共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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利用 Kolsky 扭转棒作为实验装置,笔者在常温常压条件下对干燥的和潮湿的大理岩试样进行了一系列的动态简单剪切的实验变形研究,以期了解在高应变率(373-1-1736-1)时岩石中孔隙水对于岩石抗剪强度的影响.结果表明,孔隙水的存在不但没有降低,反而稍微提高了岩石的抗剪强度.结合前人在静态条件下的实验研究资料,笔者认为水对岩石变形的作用机制随应变率的变化而改变.在低应变率(例如:10-9-1)时,水对岩石变形的影响分别表现为压溶作用、应力侵蚀作用和降低有效应力的效应.压溶作用和应力侵蚀作用导致岩石强度的降低;而有效应力的降低则导致岩石强度的相对提高. 相似文献
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脆塑性转化带对于研究岩石圈变形、断层强度和变形机制以及强震的孕育和发生具有重要意义。文中采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中具有代表性的细粒花岗岩样品,在固体压力介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压非稳态流变实验研究。实验设计模拟了汶川地震区地壳10~30km深度的实际温度和压力,温度为190~490℃,压力为250~750MPa,应变速率为5×10-4s-1,利用扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察。实验力学数据、微观结构及变形机制分析表明,在相当于地壳浅部10~15km深处的低温低压条件下,表现为应变强化,样品具有脆性破裂-半脆性流动的变形特征;在相当于地壳15~20km的深度条件下,随着应变量增加,应力趋于稳态,样品具有脆塑性转化特征;在相当于地壳20~30km的深度条件下,样品具有塑性流动特征。当样品处于半脆性域时发生非稳态流变,主要变形机制为碎裂作用,同时激活了动态重结晶作用、位错蠕变等塑性变形机制。样品强度随着深度不断增大,在深度为15~20km时达到极大值,深度为20~30km时强度逐渐减小。因此,花岗岩的强度随深度的变化规律与微观结构及变形机制均表明,在实验温度和压力条件下,花岗岩具有非稳态流变特征,在15~20km深处,龙门山断裂带处于脆塑性转化带,花岗岩强度达到最大值,该深度与汶川地震的成核深度一致,显示出彭灌杂岩的强度和变形对汶川地震的孕育和发生具有控制作用。 相似文献
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研究表明 ,干的基性下地壳处于半脆性摩擦与半脆性流变的过渡状态 ,因此 ,文中采用多种基性岩样品进行了干的和含水基性岩的脆塑性转化实验 ,以深入理解大陆下地壳的力学性质。实验围压 4 5 0～ 5 0 0MPa ,应变速率 1× 1 0 - 4s- 1。实验结果表明 ,济南辉长岩 (样品C)、延庆辉绿岩 (样品D)和含水辉绿岩从 30 0℃到 90 0℃经历了脆性破裂、碎裂流动、半脆性流动和塑性流动几个变形域 ,而细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品A)和中细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品B)从 70 0℃到 90 0℃经历了半脆性流动和塑性流动 2个变形域。干的辉长岩样品比干的辉绿岩样品发生脆延性转化的温度高 1 0 0℃ ;所有干的基性岩样品的脆塑性转化都发生在 70 0℃ ,但半脆性流动域变形微观结构有差别 ,辉绿岩中斜长石和辉石发生了细粒化 ,并存在强烈的定向 ,形成初糜棱岩结构 ,辉长岩样品的细粒化和定向特征不明显。干的基性岩在以位错滑移为主的高温塑性流变域的强度和微观结构基本相同。水对基性岩脆塑性转化的影响体现在岩石的强度和脆延性与脆塑性的转化温度两方面。在实验温度范围内 ,含水辉绿岩样品的强度远小于干的辉绿岩和辉长 相似文献
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中地壳断层带内发现的接近静岩压力的高压流体能够合理解释汶川MS8.0级地震断层的高角度逆冲滑动, 而高压流体的产生与断层带的微裂隙愈合紧密相关.利用熔融盐固体介质三轴高温高压实验系统,我们采用含水和烘干的Carrara大理岩样品开展了微裂隙愈合实验,研究中地壳断层带内高压流体的形成条件.实验分为三类:A类、A+B类和A+B+C类,其中A阶段实验在室温条件下将样品压裂,形成一系列共轭破裂面,B阶段实验在600℃、围压700 MPa和应变速率10-6s-1条件下愈合了A阶段破碎的样品,实验样品从以碎裂变形为主向以韧性变形为主转变,C阶段实验通过快速降低轴压模拟一个扩容过程,再以相同实验条件重新加载样品,通过比较实验样品强度来检验样品的愈合程度.样品显微结构和实验样品强度表明,动态重结晶作用能够愈合微裂隙和孔隙,水能促进矿物的动态重结晶作用,较高的水含量和较大的应变有利于微裂隙和孔隙的愈合,从而有利于高压流体的形成. 相似文献
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DEFORMATION OF THE BRITTLE-PLASTIC TRANSITION ZONE AT THE POST-SEISMIC RELAXATION PERIOD: A CASE STUDY OF THE RED RIVER FAULT 
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下载免费PDF全文 The transition from microscopic brittle deformation to microscopic plastic deformation is called brittle-plastic transition, which is considered as a key layer for determining the limit of lower continental crust seismicity. The depth and deformation mechanism of the brittle-plastic transition zone is controlled mainly by temperature. Besides, the strain rate and fluid pore pressure also affect the transition during the different deformation stages at the seismic cycle.
In this paper, microstructure observation of catalcastic samples collected from the Red River Fault was carried out using optical polarized microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, microstructures of deformation characteristics, mineral composition, water-rock reaction, pressure solution, exsolution, crack healing in the samples were systematically observed. The mineral components quantitative analyses were examined using the EDS. Water-rock reaction and pressure solution were systematically observed under SEM. The fabric of the main minerals in the samples was measured using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD). Based on these analyses, the deformation mode was setup for the brittle-plastic transition zone of the fault during the post-seismic relaxation period.
Both brittle deformation and plastic deformation were developed in the cataclastic samples. EBSD data shows that the c axial fabrics of quartz present low-temperature plastic deformation characteristics. The feldspar deformed as cataclastic rock, and the micro-fracture in feldspar was healed by static recrystallized quartz and calcite veins. The calcite vein underwent plastic deformation, which represents the post-seismic relaxation deformation.
Based on the analysis of deformation mechanism of cataclastic samples in brittle-plastic transition zone of the Red River Fault, and combined with previous studies, we concluded that the brittle fracture and fracture healing is the main deformation mode at brittle-plastic transition zone in the post-seismic relaxation. High stress and high strain rate at post-seismic relaxation lead to brittle fracture of high-strength minerals such as feldspar in rocks. Plastic deformation occurs in low-strength minerals such as quartz and mica. Under the fluid condition, micro-fractures were healed by quartz and calcite. The minerals such as quartz and calcite in the fracture transformed from static recrystallization to dynamic recrystallization with stress gradually accumulating. With fracture healing and stress accumulation, the fault strength gradually increases which could accumulate energy for the next earthquake. 相似文献
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为更好地理解层状硅酸盐对断层强度、滑动速度依赖性及地震活动特征的影响,利用双轴摩擦实验对含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥及含水条件下摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.1 ～ 100μm/s的速度范围内表现为黏滑和速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1 μm/s,其中断层滑动表现为稳滑或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;含水条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.05 ～0.01μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,0.1 ～10μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,50～100μm/s的速度范围内又转换为速度强化行为.含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥条件下一次黏滑伴随一个或一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下与稳滑相对应,滑动过程中并未记录到声发射事件.显微结构观察表明,速度弱化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的脆性破裂和局部化的滑动;干燥条件下,速度强化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的均匀破裂;含水条件下2个速度强化域对应不同的微观机制,高速域的速度强化受控于岩盐颗粒在白云母相互连结形成的网状结构上的滑动及其均匀碎裂作用,而低速域的速度强化还受岩盐的压溶作用控制.通过与岩盐断层带摩擦实验结果对比可知,白云母的存在对于燥岩盐断层带摩擦滑动方式和速度依赖性没有显著影响,而在含水条件下白云母的存在使得岩盐断层带滑动趋于稳定.实验结果为分析含层状硅酸盐断层的强度和稳定性提供了依据.此外,在速度依赖性转换域上观察到的应力缓慢释放的现象进一步证实了在岩盐断层带摩擦滑动过程中观察到的现象,这对慢地震机制研究具有参考意义. 相似文献
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深部岩石先存的变形组构对流变特性影响的实验研究是新的研究热点之一,然而目前相关的实验研究非常有限.本文利用3 GPa固体介质熔融盐三轴高温高压容器,选择华北克拉通北部辽东拆离断层带中具有变形组构的花岗片麻岩样品,在温度600~840℃、围压800~1200 MPa、应变速率1×10-4~2.5×10-6/S条件下,对不同组构方向的样品(实验压缩方向分别垂直和平行花岗片麻岩的面理)开展高温高压流变实验.实验结果表明,在相同的应变速率和温度条件下,垂直面理的岩石强度比平行面理的岩石强度要高.两组实验样品在600~700℃时,应力指数平均值为6.5,为半脆性流变;在800~840℃时,应力指数平均值为2,垂直面理样品的激活能为Q=380 kJ/mol,平行面理样品的激活能为Q=246.4 kJ/mol,以塑性变形为主,局部存在黑云母和角闪石的脱水熔融.微观结构研究表明,垂直面理的样品,在变形过程中形成了新的变形条带,把原有的面理破坏改造;而平行面理的样品,在实验变形过程中新的变形带主体继承了原有组构.EBSD分析显示花岗片麻岩原岩中石英
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF INTERGRANULAR PRESSURE SOLUTION OF PLAGIOCLASE GOUGE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE: METHOD AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 To understand the mechanism of lower-crust earthquake and slow slips, it is necessary to study the frictional properties of mafic rocks and their major rock-forming minerals. Previous studies have performed a series of experimental researches on gabbro, basalt and their major constituents.
According to the results of previous experiments, frictional sliding of plagioclase under hydrothermal conditions(100~600℃)shows a property of velocity weakening, and the experimental results show that both the direct rate effect parameter(a)and the healing effect parameter(b)increase with temperature, a typical feature for thermally-activated processes. Velocity weakening means property of a shear band that has a stronger friction healing effect than the direct rate effect in the rate and state friction constitutive framework, and the healing effect(b value)in constitutive relation mainly reflects the increase in contact area with time under hydrothermal conditions, with some minor effect of structural changes. Since the microphysical mechanism of feldspar minerals at the contacts is mainly brittle cataclasis for temperatures below 600℃, the significant frictional healing effect in this case can only be explained by the mechanism of pressure solution. In order to determine if the dissolution process of plagioclase actually occurs on the laboratory time scale, we conducted hydrostatic experiments on plagioclase powder samples under hydrothermal conditions whereby frequent contact switch between particles seen in frictional sliding experiments can be avoided, making the observation on the dissolution sites possible.
Experimental temperatures were 400℃ and 500℃, with confining pressure of 90~150MPa, pore pressure of 30MPa, with 2mm initial thickness of fault gouge. The mechanical data show that a creep process occurred in the plagioclase fault gouge in the experimental temperature and pressure range; and the microstructures of the experiment show that precipitation of new grains is prevalent as the product of pressure solution process between plagioclase particles. At the same time, it is observed that the contact points have an appearance similar to fused, fuzzy structure as signatures of dissolution. The results of our experiments provide a definite experimental evidence for the healing mechanism in friction of plagioclase and for the theoretical relation between unstable slip and the pressure solution process.
The results of the experiments are summarized as follows:
(1)Drainage rate of pore water in plagioclase gouge was high in the first few hours of experiment, but gradually decreases over time for both temperature and pressure series of experiments slowing down to a steady state. This feature indicates that there is a creep process that evolves inside the plagioclase gouge.
In the temperature-series experiments, the drainage rate of the pore water in the plagioclase gouge at 400℃ is relatively low than the cases for higher temperatures. Thus, the applied temperature is positively correlated with the creep of plagioclase gouge.
(2)Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations of the experimentally deformed samples were performed on thin sections cut along the sample axis. Firstly, from the images of microstructure, it was found that the degree of particle fracture became more significant at a higher effective pressure, with smaller pore volume between particles. In the temperature-series experiments it was found that the degree of compaction of plagioclase gouge increased with increasing temperature. Precipitation of plagioclase grains in layered structures was generally observed in high-magnification images, indicating the presence of pressure solution processes. Contact points were also found to be in a state of ambiguity that seems to be a fused morphology, but the details of the structure remain to be determined by further observations.
The above results indicate that the pressure solution process of plagioclase particles can occur on a typical laboratory time scale, and the results of this study provide robust experimental evidences for the theory that links between pressure solution and the mechanism of frictional healing and unstable slips for plagioclase. 相似文献
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利用我国第一台1GPa高压三轴容器进行了岩石破坏实验.所用的样品为济南辉长岩、昌平花岗岩、房山大理岩和周口店石灰岩.得到的主要结果是:(1)在相应于地壳的压力范围内辉长岩和花岗岩仍然发生脆性破坏, 其强度和韧度随围压增加而增加, 破坏角也随围压增加而增大, 破坏前发生体积膨胀现象并出现声发射活动增加的前兆;(2)大理岩和石灰岩样品在0.1——0.8GPa的围压范围内发生鼓状变形, 不形成明显的主断层面, 样品承载能力随变形增加而增加, 出现应变硬化现象.在变形过程中声发射活动水平极低。这些实验标志着我国岩石力学三轴实验的围压水平有所提高其结果对震源物理的研究具有参考价值. 相似文献
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野外、实验和地震数据表明:浅部地壳的变形以脆性破裂为主,深部地壳的变形以晶体塑性流动为主.在这种认识的基础上,提出了地壳变形的2种机制模型,即发生脆性变形的上部地壳强度基于Byerlee摩擦定律以及发生塑性变形的下部地壳强度基于幂次蠕变定律.而位于其间的脆塑性转化带的深度与浅源地震深度的下限具有很好的一致性.然而,二元结构的流变模型局限性在于其力学模型过于简单,往往过高估计了脆塑性转化带的强度.问题的根源在于对脆塑性转化带的变形机制的研究已有很多,但没有定量的力学方程来描述脆塑性转化带强度;而且以往对断层脆塑性转化带的研究主要集中在温度引起的脆塑性转化方面,对因应变速率和流体对脆塑性转化的影响方面的研究也比较薄弱.对断层带内矿物变形机制研究表明,某些断层带脆塑性转化发生在相同深度(温度和压力)内,发生脆塑性转化的原因是应变速率的变化,而这种变化被认为与地震周期的同震、震后-间震期蠕变有关,这种变化得到了主震-余震深度分布变化的证实.对断层流体特征分析表明,断层带内可能存在高压流体,这种高压流体会随断裂带的破裂及愈合而周期性变化,在地震孕育及循环中起着关键性作用.高压流体的形成(裂隙愈合)有多种机理,其中,压溶是断层带裂隙愈合的主导机制之一.研究在水作用下的压溶,可以对传统的摩擦-流变二元地壳强度结构及其断层强度进行补充与修正.通过以上分析,认为有必要通过野外变形样品和高温高压实验,深入研究应变速率及流体压力对断层脆塑性转化的影响,同时,通过实验建立压溶蠕变的方程,近似地估计脆塑性转化带的强度. 相似文献
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为探索断层岩石摩擦特性对于断层力学性质的影响,我们采集了龙门山汶茂断裂韧性剪切带中的富含层状硅酸盐矿物的糜棱岩样品进行了水热条件下摩擦滑动实验研究.实验在三轴压机之上完成,实验温度为100~600℃,有效正压力100MPa,孔隙水压分别为30MPa和130MPa.为获得摩擦滑动的稳定性参数(a-b),剪切滑移速率在1.22μm·s-1,0.244μm·s-1和0.0488μm·s-1之间切换.实验发现在200~500℃的温度范围内,摩擦系数随着温度的增加而显著增大(约0.56~0.72).在200~300℃范围内,随温度的升高糜棱岩的摩擦滑动表现出由稳定的速度强化向不稳定速度弱化转变的趋势.在有效正压力不变的情况下,孔隙水压的增大会促进糜棱岩的摩擦滑动在500~600℃温度范围内由不稳定的速度弱化向稳定的速度强化的转变.实验给出的断层在原地深度处的脆性和塑性变形机制的转变,有助于理解断层深部的地震成核机制以及成核的温压条件. 相似文献
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为了深入理解断层带摩擦滑动速度依赖性转换及其机制,利用双轴摩擦实验对干燥及含水条件下岩盐断层带摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥岩盐断层带在0.1~100 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带向速度强化转变;含水条件下岩盐断层带在1~100 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,而在0.1~0.01 μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1~1 μm/s,其中断层表现为振荡或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;岩盐断层带在干燥条件下表现出很强的声发射活动,每个黏滑均对应一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下一次黏滑只对应一个声发射事件.显微观察表明,局部化的脆性破裂是速度弱化域的主要变形机制,分布式的碎裂流动是干燥岩盐断层带在速度强化域的变形机制,颗粒边界迁移以及压溶作用的塑性变形是含水条件下岩盐断层带在速度强化域的主要变形机制,而脆性破裂和塑性变形共同控制着速度依赖性转换域断层带的变形.水的存在促进岩盐发生塑性变形,进而导致断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转换.上述结果有助于理解断层带上地震活动的特征和慢地震的机制. 相似文献
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本实验在气体介质三轴高温流变仪上,采用怀安瓦窑口麻粒岩,在温度900～1200℃、围压300 MPa、应变速率10~(-4)～10~(-6)/s条件下,开展高温流变实验.实验样品麻粒岩由斜长石(52%)、单斜辉石和斜方辉石(40%)、石英(3%)、磁铁矿和钛铁矿(5%)组成,矿物平均粒度为:斜长石294μm、单斜辉石和斜方辉石282μm、石英97μm、磁铁矿和钛铁矿109μm.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析获得变形后样品的水含量约为0.17±0.05wt%.实验样品的强度随温度升高而降低,随应变速率降低而降低.基于力学数据,采用稳态流变方程,获得实验样品在900～1000℃时的应力指数为8.1～12.9,在1050～1150℃时的应力指数为4.8～5.8,平均值5.2.应力指数随着温度升高而降低.显微结构和成分分析表明,在900℃时麻粒岩出现矿物压扁与定向拉长特征,样品以位错滑移和微破裂变形为主;在950～1000℃时,麻粒岩样品中颗粒边界变得圆滑,表现出位错攀移特征,辉石和磁铁矿边缘出现微量熔体;在1050～1200℃时麻粒岩出现部分熔融,而且随着温度和实验时间(应变)增加,熔体含量增加,熔体结晶出微粒斜长石、辉石和橄榄石,部分辉石通过固体反应生成橄榄石.颗粒边界熔体和矿物反应促进了扩散作用,导致位错攀移和熔体引起的扩散蠕变共同控制了麻粒岩的高温流变. 相似文献
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A series of stress relaxation experiments have been carried out on faulted and intact Tennessee sandstone to explore the influence of pore water on strength at different strain rates. Temperatures employed were 20, 300 and 400°C, effective confining pressure was 1.5 kb and strain rates as low as 10–10 sec–1 were achieved. Most samples were prefaulted at 2.5 kb confining pressure and room temperature. This is thought to have secured a reproducible initial microstructure.The strength of the dry rock was almost totally insensitive to strain rate in the range 10–4 to 10–10 sec–1. In contrast, the strength of the wet rock decreased rapidly with strain rate at rates less than 10–6 sec–1. Brittle fracture of the quartz grains which constitute this rock is the most characteristic mode of failure under the test conditions used.The experimental data are discussed in terms of the possible deformation rate controlling processes, and it is suggested that in the wet experiments at intermediate to high strain rates (10–7 to 10–4 sec–1) the observed deformation rate is controlled by the kinetics of water assisted stress corrosion, whilst deformation at low strain rates (ca. 10–9 sec–1) is controlled by a pressure solution process.The results have implications for the rheology of fault rocks at depths of perhaps 10 to 15 km in sialic crust. 相似文献
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Field studies and seismic data show that semi-brittle flow of fault rocks probably is the dominant deformation mechanism at the base of the seismogenic zone at the so-called frictional-plastic transition. As the bottom of seismogenic fault, the dynamic characteristics of the frictional-plastic transition zone and plastic zone are very important for the seismogenic fault during seismic cycles. Granite is the major composition of the crust in the brittle-plastic transition zone. Compared to calcite, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, the rheologic data of K-feldspar is scarce. Previous deformation studies of granite performed on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate revealed that the deformation strength of granite was similar with quartz. In the brittle-plastic transition zone, the deformation characteristics of granite are very complex, temperature of brittle-plastic transition of quartz is much lower than that of feldspar under both natural deformation condition and lab deformation condition. In the mylonite deformed under the middle crust deformation condition, quartz grains are elongated or fine-grained via dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization and superplastic flow, plagioclase grains are fine-grained by bugling recrystallization, K-feldspar are fine-grained by micro-fractures. Recently, both field and experimental studies presented that the strength of K-feldspar is much higher than that of quartz and plagioclase. The same deformation mechanism of K-feldspar and plagioclase occurred under different temperature and pressure conditions, these conditions of K-feldspar are higher than plagioclase. The strength of granite is similar to feldspar while it contains a high content of K-feldspar. High shear strain experiment studies reveal that granite is deformed by local ductile shear zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. In the ductile shear zone, K-feldspar is brittle fractured, plagioclase are bugling and sub-grain rotation re-crystallized, and quartz grains are plastic elongated. These local shear zones are altered to local slip-zones with strain increasing. Abundances of K-feldspar, plagioclase and mica are higher in the slip-zones than that in other portions of the samples (K-feldspar is the highest), and abundance of quartz is decreased. Amorphous material is easily formed by shear strain acting on brittle fine-grained K-feldspar and re-crystallized mica and plagioclase. Ductile shear zone is the major deformation mechanism of fault zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. There is a model of a fault failed by bearing constant shear strain in the transition zone:local shear zones are formed along the fractured K-feldspar grains; plagioclase and quartz are fine-grained by recrystallization, K-feldspar is crushed into fine grains, these small grains and mica grains partially change to amorphous material, local slip-zones are generated by these small grains and the amorphous materials; then, the fault should be failed via two ways, 1)the local slip-zones contact to a throughout slip-zone in the center of the fault zone, the fault is failed along this slip-zone, and 2)the local slip-zones lead to bigger mineral grains that are in contact with each other, stress is concentrated between these big grains, the fault is failed by these big grains that are fractured. Thus, the real deformation character of the granite can't be revealed by studies performing on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate. This paper reports the different deformation characters between K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz under the same pressure and temperature condition based on previous studies. Then, we discuss a mode of instability of a fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition zone. It is still unclear that how many contents of weak mineral phase(or strong mineral phase)will control the strength of a three-mineral-phase granite. Rheological character of K-feldspar is very important for study of the deformation characteristic of the granitic rocks. 相似文献