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1.
利用中国地震台网和ISC台站1980～2004年的地震数据，反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.上地幔顶部的速度变化揭示出区域地质构造的深部特征：华南地区速度较高并且变化平缓，具有构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔特征；华南沿海尤其是滨海断裂带附近出现低速异常，表明该断裂可能穿过壳幔边界深达上地幔顶部.南海北部至台湾海峡较高的速度与华南地区类似，反映出大陆边缘和陆架地区的岩石层地幔性质；西沙海槽附近较高的速度不仅反映了华南大陆向南的延伸，而且与海槽裂谷拉张引起的地幔上拱有关，整个南海北部没有发现大规模地幔热流的活动痕迹.相比之下，南海东部次海盆的上地幔顶部存在明显的低速异常，对应于海底扩张中心的地幔上涌区，表明岩石层地幔强烈减薄甚至缺失；台湾东部－吕宋－菲律宾北部的低速异常与地震、火山活动以及岩浆作用紧密相关，揭示了西太平洋岛弧俯冲带的活动特征；南海东北部的洋－陆边界清晰，南海东部和菲律宾海西部较高的速度代表了海洋岩石层地幔的性质.Pn波各向异性反映出区域性构造应力状态及岩石层地幔的变形痕迹：华南地区的各向异性较小，说明这一构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔变形程度较弱；南海北部的快波方向与地壳浅表层构造的伸展方向一致，主要反映了中、新生代以来的大陆边缘张裂和剪切作用对岩石层地幔结构的影响；琉球－台湾－吕宋岛弧两侧各向异性十分强烈，平行于海沟的快波方向表明菲律宾海板块和欧亚大陆的相互作用导致俯冲板块前缘的岩石层地幔强烈变形；台湾东南海域快波方向的变化可能与欧亚大陆和菲律宾海板块俯冲机制的转换以及岩石层被撕裂有关. 相似文献
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通过最新收集的大量高质量的地方震和远震事件的到时数据进行联合反演,我们确定了日本俯冲带约700km深度的P波和S波速度层析成像。我们还使用远震瑞利波的振幅和相速度,确定了日本及其附近海域下方20~150s周期基阶瑞利波的二维相速度图像。研究区精细三维S波层析成像可通过地方震和远震事件的S波到时,及瑞利波相速度数据进行联合反演得到。我们的反演结果揭示:一维原始速度模型中,俯冲太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块呈现明显的高速区。在板块上方的地幔楔和太平洋板块下方的地幔中存在显著的低速异常。俯冲板块和周围地幔之间速度有明显的差异,表明温度、水含量和/或部分熔融程度有显著的横向变化。地幔楔低速异常是由板块脱水作用和地幔楔拐角流造成。在日本东北太平洋板块下方显示片状的低速区,这可能反映了地幔深部热上涌以及地幔柱软流圈的俯冲作用。我们的结果表明不同的地震数据联合反演,对于得到地壳和地幔可靠的层析成像图像是非常有效和重要的。 相似文献
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利用ＩＳＣ地震资料研究了台湾南部～菲律宾群岛的地震空间分布和ｍ＿ｂ≥５．０的机制解，讨论了俯冲带的形态和地壳及俯冲带上的应力状态，并结合地质和地球物理的研究结果，认为南海次板块的东部边界是由台湾西南俯冲带、马尼拉俯冲带、内格罗斯俯冲带、哥达巴都俯冲带组成，菲律宾海板块的西部边界由东吕宋海槽俯冲带、菲律宾海俯冲带组成。菲律宾群岛是一个形变过渡带，由于该过渡带的存在，南海次板块俯冲于菲律宾群岛之下，菲律宾海板块对南部的影响很弱 相似文献
4.
本文利用区域地震初至波到时数据，通过地震层析成像研究获得了东北日本俯冲带上地幔（深至约150 km）的P波速度（VP）、S波速度（VS）、VP/VS和P波各向异性结构.结果表明，低速及高VP/VS比异常体主要分布在火山下方的下地壳和地幔楔中，其与低频地震的分布吻合，该区域与俯冲板块脱水所释放的流体及其导致的部分熔融密切相关；俯冲的太平洋板块内可能由于脱水脆化导致的双层地震带区域则没有表现出整体的高VP/VS值，其可能与俯冲板块内部含水矿物含量有关；俯冲板块内双重地震带区域及上覆地幔楔薄层主要表现为与海沟平行的方位各向异性和正的径向各向异性，其可能是由于含水矿物的脱水使橄榄石晶格结构发生了从A型到B型的变化所引起的.我们研究表明，结合地震波速度和各向异性结构能够加深对俯冲带内水运移过程的认识. 相似文献
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地震层析成像研究清晰给出了地球深部俯冲板片的大尺度形态,但与俯冲过程相关的地幔流动特征仍不明确.在俯冲地幔楔系统中,前人观测到了与海沟平行和垂直的快波偏振方向.本文研究了西北太平洋俯冲板片在地幔过渡带中停滞形成的"大地幔楔"中的各向异性特征.对具有长期稳定观测数据的MDJ台站SKS震相和区域深源地震的直达S波震相进行了详细的剪切波分裂研究.采用多波形同时反演方法在保证数据后方位角覆盖范围的基础上得到了更加精确的SKS震相各向异性结果.剪切波分裂参数具有明显的频率依赖性和随初始极化方向变化的特征,表明台站下方存在多个可能的各向异性源区.对不同频段各向异性观测结果的双层各向异性模型拟合表明,上层各向异性参数为φ=32°±12°,δt=1.4±0.4 s,表现出受郯庐断裂带影响的岩石圈中"固化"各向异性特征;下层各向异性参数为φ=-71°±6°,δt=2.4±0.4 s,与海沟近乎垂直.下层较大的各向异性延时表明研究区域的地幔楔和地幔过渡带中存在明显各向异性,推测是由地幔中软流圈流动引起的橄榄石晶格优势取向和停滞的西北太平洋板片引起的地幔水平流动产生的瓦兹利石晶格优势取向共同作用所导致. 相似文献
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中国大陆及邻区位于欧亚大陆东南部,4个重要的板块强烈交互作用,东部受到太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的俯冲作用,西部受到印度板块的碰撞作用,形成了诸多俯冲带、造山带及数千千米的大陆离散变形带。因此,中国大陆及邻区是开展地球动力学研究的天然实验室。提高对岩石圈和软流圈变形特征的认识对理解中国大陆及邻区的动力学含义具有重要意义。本研究将通过联合地表变形场和地幔变形场来分析中国大陆及邻区的岩石圈壳幔耦合程度和软流圈的地幔流特征。本研究收集了位于中国大陆及邻区的宽频带固定和流动地震台(共1 800个台)记录的XKS(SKS,SKKS,PKS)波形资料,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索和叠加分析方法测量了每个台站的各向异性参数,即快波偏振方向和快、慢波时间延迟,并利用他人在区域内的993个宽频带地震台站得到的横波分裂参数,一起组成表征地幔变形场的数据集;并利用发表的约3 600个GPS和断裂第四纪滑动速率测量数据,采用连续样条函数方法求取了中国大陆及邻区的地表连续变形场(速度场和应变率场)。根据应变率分布和岩石圈构造特征,按照高应变率和厚岩石圈区域采取岩石圈变形模式分析,定量求取和确定每个测点的岩石圈变形类型(左旋简单剪切、右旋简单剪切和纯剪切变形),通过预测的横波分裂参数与实测参数的对比来确定岩石圈壳幔力学耦合程度。研究结果表明,大部分地区符合垂直连贯变形模式,属于壳幔耦合特征,如青藏高原、天山造山带、阿尔泰造山带、台湾造山带、琉球岛弧等构造单元,但在印度板块和欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞带——喜马拉雅碰撞带、日本和稳定的四川盆地、塔里木盆地等区域,可能由于板块俯冲导致的复杂构造变形或一种古老的"化石"各向异性并不符合垂直连贯变形模式。在低应变率和薄岩石圈区域采用简单软流圈变形模式分析,假设各向异性是由于岩石圈底部和软流圈之间的运动速度差异引起的。基于预测的地幔流和地表速度场模拟的快波方向与XKS波分裂快波方向之间的比较,通过迭代反演确定了最佳地幔流。研究结果显示,长白山火山活动区将中国东部下面软流圈地幔流分成两部分,北部顺时针旋转的地幔流向东运动,指向东方的太平洋俯冲带,而南部顺时针旋转的地幔流自北向南由向南运动变化到向西南运动,指向西南的缅甸俯冲带和巽达俯冲带。长白山火山活动区下的热地幔上涌使得中国东部软流圈地幔流分成流动方向相反的两部分,北部的顺时针旋转的地幔流向东运动,而南部的顺时针旋转的地幔流自北向南,由向南运动到向西南运动。而在蒙古地区拟合的最佳软流圈地幔流为顺时针旋转的地幔涡流,其形成可能与太平洋板片俯冲、后撤/回转,以及巨厚岩石圈的西伯利亚克拉通的几何形态相关。东亚地区的太平洋板片、巽达板片和缅甸板片的俯冲作用和后撤/回转作用导致了中国大陆及邻区顺时针旋转的软流圈地幔流,使得与岩石圈底部产生了一个水平差异运动,在软流圈中产生一个与简单剪切一致的变形结构,进而形成了研究区所观测到的各向异性。 相似文献
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地震层析成像表明，在九州北部深达俯冲的菲律宾海板块的地幔楔存在低速异常，且扩展到弧前区。我们还用岩石学资料采用数值模拟方法估计地幔楔的流体分布。地震学的数值模拟结果表明，年青的板块俯冲带的熔融和岩浆作用不同于老板块。脱水和熔融发生在年青（且热）板块如九州北部（≤26Ma）之上的板块弧和弧前底下，而流体（水溶液和熔融）主要发生在老板块区的弧后。 相似文献
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自3 Ma至现今,在欧亚东缘太平洋、菲律宾海板块以较大速率朝NWW方向运动,并沿海沟向欧亚大陆俯冲;同时欧亚板块以较小速率朝SEE方向移动,构成双方向的板块汇聚格局.沿日本岛弧东侧,海洋板片以较小的倾角插入欧亚大陆下面,在浅部产生的挤压变形扩展到日本海东边缘.琉球岛弧的中、北部,菲律宾海俯冲板片的倾角较大,其西南段由NE向转变为EW向,正经历活动的海沟后退与弧后扩张.台湾是3种板块汇聚的交点:欧亚沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲,吕宋弧与台湾碰撞,使台湾岛陆壳东西向缩短与隆升,形成年轻的造山带,菲律宾海板块沿琉球海沟的西南段向北俯冲到欧亚下面.位于南海与菲律宾海之间的菲律宾群岛是宽的变形过渡带,两侧被欧亚向东、菲律宾海向西俯冲夹击,中间是大型左旋走滑断层.总体上,现今时期的太平洋、菲律宾海板块的西向俯冲运动所产生的变形主要分布在俯冲板片内部及岛弧,未扩散到弧后地区,可能这种俯冲运动产生的水平应力较小,不能阻挡欧亚大陆的向东移动,对大陆内部的现今构造没有明显的影响. 相似文献
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日本俯冲带与IBM俯冲带位于太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块三者的交汇地带,是典型的"俯冲工厂"地区,具有重要的研究意义.本文利用震源分布资料与卫星重力数据对日本俯冲带与IBM俯冲带进行了研究.通过空间重力异常反映了俯冲带地区的区域构造形态,在此基础上基于艾利模式计算了均衡异常以反映地壳均衡特征.利用震源分布资料,分别从垂直俯冲带走向与沿俯冲带走向划定了横截剖面(cross-sections)进行了地震提取,讨论了俯冲带地区的Wadati-Benioff带形态特征,并借助于俯冲带地震等深线图直观描述了俯冲带的俯冲形态.在日本俯冲带与伊豆—小笠原俯冲带各选取了一条典型剖面进行了重力2.5D反演,研究了俯冲带地区的壳幔结构特征.研究结果表明,九州—帕劳海脊与IBM岛弧在均衡异常上存在差异,前者已逐渐趋向于地壳均衡.IBM的Wadati-Benioff带存在明显的南北差异,反映出伊豆—小笠原俯冲板片停留在了660km转换带中,而马里亚纳俯冲板片很可能垂直穿过了这一转换带,造成这种南北差异的原因与板块相对运动、岩石圈黏性和年龄差异以及俯冲板片的重力效应等因素有关.在IBM的中部和南部存在板片撕裂现象.日本俯冲带的俯冲洋壳密度随俯冲深度变化较小,洋幔存在一定程度的蛇纹岩化,地幔楔蛇纹岩化作用不典型,海沟处有一范围较小的含水畸变带;伊豆—小笠原俯冲带俯冲洋壳密度随深度增大而明显增大,洋幔蛇纹岩化程度较日本俯冲带低,地幔楔蛇纹岩化作用强烈,板块交汇处存在明显的蛇纹岩底辟.日本俯冲带与IBM俯冲带一线自北向南板片俯冲变陡,两侧板块耦合度降低,与俯冲带两侧的板块运动速率差异有关. 相似文献
10.
西太平洋板块俯冲与华北克拉通破坏 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北克拉通破坏与西太平洋板块俯冲相关是学界的重要共识,但西太平洋板块何时开始向东亚大陆俯冲、早白垩世西太平洋俯冲带在何处、东亚大地幔楔何时形成、晚中生代西太平洋俯冲板块如何演化等重要科学问题一直没有很好地解决.文章通过综合分析与研究,认为西太平洋板块起始俯冲的时间早达早侏罗世;早白垩世西太平洋俯冲带位于东亚大陆边缘,比现今西太平洋板块俯冲带靠西2200km;与此相对应,欧亚大陆自早白垩世以来向东漂移了大约900km.西太平洋俯冲板块后撤始于～145Ma,说明东亚大地幔楔开始形成于早白垩世;西太平洋板块俯冲作用对华北克拉通的影响可能是通过地幔楔增大过程中物质和能量的迁移和交换来实现的.利用地质构造事件反演了大洋板块在俯冲到地球内部之前的演化过程,提出燕山运动A幕和B幕发生的原因分别是西太平洋板块向东亚大陆边缘以高速低角度俯冲和俯冲角度逐渐变低两种不同的地球深部动力学过程新观点.在早白垩世大约130～120Ma期间,西太平洋板块可能已经转变为高角度俯冲、回转与后撤速率达到最大、最终在地幔过渡带产生滞留体.这个过程可能显著改变了所在区域和上覆地幔的物性和黏滞度,导致上覆地幔楔产生非稳态流动,从而导致岩石圈地幔中熔/流体含量急剧增加、黏滞度降低以及岩石圈伸展/减压,并使其转变为年轻地幔——克拉通破坏.这些认识对揭示西太平洋俯冲板块与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔之间相互作用过程具有重要意义. 相似文献
11.
Upper mantle anisotropy beneath central and southwest Japan: An insight into subduction-induced mantle flow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Analysis of seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle wedge above subduction zones gives much information about the dynamic processes inside the Earth. For this reason, we measure shear wave polarization anisotropy in the crust and upper mantle beneath central and southwestern Japan from local shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes occurring in the subducting Pacific slab. We analyze S phases from 198 earthquakes recorded at 42 Japanese F-net broadband seismic stations. This data set yields a total of 980 splitting parameter pairs for central and southwestern Japan. Dominant fast polarization directions of shear waves obtained at most stations in the Kanto–Izu–Tokai areas are oriented WNW–ESE, which are sub-parallel to the subduction direction of the Pacific plate. However, minor fast polarization directions are oriented in NNE–SSW directions being parallel to the strike of the Japan Trench, especially in the north of Izu Peninsula and the northern Tokai district. Generally, fast directions obtained at stations located in Kii Peninsula and the Chubu district are oriented ENE–WSW, almost parallel to the Nankai Trough, although some fast directions have NW–SE trends. The fast directions obtained at stations in northern central Honshu are oriented N–S. Delay times vary considerably and range from 0.1 to 1.25 s depending on the source depth and the degree of anisotropy along the ray path. These lateral variations in splitting character suggest that the nature of anisotropy is quite different between the studied areas. Beneath Kanto–Tokai, the observed WNW–ESE fast directions are probably caused by the olivine A-fabric induced by the corner flow. However, the slab morphology in this region is relatively complicated as the Philippine Sea slab is overriding the Pacific slab. This complex tectonic setting may induce lateral heterogeneity in the flow and stress state of the mantle wedge, and may have produced NNE–SSW orientations of fast directions. The ENE–WSW fast directions in Kii Peninsula and the Chubu district are more coherent and may be partly induced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate. The N–S fast directions in northern central Honshu might be produced by the trench-parallel stretching of the wedge due to the curved slab at the arc–arc junction. 相似文献
12.
13.
Abstract The Nankai Trough, off southwest Japan, is one of the best sites for the study of geomorphic characteristics of a clastic accretionary prism. A recent multibeam survey over the central and eastern parts of the Nankai accretionary prism has revealed a large variation of the topography along the trough axis. Analysis of the bathymetric data suggests the existence of prism deformational features of different scales, such as depressions, embayment structures and cusps. These structures are the results of slope instability caused by basement relief of subducted oceanic plate. Unstable slopes recover by new accretion and development of a low angle thrust. Small-scale deformation due to the subduction of a small isolated seamount is then adjusted to the regional trend. By contrast, a 30 km indentation of the wedge observed in the eastern part of the Nankai Trough, the Tenryu Cusp, has seemed to retain its geometry. The subducted Philippine Sea plate has deformed greatly near the eastern end of the Nankai Trough, because of the collision between the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc and central Japan. Therefore, the indentation may be the result of the continuous subduction of a basement high, such as the Zenisu Ridge, which has been formed under north-south compression due to the arc-arc collision. 相似文献
14.
Upper mantle anisotropy and crust-mantle deformation pattern beneath the Chinese mainland 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
WANG ChunYong CHANG LiJun DING ZhiFeng LIU QiongLin LIAO WuLin Lucy M FLESCH 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(1):132-143
Over the past 10 years,the number of broadband seismic stations in China has increased significantly.The broadband seismic records contain information about shear-wave splitting which plays an important role in revealing the upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland.Based on teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded in the seismic stations,we used the analytical method of minimum transverse energy to determine the fast wave polarization direction and delay time of shear-wave splitting.We also collected results of shear-wave splitting in China and the surrounding regions from previously published papers.From the combined dataset we formed a shear-wave splitting dataset containing 1020 parameter pairs.These splitting parameters reveal the complexity of the upper mantle anisotropy image.Our statistical analysis indicates stronger upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland,with an average shear-wave time delay of 0.95 s;the anisotropy in the western region is slightly larger(1.01 s)than in the eastern region(0.92 s).On a larger scale,the SKS splitting and surface deformation data in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan region jointly support the lithospheric deformation mode,i.e.the crust-lithospheric mantle coherent deformation.In eastern China,the average fast-wave direction is approximately parallel to the direction of the absolute plate motion;thus,the upper mantle anisotropy can be attributed to the asthenospheric flow.The area from the Ordos block to the Sichuan Basin in central China is the transition zone of deformation modes between the east and the west regions,where the anisotropy images are more complicated,exhibiting"fossil"anisotropy and/or two-layer anisotropy.The collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is the main factor of upper mantle anisotropy in the western region of the Chinese mainland,while the upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. 相似文献
15.
Abstract Extensive subduction-related and intraplate volcanism characterize Cenozoic magmatism in the North Is., New Zealand. Volcanics in the central North Is., predominantly intermediate to felsic, form above the dipping seismic zone and show tectonic/geochemical features common to magmatism in most subduction zones. Basaltic volcanism in Northland, the northern part of the North Is., has chemical characteristics typical of intraplate magmatism and may be caused by the upwelling of asthenospheric materials from deeper parts of the mantle. The rifting just behind the present volcanic front (the Taupo-Rotorua Depression), which follows the trench ward migration of the volcanic front and the gradual steepening of the subducted slab, is also a feature of the North Is. A possible mechanism for the back-arc rifting in the area is injection of asthenospheric materials into the mantle wedge; this asthenospheric flow results from the mantle upwelling beneath Northland and pushes both the rigid fore-arc mantle wedge and the subducted slab trenchwards. This mechanism is also consistent with the stress fields in the North Is.: dilatation in Northland, northwest-southeast tension in the Taupo-Rotorua Depression, and the northeast-southwest compression in the fore-arc region. 相似文献
16.
Gaku Kimura Yasuyuki Nakamura Kazuya Shiraishi Gou Fujie Shuichi Kodaira Asuka Yamaguchi Rina Fukuchi Yoshitaka Hashimoto 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12402
The Nankai Trough, Japan, is a subduction zone characterized by the recurrence of disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis. Slow earthquakes and associated tremor also occur intermittently and locally in the Nankai Trough and the causal relationship between slow earthquakes and large earthquakes is important to understanding subduction zone dynamics. The Nankai Trough off Muroto, Shikoku Island, near the southeast margin of the rupture segment of the 1946 Nankai earthquake, is one of three regions where slow earthquakes and tremor cluster in the Nankai Trough. On the Philippine Sea plate, the rifting of the central domain of the Shikoku Basin was aborted at ~15 Ma and underthrust the Nankai forearc off Muroto. Here, the Tosa-Bae seamount and other high-relief features, which are northern extension of the Kinan Seamount chain, have collided with and indented the forearc wedge. In this study, we analyzed seismic reflection profiles around the deformation front of accretionary wedge and stratigraphically correlated them to drilling sites off Muroto. Our results show that the previously aborted horst-and-graben structures, which were formed around the spreading center of the Shikoku Basin at ~15 Ma, were rejuvenated locally at ~6 Ma and more regionally at ~3.3 Ma and have remained active since. The reactivated normal faulting has enhanced seafloor roughness and appears to affect the locations of slow earthquakes and tremors. Rejuvenated normal faulting is not limited to areas near the Nankai Trough, and extends more than 200 km into the Shikoku Basin to the south. This extension might be due to extensional forces applied to the Philippine Sea plate, which appear to be driven by slab-pull in the Ryukyu and Philippine trenches along the western margin of the Philippine Sea plate. 相似文献
17.
Detailed regional body wave tomographic inversion of the Western Pacific region has been performed using P and S travel times from common sources and receivers, with a joint inversion in terms of bulk-sound and shear wave-speed variations in the mantle. This technique allows the separation of the influence of bulk and shear moduli, and hence a more direct comparison with mineral physics information. The study region is parameterized with cells of side 0.5° to 2° and 19 layers to a depth of 1500 km, while the rest of the mantle was parameterized with 5×5° cells with 16 layers between the surface and the core–mantle boundary. A simultaneous inversion is made for regional and global structures to minimize the influence of surrounding structures on the regional image. A nested iterative inversion scheme is employed with local linearization and three-dimensional ray tracing through the successive model updates. The results of the regional tomographic inversion reveal the penetration of a subducted slab below the 660 km discontinuity at the Kurile–Kamchatka trench, while flattening of slabs above this depth is observed in the Japan and Izu–Bonin subduction zones on both the bulk-sound and shear wave-speed images. The penetration of a subducted slab down to a depth of at least 1200 km is seen below the southern part of the Bonin trench, Mariana, Philippine, and Java subduction zones. Fast shear wave-speed perturbations associated with the subducted slabs, down to the 410 km transition zone, are larger than the comparable bulk-sound perturbations for all these subduction zones except the Philippines. The bulk-sound signature for the subducted slab is more pronounced than for shear in the Philippines, Talaud, New Guinea, Solomon, and Tonga subduction zones, where penetration of the slab into the middle mantle is observed. Variation in the amplitude ratio between bulk-sound and shear wave-speed anomalies correlates well with the subduction parameters of the descending slab. Slabs younger than 90 Ma at the trench show bulk-sound dominance in the upper mantle, while older slabs have a stronger shear wave-speed signature. Spreading of the fast shear wave-speed zone between 800 and 1000 km is observed in the areas of deep subducted slab penetration, but has no comparable expression in the bulk-sound images. This high-velocity feature may reflect physical or chemical disequilibria introduced to the lower mantle by subducted slabs. 相似文献