波动较大;风速1.5 m/s时,垂向流速基本向下且流速较小,沉降速度也较小.本文揭示了大型浅水湖泊悬浮物的动态沉降特征,为今后太湖污染物的输移、水环境数学模型和湖泊富营养化的深入研究奠定了必要的基础. 相似文献
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风浪扰动下湖滨带悬浮物和营养盐响应特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究风浪扰动下沉积物起悬过程中悬浮物浓度的分布特征和水体营养盐时空分布状况,以太湖西北湖滨带为例,选择代表4种不同生境的6个点位进行了连续12 d的野外观测.利用高精度分层同步采样装置,采用重量法计算悬浮量,并对悬浮过程中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度进行分析.结果表明:风速是引起太湖西北湖滨带水体悬浮物增加的主要因素,沉积物悬浮的临界风速为3.6 m/s.各点位悬浮物浓度的均值差异明显,表现为:无植被区植被区河口区湖心区.太湖西北湖滨带水体氮、磷浓度日变化幅度较大,TN浓度为1.82~4.96 mg/L,TP浓度为0.10~1.47 mg/L.NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度分别在0.09~2.83和1.05~3.69 mg/L之间波动.近岸无植被区水柱的总悬浮量与风速的相关性最好,相关系数达到0.722;而远岸湖心区与风速的相关系数仅为0.039.悬浮物浓度除了受风情(风向和风速)的影响外,同样受水深、地形特征和水生植被的影响. 相似文献
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浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放的波浪水槽试验研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对沉积物内源营养盐释放的规律,采用波浪水槽试验研究了波浪扰动对太湖和巢湖沉积物悬浮和磷释放的作用.试验结果显示在强波浪扰动下,底泥大规模悬浮,使得水体中悬浮固体(SS)、总磷(TP)和溶解性总磷(DTP)含量显著升高,太湖和巢湖底泥水槽试验中上覆水体TP含量分别升高了6倍和3倍,DTP分别升高了1倍和70％,太湖底泥试验中溶解性活性磷(SRP)含量亦升高了25％.掀沙过程中,不但表层底泥间隙水中的溶解性磷释放到上覆水体当中,沉积物颗粒所吸附的磷也大量转化为SRP而解吸释放.然而,强波浪掀沙一段时间后,溶解态磷的释放逐渐受到限制.随着波浪扰动作用的持续,悬浮物的中值粒径减小,细颗粒组分的百分含量明显增加,使得悬浮物对溶解态磷的吸附能力增强;波浪扰动显著提高了水体的溶解氧浓度,也会促进水体铁锰物质的氧化,增大其对磷酸根离子的吸附能力.这些变化可能是波浪掀沙后期限制水体SRP浓度进一步升高的主要原因.太湖底泥波浪水槽试验的结果与太湖梅梁湾中心区域常见风浪扰动下底泥的悬浮起动情况相吻合,底泥起动的临界切应力也基本相同,强波浪掀沙的切应力条件及水体SS,TP及SRP浓度变化的特点也一致,表明本实验的结果接近太湖的实际状况.本研究说明太湖的水动力扰动能显著提高水体TP及SRP浓度,大波掀沙初期对底泥磷释放的影响最大,后期的影响强度则有所下降. 相似文献
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不同溶解氧水平下湖泊底泥-水界面磷交换影响因素分析 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
在实验室控制条件下,研究了玄武湖底泥在饱和溶解氧、75%、50%、25%、0%溶解氧水平下底泥-水界面磷交换,探讨了溶解氧对底泥-水界面磷交换的影响途径.结果表明:(1)上覆水溶解氧与玄武湖底泥溶解性磷酸盐、溶解性总磷释放速率呈开口向上的抛物线关系;(2)上覆水溶解氧水平可以决定磷在底泥-水界面交换中的转换方向,而且还影响间隙水中溶解氧扩散深度,25%、50%、75%和饱和溶解氧水平下溶解氧最大扩散深度分别为0.974cm、1.377cm、1.687cm和1.948cm,溶解氧在间隙水中最大扩散深度影响底泥-水界面的磷交换;(3)溶解氧可通过影响底泥-水界面处电位、藻类聚磷作用以及pH来影响底泥-水界面的磷交换. 相似文献
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研究湿地底泥污染特性及水-土界面边界层性质是明确大型人工湿地长期运行下底泥内源污染问题的关键.本文以典型人工湿地为例，通过综合布点垂向分层监测湿地底泥理化性质，明确底泥污染特性，分析水-土界面边界氧化层现象、性质及形成机理，探讨其性质成因.结果表明：与湖泊类似，长期运行人工湿地底泥也会产生氧化层，垂向由上到下分为氧化层、污染层、过渡层和健康层；运行6年的湿地底泥可形成厚约1 cm、无明显臭味、棕黄色可塑状的氧化层；与污染层相比，氧化层色味变淡、流动性减弱，含水率、d（0.9）、亚铁、总有机碳和总氮含量分别降低7.20%、54.04%、54.59%、17.89%和7.00%，氧化还原电位和总磷含量分别升高150.41%和18.17%；氧化层是由氧化、沉降协同作用下形成的底泥表层氧化态微环境，其中上覆水溶解氧水平越高越有利于提高氧化层致密程度，降低氧化层有机质、总氮含量，上覆水悬浮物浓度越高、水深越深越有利于增加氧化层厚度. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献