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1.
LIU Xiangwen YANG Guangming ZOU Huamin QU Jing & ZHAO Wenxia . Graduate School China University of Geosciences Wuhan China . Test Center China University of Geosciences Wuhan China . Physics Technology College Wuhan University Wuhan China . Test Center Zhongshan University Guangzhou China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(3)
Sakhaite was first discovered by Ostrovskaya, Pertsev and Nikitina at Siberia in the former Soviet Union. By using the X-ray diffraction technique, they proved that the crystal system of sakhaite was cubic (a = 1.464 nm), its possible space groups were Fm3m, F432, F43m, Fm3, F23, and its crystal chemical for-mula was Ca48Mg16(CO3)16(BO3)28Cl4(OH)8 4H2O[1]. Chichagov, Simonov and Belov studied the crystal structure of synthetic sakhaite and determined that its space group was F4132, … 相似文献
2.
The paper summarizes the results of thermomagnetic analysis concerning the distribution of metallic iron in the sediments
ranging in age from Miocene to Early Cretaceous sampled from the following sections: Gams (Austria); Verkhorech’e and Sel’bukhra
(the Crimea); Kvirinaki and Tetritskaro (Georgia); Aimaki, Dzhengutai, Madzhalis, and Gergebil (Ciscaucasia, Russia); Klyuchi
and Teplovka (Volga region, Russia); Koshak (Kazakhstan); and Khalats and Kara-Kala (Turkmenia). Small amounts of native iron
(from 10−5% to 0.05%) are identified in 521 samples of 921 studied; i.e., iron particles are almost pervasive. This fact traces the
origin of these particles to cosmic dust. Some established features point to the heterogeneous character of the cosmic dust:
(a) the samples clearly fall into two groups. One group comprises the rocks that contain iron particles; the rocks of the
other group are iron-free. In the first group, four intervals are distinguished where the sediments are globally enriched with iron with constant nickel content (5–6%); (b) in terms of composition, the iron particles are divided into
three groups. The first group contains pure iron; the particles pertaining to the second group contain iron with a minor amount
of nickel typical for kamacite; and the third group comprises the particles of Fe-Ni alloy with more than 20% nickel. The
first and the second groups are ubiquitous; the particles of the third group are spread locally. They bear no relation to
cosmic dust and are probably associated with the meteoritic impacts. 相似文献
3.
Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai, Hawaii 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Plastic debris is accumulating on the beaches of Kauai at an alarming rate, averaging 484 pieces/day in one locality. Particles sampled were analyzed to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the breakdown of polymers in a subtropical setting. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that plastic surfaces contain fractures, horizontal notches, flakes, pits, grooves, and vermiculate textures. The mechanically produced textures provide ideal loci for chemical weathering to occur which further weakens the polymer surface leading to embrittlement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show that some particles have highly oxidized surfaces as indicated by intense peaks in the lower wavenumber region of the spectra. Our textural analyses suggest that polyethylene has the potential to degrade more readily than polypropylene. Further evaluation of plastic degradation in the natural environment may lead to a shift away from the production and use of plastic materials with longer residence times. 相似文献
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Natural sediments are a complex mixture of magnetic minerals with different origins and different geochemical history, each of which is called a magnetic component. Magnetic components practically never occur in isolated form, and their characterization using bulk magnetic measurements relies on the individuation of the systematic variation of some parameters within a large group of samples. These variations can be interpreted either as a mixing trend or as the result of natural processes, which affect the physical and chemical properties of the magnetic particles. An alternative approach is offered by the analysis of magnetization curves using model functions, which are supposed to represent the magnetic properties of individual components. The success of this approach relies on (1) the choice of model functions that can reproduce the natural properties of a component with sufficient accuracy by varying a minimum number of parameters and (2) on very precise and accurate measurements, which are necessary to overcome the extreme sensitivity of the method to noise. In this paper, the analysis of remanent magnetization curves proposed by Egli (2003) is applied to a large set of representative sediments from the most variable environments and to a set of artificial magnetite samples. Despite the variety of materials and natural processes involved in the formation of these sediments, seven groups of magnetic components with well-defined and consistent properties could be identified. It has been found that both lacustrine and marine sediments contain two magnetically distinct groups of magnetosomes, which react differently to changes of the redox potential. The effects of some natural processes, such as weathering, reductive dissolution and transport could be observed on the individual components. 相似文献
6.
Particulates amounting to 0.1–2.0 g efficiently collected from large volumes of Atlantic and Pacific surface waters have been analyzed for carbonate, opal, quartz and several natural and man-made radioisotopes.The concentrations of particles range between 10 and 600 μg/kg. In the equatorial regions particle concentrations are low and similar in both the oceans. At higher latitudes (>30°N or S), the Atlantic waters, however, have higher concentrations of particles compared to those in the Pacific. The latitudinal distribution exhibits a north-south symmetry with higher concentrations in the 30°–60° belt. Based on the particulate abundance for CaCO3 and opal and their sedimentation, we have estimated their production and in-situ integrated dissolution rates for a few regions.Radioisotopes having different source functions, namely14C and239Pu injected due to nuclear weapon tests,234Th,230Th and228Th produced in-situ in seawater,232Th which derives primarily from land,210Pb introduced via wet precipitations and226Ra introduced through diffusion from deep-sea sediments have been measured in the particulates. The relative enrichment factors for these nuclides in particles vary as Th ? Pu > Pb > Ra. The atmospheric bomb fallout pattern is discernible in the surface particulates; the239Pu concentration increases with latitude in both the hemispheres; however, the values are about a factor of two lower in the southern hemisphere.The distribution pattern of radioisotopes is found to be complex, even for234Th whose source function in the oceans is uniform. In view of the differences in the source functions it becomes possible to delineate the principal geochemical/geophysical processes which determine the concentrations of these nuclides in surface waters. 相似文献
7.
Rolf K. Eckhoff 《Marine pollution bulletin》1994,29(6-12):304-306
Natural gas (NG) is produced whenever organic matter is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. The main constituent of natural gas is methane. In contrast to liquid fuels, methane has a boiling point far below normal ambient temperatures. Even the critical temperature is well below ambient. Therefore natural gas must be stored either as compressed natural gas (CNG) at very high pressures at ambient temperatures, or as liquefied natural gas (LNG) at very low temperatures. The basic safety issues are caused by loss of confinement of either CNG or LNG. In both cases the issues are: global greenhouse effects of natural gas (methane); local fire and explosion hazards; and local asphyxiation hazard due to reduced oxygen content in the atmosphere breathed when air is mixed with methane. 相似文献
8.
Research over the last decade has shown that the suspended sediment loads of many rivers are dominated by composite particles. These particles are also known as aggregates or flocs, and are commonly made up of constituent mineral particles, which evidence a wide range of grain sizes, and organic matter. The resulting in situ or effective particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment exert a major control on all processes of entrainment, transport and deposition. The significance of composite suspended sediment particles in glacial meltwater streams has, however, not been established. Existing data on the particle size characteristics of suspended sediment in glacial meltwaters relate to the dispersed mineral fraction (absolute particle size), which, for certain size fractions, may bear little relationship to the effective or in situ distribution. Existing understanding of composite particle formation within freshwater environments would suggest that in‐stream flocculation processes do not take place in glacial meltwater systems because of the absence of organic binding agents. However, we report preliminary scanning electron microscopy data for one Alpine and two Himalayan glaciers that show composite particles are present in the suspended sediment load of the meltwater system. The genesis and structure of these composite particles and their constituent grain size characteristics are discussed. We present evidence for the existence of both aggregates, or composite particles whose features are largely inherited from source materials, and flocs, which represent composite particles produced by in‐stream flocculation processes. In the absence of organic materials, the latter may result solely from electrochemical flocculation in the meltwater sediment system. This type of floc formation has not been reported previously in the freshwater fluvial environment. Further work is needed to test the wider significance of these data and to investigate the effective particle size characteristics of suspended sediment associated with high concentration outburst events. Such events make a major contribution to suspended sediment fluxes in meltwater streams and may provide conditions that are conducive to composite particle formation by flocculation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
Due to the reduction and degradation of coastal areas in Japan by land reclamation and anthropogenic perturbations, from the point of view of conservation of the coastal environment, the restoration of Sargassum beds is essential. Between 1978 and 1991, 6400 ha of seagrass and seaweed beds have been lost along the Japanese coast, of which Sargassum beds were 22%. New techniques for Sargassum bed restoration are summarized based on three coastal engineering techniques. (1) Construction of shallow and gentle sloping bottom substrata have been shown to be effective for the reestablishment of 'management-free seagrass and Sargassum beds' on developed coasts. (2) Seeding or transplanting using artificial substratum for extension of nursery and fishing grounds around natural Sargassum beds. (3) Periodic transplanting of Sargassum plants using artificially produced seedlings is effective to produce niches to allow faunal re-colonization in severely polluted and sparsely vegetated area. However, prior to implementation, the suitability and limitations of these three techniques requires to be ascertained for effective Sargassum bed restoration. 相似文献
10.
Bacteria‐sediment associations in an alpine,freshwater environment and their effects on particle size,density and settling velocity 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study measures the presence of bacteria‐sediment associations (BSAs) in an alpine, glacier‐fed watershed in the Southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. The impact of BSAs on the creation of flocculated particles and their settling velocity are quantified using a laser transmissometer. Results from the study indicate that BSAs are present in the watershed and vary over both space and time. The percentage of bacteria associated with sediment particles was found to range from < 1% to 40%. Major sources of planktonic bacteria such as agricultural land and wastewater treatment outflow co‐occur with large decreases in the BSA ratio. Laboratory analysis demonstrates that an increase in the concentration of bacteria was associated with a decrease in the volume concentration of small particles, and a decrease in both estimated density and measured settling velocity for particles in larger size classes; consistent with flocculated particles of increasing complexity arising from combinations of primary particles and/or BSAs. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions using laminated lake sediments in alpine, glacier‐fed systems benefit from a fuller understanding of the geomorphologic processes by which they formed. While bacteria are noted to enhance formation of flocculated particles in laboratory systems, their impact upon geomorphic processes in natural systems have yet to be fully explored. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Recycling the large amounts of organic wastes produced by agriculture, forestry, urban and industrial activities as soil, organic amendments are the most popular and efficient option for avoiding their dispersion in the environment and restoring, maintaining, and/or improving the content of soil organic matter. Chemical stability and biological maturity are two important factors for the successful use of organic wastes in agriculture with limited risk for the surrounding environment. Stabilization and maturation of raw organic wastes inherently imply the achievement of an extensive humification, that is, a wide conversion of easily degradable organic matter to refractory organic compounds that resemble native soil humic substances (HS). Soil HS are the most important components of soil organic matter responsible of several soil functions and processes. As a consequence, the amount and quality of HS‐like fractions in any organic amendment are believed to be of primary importance for its agronomic efficacy, environmental safety and economic value. The first part of this review focuses on the chemical and physico‐chemical changes occurring in the humic substances (HS) ‐like fractions of organic wastes of various nature and sources subjected to common treatment processes aimed at producing environmentally‐safe soil amendments with beneficial agronomic properties. The second part discusses the composition, structure, and chemical reactivity of the HS‐like components in organic amendments of various origins and nature, and their effects on native soil HS. The review concludes by highlighting the need for innovative research targeted mainly to achieve a better fundamental understanding of the molecular structure and reactivity of soil HS and HS‐like fractions in organic amendments, the mechanisms of HS formation and transformations in the natural environment and during the treatment processes of raw organic wastes, the interactions with metals and organic xenobiotics, and the direct physiological effects that HS may exert on plants. 相似文献
12.
The loss rate of fast electrons (with an energy much higher than the energy of the plasma electron thermal motion), when they
leave a magnetic cavern during a disturbance of the magnetic field azimuthal symmetry, is studied. The cases of point and
volume sources of fast particles have been considered. The plasma density in the cavern is supposed to be low, so that collisions
of fast electrons with plasma particles can be neglected. The effect of the electric field on particle motion is neglected
because it is assumed that the electric charge particles outgoing from the cavern is compensated by the counter current of
plasma conductivity electrons. The dependence of the loss value on the harmonic number and the amplitude of the cavern boundary
radius disturbance has been obtained. 相似文献
13.
George J. Susino 《Quaternary Geochronology》2010,5(2-3):306-310
Lithic microwaste (<1 mm in maximum dimensions) is produced during lithic tools and rock engraving manufacture. For tools or rocks containing quartz, small particles persist as microwaste initially on the ground surface but later at least some particles are incorporated into sedimentary deposits associated with the occupation site. If microwaste is distinguished from naturally occurring sediments, then optical dating of microwaste or its surrounding sediment would provide a mechanism for establishing a terminus-ante-et-post-quem for archaeological deposits. Identification of microwaste is undertaken by comparing the shape of microwaste particles with those from surface sediments, taking particular note of angularity and irregular shapes; and by analysing quartz grain surface morphologies. On the basis of surface features identified on experimental microwaste, particles identified as microwaste are separated from the sedimentary grains. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy are used to determine surface differences between pedogenic grains and anthropogenic material from archaeological deposits. Single-grain OSL dating technique is then employed for age determinations for particles identified as microwaste. It has been noted in previous research that microwaste particles may lie within or close to the age boundaries of the surrounding sediments but not necessarily where larger lithic material is found. Microwaste is incorporated into sediment and is not subjected to the same degree of movement as larger lithic waste and stone tools within the deposit. The advantage of dating microwaste directly by OSL is that it removes ambiguity about archaeological association. Archaeological events can be dated directly and correlated with sediment ages from surrounding environments, regardless of post-depositional processes. Sand grains surrounding artefacts are dated, usually leaving open the question of the association of the artefact to the sedimentary level, as the artefact may have been displaced from its original depositional level. 相似文献
14.
罗布泊不是游移湖--从罗布泊的演化讨论罗布泊的游移问题 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
从构造、沉积学的观点出发,讨论了罗布泊的发展演化,明确提出罗布泊不是游移湖.罗布泊从中更新世以来,从淡水湖演化到盐湖直至1972年干涸,其沉积中心基本是固定的.在新构造运动、气候和水源补给等的共同影响下,尽管其水域大小有一定程度的变化,其沉积中心也有过一定距离的迁移,但从总体来说并没有变化,因此,它不是“游移”湖. 相似文献
15.
D.L. Griscom C.L. Marquardt E.J. Friebele D.J. Dunlop 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1974,24(1):78-86
Magnetic hysteresis effects have been observed in ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra obtained at 9 and 16 GHz for certain simulated lunar glasses which were reduced by H2 in the melt and rapidly quenched. Transmission electron microscopy has revealed that these samples contained spherical particles in the size range ～0.01–0.5 μm. FMR spectra obtained at 35 GHz (applied field ～ 12.5 kOe) exhibited a line shape characteristic of spherical, single-domain (SD) iron particles with no hysteresis. Computer simulations of the latter spectra confirmed that the average deviation from sphericity must be ?3% and that (2K1/Ms) ≈ + 600 Oe for the precipitated magnetic phases. The principal features of the spectra obtained at all three frequencies have been explained on the basis of a simple theoretical treatment for spherical iron particles which have 2 domains in applied fields ?7 kOe, but become saturated at higher fields. Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) of these samples has been studied by both FMR and standard static techniques; the mean coercive force measured by the former (～4 kOe) contrasts with the mean value determined by the latter (～550 Oe). Apparently, FMR singles out and even amplifies the contributions of two-domain particles (which are magnetically hard), while the static measurement is more sensitive to the average of all particles present. The intensity of the FMR hysteresis of typical lunar soils is found to be ～1% of the total FMR intensity. In spite of this seemingly small value, two-domain iron particles may be important carriers of natural remanent magnetization (NMR) in certain lunar rocks. 相似文献
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To simulate the behavior of radionuclides along a salinity gradient, in vitro sorption and desorption kinetics of Co, Mn, Cs, Fe, Ag, Zn and Cd were studied in Loire river water and the macrotidal Loire estuarine water over two different seasons. Partitioning between the dissolved phase and suspended solids were followed up over 100 h after adding radioactive tracers to freshly collected freshwater (sorption stage); this stage was followed by desorption in fresh and estuarine waters. A kinetic model describing the interactions between trace metals and particles under a salinity gradient was developed and calibrated. Among parameters and/or processes that control the fate and behavior of contaminated particles during their transfer in estuarine systems, this study shows that the speciation of trace metals is controlled by: (i) the chemical water composition: for all the elements except for Fe, desorption increased with salinity; however, the amplitude of such an effect strongly depended on the element and/or on the composition of the particulate phase (and consequently on the season); (ii) the possibility for a given element to form (or not) stable surface particle moieties such as oxides or inner-sphere complexes; (iii) the distribution of a given element among different types of sites characterised by different binding forces that can lead (or not) to re-adsorption processes after mixing of contaminated particles with uncontaminated water.Our model enabled the quantification of the contribution and the characteristic time of reactions that took place over short and long periods on the global partitioning between particulate and dissolved phases during sorption and desorption and to determine the extent to which these reactions were modified by the salinity. 相似文献
18.
翁文波院士提出的信息预测理论体系是一个具有自主创新的体系.它的创新性表现在下列几个方面：（1）翁先生创造性地提出：认识可划分为三个层次的认识体系：抽象体系、物理体系、信息体系.其中“信息体系”是翁先生第一个提出的；（2）对数据基本性质的新认识，特别是指出自然数、整数在研究和预测中的重要性；（3）翁先生新提出信息预测，它与统计预测有很大不同等等.翁先生的信息预测理论在天灾预测实际中取得了丰硕的成功预测成果. 相似文献
19.
The importance of obtaining depth-specific ground water samples is now well recognized among practitioners and scientists alike. Many methods and technologies are available for level discrete or depth-specific ground water sampling in consolidated aquifers. All methods have their associated advantages and drawbacks, however. One common disadvantage is that they are expensive. A large number of point discrete ground water samples were required for a UK research project aimed at quantifying natural attenuation processes in ground water contaminated by a former coal carbonization plant. Based on experience from a previous project to develop novel level accurate sampling methodologies for use in existing boreholes, the Ground Water Protection and Restoration Research Unit (GWPRRU) produced and tested a low-cost design multiport sock sampler for ground water monitoring. The sock sampler design allowed the recovery of multiple depth-specific ground water samples from depths of 150 feel (45 m) from individual boreholes in the sandstone aquifer at the field site. Because of their use of inexpensive materials, simple design, installation and use that does not require gravel packs, packers, or grouting, sock samplers were found to be the most cost effective, convenient, and reliable method of obtaining multiple depth-specific ground water samples at the project field site. 相似文献
20.
A numerical model of the high-latitude ionosphere, which takes into account the convection of the ionospheric plasma, has been developed and utilized to simulate the F-layer response at auroral latitudes to high-power radio waves. The model produces the time variations of the electron density, positive ion velocity, and ion and electron temperature profiles within a magnetic field tube carried over an ionospheric heater by the convection electric field. The simulations have been performed for the point with the geographic coordinates of the ionospheric HF heating facility near Tromso, Norway, when it is located near the midnight magnetic meridian. The calculations have been made for equinox, at high-solar-activity, and low-geomagnetic-activity conditions. The results indicate that significant variations of the electron temperature, positive ion velocity, and electron density profiles can be produced by HF heating in the convecting high-latitude F layer. 相似文献