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1.
This paper is the first part of the general paper dealing with effects of constitutive modeling of cyclic stress–strain behavior of soils on site amplification. The paper concentrates on modeling of pseudo-static cyclic soil behavior in small to medium strain range. In order to fit the small strain data accurately, the chosen analytical stress–strain relationship should satisfy the specific small strain condition formulated for soils using the small strain data from the pseudo-static cyclic tests. Analysis of conventional relationships, in particular the Ramberg–Osgood (R–O) relationship, indicated that a failure to satisfy this condition lead to low accuracy of prediction of both tangent stiffness and damping ratio at small and medium strains. The logarithmic function originally proposed to describe static monotonic stress–strain behavior is applied to fit experimental cyclic backbone curves. Constructed to satisfy the formulated small strain condition for soils, this function has proven to be free from the limitations of the R–O and other relationships. When applied in combination with the Masing rules to predict damping ratios, it gives a good prediction in the small to medium strain range, where the Masing hypothesis is supported by experimental evidence. 相似文献
2.
Plasticity model for sand under small and large cyclic strains: a multiaxial formulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Achilleas G. Papadimitriou George D. Bouckovalas 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(3):15
This paper presents the multiaxial formulation of a plasticity model for sand under cyclic shearing. The model adopts a kinematic hardening circular cone as the yield surface and three non-circular conical surfaces corresponding to the deviatoric stress ratios at phase transformation, peak strength and critical state. The shape of the non-circular surfaces is formulated in accordance with the experimentally established failure criteria, while their size is related to the value of the state parameter ψ. To simulate cyclic response under small and large shear strain amplitudes without a change in model parameters, it was found necessary to introduce: (a) a non-linear hysteretic (Ramberg–Osgood type) formulation for the strain rate of elastic states and (b) an empirical index of the effect of fabric evolution during shearing which scales the plastic modulus. This index is estimated in terms of a macroscopic second-order fabric tensor, which develops as a function of the plastic volumetric strain increment and the loading direction in the deviatoric plane. Comparison of simulations to pertinent data from 27 resonant column, cyclic triaxial and cyclic direct simple shear tests provide a measure for the overall accuracy of the model. 相似文献
3.
Cyclic behavior of natural fine grained soils under a broad range of strains were investigated considering the effects of plasticity index and changes in confining pressures based on cyclic triaxial tests. A total of 98 stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on normally consolidated and slightly overconsolidated samples. The investigation was divided into two parts. The first part consists of stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests under different stress amplitudes that were conducted to estimate the modulus reduction and the thresholds between nonlinear elastic, elasto-plastic and viscoplastic behavior. The second part involves the investigation of the undrained stress–strain behavior of fine grained soils under irregular cyclic loadings. The results showed that the elastic threshold is approximately equal to 90% of Gmax. Another transition point was defined as the flow threshold where the value of tangent of shear modulus ratio changes for the second time. Simple empirical relationships to estimate the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio was formulated and compared with the similar empirical relationships proposed in the literature. The results provide useful guidelines for preliminary estimation of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio values for fine grained soils based on laboratory tests. 相似文献
4.
One of the key issues in cyclic behaviour of soft clays is gradual degradation of shear modulus. In most of the cyclic soil models such degrdation of shear modulus of soil with the progression of loading cycle was incorporated, addition to the standard non-linear backbone curves. Such cyclic degradation was usually represented by a parameter, degradation index, which is a function of loading cycles and cyclic shear strain amplitude. However it is well understood from the past experimental studies that the degradation index depends on various other factors as well. The present paper aims to develop a simple empirical model involving degradation index as a function of number of loading cycles, plasticity index, cyclic shear strain, overconsolidation ratio, loading frequency based on the experimental results. It is then fitted with the hyperbolic hysteretic model to estimate the modulus degradation for different cycles. Finally the damping ratio is calculated based on Masing rule with correction factors and validated through experimental results. 相似文献
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This study aims to investigate experimentally the vibration properties of rigid body placed on sand ground surface. The rigid body models with circular or rectangular base with variable mass, inertial moment and base sizes, were prepared, and the vibration behavior was observed in some series of free vibration tests and forced vibration tests. The observed behavior was analyzed and the vibration mode, vibration period and damping ratio were examined. It was found that the natural vibration period depends not only on the mechanical properties of rigid body and ground, but also on the magnitude of vibration amplitude. This suggested the notable effect of nonlinear strain dependent stiffness of ground material. A physical model with distributed spring–dashpot element was used to model the interactive mechanical behavior between rigid body and ground. The stiffness of the spring–dashpot element was evaluated through the modal analysis of the observed vibration behaviors. The effects of base shape, base size and base pressure on the stiffness of spring–dashpot element are discussed. The spring–dashpot model was verified with the behavior observed in forced vibration tests. 相似文献
7.
Cement stabilization is often used to improve the bearing capacity and compressibility of soft clays. The present paper aims to investigate the shear modulus degradation of cement treated clay during cyclic loading. A series of cyclic triaxial test was conducted on artificially cement treated marine clay to study the factors affecting the shear modulus degradation. The parameters considered for the study are cement content (2.5–7.5%), curing days (7–28), cyclic shear strain amplitude (0.3–1%), number of loading cycles (1–100) and loading frequency (0.1–0.5 Hz). As in the case of natural clays, cement treated clays exhibit stiffness degradation which depends on mix ratio, curing days and loading conditions. The results show that the shear modulus degradation decreases with increase in the shear strain amplitude, cement content and curing days. It is also noted that irrespective of the mix ratio and curing conditions, the degradation decreases with increase in loading frequency. An empirical relationship is proposed to predict the shear modulus degradation based on Idriss׳s degradation model. The performance of the proposed empirical model is validated with the present experimental results. 相似文献
8.
Cyclic shearing and liquefaction of soil under irregular loading: an incremental model for the dynamic earthquake-induced deformation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. A. Osinov 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2003,23(7):535-548
The paper presents a mathematical model for the deformation of soil under irregular cyclic loading in the simple-shear conditions. The model includes the possible change in the effective pressure in saturated soil due to the cyclic shearing, the reciprocal influence of the effective pressure on the response of the soil to the shear loading, and the pore pressure dissipation due to the seepage of the pore fluid. The hysteresis curves for the strain–stress relationship are constructed in such a way that they produce both the required backbone curve and the required damping ratio as functions of the strain amplitude. At the same time, the approach enables the constitutive functions involved in the model to be specified in various ways depending on the soil under study. The constitutive functions can be calibrated independently of each other from the conventional cyclic shear tests. The constitutive model is incorporated in the boundary value problem for the dynamic site response analysis of level ground. A numerical solution is presented for the dynamic deformation and liquefaction of soil at the Port Island site during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. 相似文献
9.
针对广西上林县原状红黏土开展一系列循环加载动三轴试验,分析天然含水率、围压与固结应力比等对红黏土动力特性,包话动应力-动应变关系、动弹性模量以及阻尼比等的影响来研究循环荷载作用下红黏土的动力特性。试验结果表明:广西原状红黏土动应力-动应变关系曲线接近双曲线;由于初始剪应力的影响,达到相同的动应变,在均压固结下所需的动应力比在偏压固结下所需动应力要小;动弹性模量随着动应变的增加而减小,且减小幅度随应变增加逐渐减小,初始应力状态对动弹性模量的影响最为显著;固结应力比、围压、含水率和振动次数等对阻尼比均有影响,综合反映在阻尼比随动应变增加而减小,阻尼比离散性较大,取值范围在0.05~0.20之间。利用Konder双曲线模型对试验数据进行拟合,得到相关参数,可为广西地区原状红黏土动力特性设计和数值计算提供一定的理论和参数支持。 相似文献
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Stiffness degradation and damping represent some of the most well-known aspects of cyclic soil behavior. While standard equivalent linear approaches reproduce these features by (separately) prescribing stiffness reduction and damping curves, in this paper a multiaxial, 3D, viscoelastic – plastic model is developed for the simultaneous simulation of both cyclic curves over a wide cyclic shear strain range.The proposed constitutive relationship is based on two parallel resisting/dissipative mechanisms, purely frictional (elastic–plastic) and viscous. The frictional mechanism is formulated as a bounding surface plasticity model with vanishing elastic domain, including pressure-sensitive failure locus and non-associative plastic flow – which are essential for effective stress analysis. At the same time, the use of the parallel viscous mechanism is shown to be especially beneficial to improve the simulation of the overall dissipative performance.In order to enable model calibration from stiffness degradation () and damping curves, the constitutive equations are purposely kept as simple as possible with a low number of material parameters. Although the model performance is here explored with reference to pure shear cyclic tests, the 3D, multiaxial formulation is appropriate for general loading conditions. 相似文献
12.
This paper focuses on using high-frequency GAP-SENSORs (GSs), accelerometers, and load cells in a laminar shear box (LSB) filled with loose Toyoura sand to understand the effects of impact loads and cyclic shaking at 1-G on soil properties. The shear wave velocity at small strain (Vs) was calculated directly from first arrival reference using displacement time-history of two GSs under impact loading. Moreover, from first peak using the reduced deformation amplitude technique, damping ratio was calculated. In addition, shaking table tests were performed under harmonic loading with amplitude of acceleration inside the model ground varying from 0.02 g to 1 g. The frequencies of excitation varied from 1 Hz to 10 Hz. GSs and inside accelerometers were used to directly measure the outside lateral deformation and shear stress at different elevations of LSB, respectively. Results show that the shear modulus (G) and the damping ratio (D) behavior of model sand are generally consistent with the behavior presented by similar tests using only accelerometers. In addition, damping ratio increases as frequency loading increases. Characteristic changes in two shear stress components in shaking loading conditions were also investigated using high precision inside load cells. 相似文献
13.
We suggest a practical method for estimating strain–modulus–damping relationships for utilization in equivalent-linear site response analyses, so that the necessity for more sophisticated sampling and testing procedures can be justified. The method employs the commercial cyclic testing apparatuses, which have limitations in low-strain ranges, and the in-situ seismic tests. The shear modulus at about 1% cyclic shear strain amplitude and the shear-wave velocity measured in-situ is used for building a hyperbolic relationship between shear stress and shear strain. An extension of Masing׳s rule and the constraint on hysteretic damping at 1% cyclic shear strain amplitude leads to a strain–damping relationship. By putting a particular emphasis on the soils of Adapazarı, a city famous for the concentrated damage on alluvium basin during the 1999 Kocaeli (Mw7.4) earthquake, we demonstrated the usefulness of the method, and concluded that the shear-modulus reduction and damping characteristics of Adapazarı soils can yield to site amplification factors greater than those predicted by strain–modulus–damping relationships presented in literature, and can more efficiently explain the concentration of damage on the alluvium basin. Through the comparisons of spectral amplification factors computed by equivalent-linear site response analyses, we justified the necessity to run a more sophisticated testing program on determination of cyclic stress–strain behavior of Adapazarı soils, and consequently to consider transient nonlinear site-response analyses in order to reduce the possible bias in calculation of spectral amplification factors. 相似文献
14.
Cyclic shear response of channel-fill Fraser River Delta silt 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The cyclic shear response of a channel-fill, low-plastic silt was investigated using constant-volume direct simple shear testing. Silt specimens, initially consolidated to stress levels at or above the preconsolidation stress, displayed cyclic-mobility-type strain development during cyclic loading without static shear stress bias. Liquefaction in the form of strain softening accompanied by loss of shear strength did not manifest regardless of the applied cyclic stress ratio, or the level of induced excess pore water pressure, suggesting that the silt is unlikely to experience flow failure under cyclic loading. The cyclic shear resistance of the silt increased with increasing overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for OCR>1.3. The silt specimens that experienced high equivalent excess cyclic pore water pressure ratios (ru>80%) resulted in considerable volumetric strains (2.5%–5%) during post-cyclic reconsolidation implying potentially significant changes to the particle fabric under cyclic loading. 相似文献
15.
Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Estelle Delfosse-Ribay Irini Djeran-Maigre Richard Cabrillac Daniel Gouvenot 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(6):461-471
An experimental comparative study of three different grouted sands in terms of their effects on the values of two dynamic properties is presented. The dynamic properties studied are the shear modulus and the damping ratio which are determined with resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests. The behaviour of a pure Fontainebleau sand is compared with the behaviour of a Fontainebleau sand grouted with a silicate grout, a micro-fine cement grout and a mineral grout. The effects of the grouting treatment, the type of grout, the confining pressure, and the strains, on the shear modulus and the damping ratio are studied. The test results have shown that grouting improves the stiffness of the sand especially for small strains. Whatever the type of material, confining stress improves the shear modulus whereas it has a negligible effect on the damping ratio. When strain increases, the shear modulus decreases and the damping ratio increases. 相似文献
16.
Knowledge of the dynamic properties of the soil is of great importance as the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are necessary input data in finite element modeling programs. This paper presents a post-processing strategy to identify the shear modulus and damping ratio vs. shear strain curves using the experimental results of a dynamic centrifuge program. Application is presented for the Fontainebleau sand. The proposed methodology is fast, robust and able to capture the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the material. Based on the results, specific parameters for the Fontainebleau sand are identified for the empirical equation of shear modulus and damping ratio proposed by Ishibashi and Zhang [1]. It is found that confining pressure has an important influence on both shear modulus evolution and damping ratio. 相似文献
17.
In this study, the earthquake damage response of the concrete gravity dams is investigated with considering the effects of dam–reservoir interaction. A continuum damage model which is a second-order tensor and includes the strain softening behavior is selected for the concrete material. The mesh-dependent hardening technique is adopted such that the fracture energy dissipated is not affected by the finite element mesh size. The dynamic equilibrium equations of motion are solved by using the improved form of the HHT-α time integration algorithm. Two dimensional seismic analysis of Koyna gravity dam is performed by using the 1967 Koyna earthquake records. The effects of damage on the earthquake response of concrete gravity dams are discussed. Comparison of the Westergaard and Lagrangian dam–reservoir interaction solutions is made. The effects of viscous damping ratio on the damage response of the dam are also studied. 相似文献
18.
G. B. Muravskii 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2001,21(8):661-669
It is shown in this paper that experimental results on stiffness and damping corresponding to cyclic deforming of soils can be well approached theoretically on an interval of strain variation from zero to arbitrary large values of strains. For this purpose, the following two methods are recommended: a modification of the hysteretic model obeying Masing's rule by adding elastic stresses to pure hysteretic stresses that do not change the corresponding backbone curve; and, as the second method, a non-linear model with frequency independent loss of energy in periodic processes. It is shown that in the area close to the free surface of soil, normalized strains resulting from propagation of seismic waves can be very large, even in the case of an input motion of relatively low intensity. Therefore, a using analytical approximations for experimental stress–strain relationships, which are suitable only for an interval of small and medium values of normalized strains, is insufficient in seismic response analysis. 相似文献
19.
A one-dimensional equivalent linear method (EQL) is widely used in estimating seismic ground response. For this method, the shear modulus and damping ratio of inelastic soil are supposed to be frequency independent. However, historical earthquake records and laboratory test results indicate that nonlinear soil behavior is frequency-dependent. Several frequency-dependent equivalent linear methods (FDEQL) related to the Fourier amplitude of shear strain time history have been developed to take into account the frequency-dependent soil behavior. Furthermore, the shear strain threshold plays an important role in soil behavior. For shear strains below the elastic shear strain threshold, soil behaves essentially as a linear elastic material. To consider the effect of elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on wave propagation, the shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent equivalent linear method (TFDEQL) is proposed. A series of analyses is implemented for EQL, FDEQL, and TFDEQL methods. Results show that elastic-shear-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior plays a great influence on the computed site response, especially for the high-frequency band. Also, the effect of elastic-strain-threshold- and frequency-dependent soil behavior on the site response is analyzed from relatively weak to strong input motion, and results show that the effect is more pronounced as input motion goes from weak to strong. 相似文献
20.
Geotechnical site conditions that can be very different due to changes in thickness and properties of soil layers, depth of bedrock and water table are among the main factors controlling earthquake characteristics on the ground surface. Soil layers subjected to cyclic stresses may lead to degradation of stress–strain and shear strength properties. The laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the changes in the stress–strain and shear strength characteristics in terms of threshold cyclic shear stresses and cyclic yield stress. The effects of local site conditions are assessed based on geotechnical site conditions and earthquake source characteristics. 相似文献