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1.
湖泊疏浚堆场淤泥污染及潜在生态风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
疏浚淤泥内通常含有不同类型的有毒有害物质,在堆场直接堆放过程中可能会对周围环境产生有害影响.本文针对太湖及巢湖相应疏浚堆场内淤泥进行研究,探讨淤泥中重金属、多环芳烃以及多氯联苯等污染物含量及潜在生态风险;根据重金属的风险指数法和持久性有机污染物的风险商法,对各污染物的潜在生态风险进行定量分析.研究结果表明,太湖白旄堆场以及孔湾堆场淤泥内重金属及多环芳烃含量较小,潜在生态风险较低;巢湖南庄堆场淤泥内各类有害物质含量较大,种类较多,对于周围环境具有较高的潜在生态威胁.多氯联苯则在各个疏浚堆场淤泥中具有很高的积累量,潜在生态风险较高,应引起管理者的重视. 相似文献
2.
底泥和藻体对太湖湖泛的诱发及水体致黑物的供应潜力 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
为确定底泥和藻体在太湖湖泛形成过程中对致黑物形成的贡献,采用室内模拟系统,研究底泥、蓝藻以及底泥+蓝藻3种处理,模拟湖水在不同厌氧程度下湖泛特征参数(黑度、铁及硫形态)的变化,分析不同处理以及受不同聚藻程度影响区(八房港、焦山)底泥对湖泛的诱发作用及致黑物供给潜力.结果表明,各处理组诱发太湖湖泛发生的难易顺序为:底泥+蓝藻处理组底泥处理组蓝藻处理组.底泥+蓝藻处理组中Fe2+浓度为蓝藻处理组的11~94倍,其平均浓度为后者的33倍,而底泥+蓝藻处理组中还原性硫浓度为其他处理组的2~56倍.研究还发现,聚藻区底泥较非聚藻区更易发生湖泛,这是由于聚藻区底泥富集了更高浓度的铁、硫等还原性物质,但厌氧处理与非厌氧处理在诱发湖泛发生的风险差异不明显.以上结果证实,厌氧环境下低价铁硫供应潜力的差异是决定湖泛发生的主要物质来源,加强对聚藻区底泥及蓝藻的控制是有效防控太湖湖泛发生的主要措施之一. 相似文献
3.
4.
原油烃类组成特征及黏度预测是油气勘探开发的重要基础.在松辽盆地北部西部斜坡、龙虎泡大安阶地、齐家古龙凹陷选取原油及稠油样品54件、探井油砂样品17件,利用全二维气相色谱和全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱对原油及稠油样品开展分析及定量研究.实验结果表明,西部斜坡原油以稠油为主,稠油烃类组成总体呈现链烷烃单环芳烃环烷烃非烃等双环芳烃三环芳烃四环芳烃,芳烃含量最高、非烃等含量最低,链烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃和非烃等组成含量多数相差在15%以内的特征;有次生型和混合型稠油,生物降解是西部斜坡稠油及次生型稠油的主要形成机制,包括轻度、中度和严重生物降解稠油,随生物降解程度的增大,稠油及原油呈现链烷烃含量减小、芳烃和非烃等含量增大、环烷烃含量先增大后减小的趋势,严重生物降解阶段环烷烃降解速率及程度明显大于芳烃和非烃,为原油及稠油不同生物降解阶段烃类组分的抗降解能力及降解机理研究提供了新方法.龙虎泡大安阶地和齐家古龙凹陷主要为常规原油,总体呈现链烷烃含量最高且占绝对优势、芳烃含量最低的特征,龙虎泡大安阶地个别油井萨尔图油层为中度生物降解稠油、葡萄花油层为轻度生物降解原油.生物降解原油尤其是中度和严重生物降解稠油的饱和烃与芳烃参数一般不能真实反映其母质类型及成熟度,Ts/(Ts+Tm)参数能反映原油及稠油的成熟度;利用原油烃类组成及黏度指数预测探井油砂稠油黏度,为油藏原油非均质性、试油方案和产能评价等勘探开发提供了有效方法及途径. 相似文献
5.
联苯系列化合物与苯并萘噻吩系列化合物的形成机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过模拟实验研究了联苯系列化合物与苯并萘噻吩系列化合物的形成机制 .联苯系列的成因主要有两个 :一是含有共轭烯键的链状化合物或含有共轭烯键链的化合物芳构化 ,二是硫作用于普通链状化合物夺去部分氢形成 (硫化氢和 )共轭烯中间体 ,进而芳构化形成联苯系列 ;苯并萘噻吩系列的直接前身物质之一可能是苯基萘系列 ,含有共轭烯键的链状化合物或具有共轭烯链的化合物以及饱和与不饱和链状化合物在硫的作用下都可以转化成苯并萘噻吩系列 .联苯系列化合物对热稳定 ,但在硫或氧存在条件下可以分别转化成硫芴系列和多环芳烃或氧芴系列和多环芳烃 .联苯和甲基联苯之和在联苯系列总量中的比例可以用来判断环境 ,在成熟度不太高的前提下 ,如果比例数高说明环境偏咸 ,反之则说明环境偏淡 .原油中苯并萘噻吩系列化合物含量高表明原油曾经历过丰富硫的作用 .但这个作用可能发生在油源岩中 ,也可能发生在油藏中 . 相似文献
6.
异常热作用对油藏中原油的影响——以塔里木盆地塔中18井为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
塔里木盆地塔中18井揭示了一个94m厚的侵入岩体侵入到志留系砂岩中,在侵入岩体异常热作用下,砂岩中原来存在的原油变成了黑色的碳质沥青,沥青反射率高达3.54%,已到了非常高的热演化阶段.塔中18井碳质沥青的C27,C28和C29甾烷分布特征与邻近的塔中11,塔中12,塔中45和塔中47井同层位的样品较为一致,仍保留着"V"字型分布的特征,仍能作为有效的油源对比标志,并表明其油源为中-上奥陶统烃源岩;但萜烷类的一些油源对比参数与邻近井相比已经发生了较大的变异,不能再用作油源对比标志.邻近的塔中11,塔中12,塔中45和塔中47井样品氯仿沥青"A"碳同位素δ13C值位于?32.53‰~?33.37‰之间,属于塔里木盆地正常古生界海相原油范畴,但塔中18井异常热作用下形成的碳质沥青碳同位素δ13C值位于?27.18‰~?29.26‰之间,具有明显偏重的特征.饱和烃组分上,塔中18井碳质沥青的饱和烃中含有相对较多轻烃组分(nC14~nC20),轻烃和重烃之比(ΣnC21?/ΣnC22 )位于4.56~39.17之间,而邻近的塔中11等井轻烃和重烃之比(ΣnC21?/ΣnC22 )位于0.85~1.92之间;塔中18井饱和烃还具有强烈的偶碳优势,OEP(奇偶优势指数)值位于0.22~0.49之间,而邻近的塔中11等井不具有明显的偶碳优势或奇碳优势,其OEP值位于0.88~1.05之间.另外,由于异常热作用下含烷基的芳烃化合物的脱烷基化作用和芳环的稠合作用,塔中18井与邻近的塔中11等井相比,含有相对较高的不含烷基取代基的芳烃化合物(如菲等)和相对较高的多环芳烃化合物(如甾蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并荧蒽等). 相似文献
7.
河北王快水库沉积物多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
对王快水库沉积物中16种多环芳烃含量进行了检测,结果表明,王快水库沉积物多环芳烃含量处于中等污染水平.多环芳烃总含量由库区上游到坝前逐渐升高,多环芳烃总含量在沉积物纵向上的总体分布趋势是随着剖面深度的增加而降低,低环的萘和菲,高环的荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、屈和芘是沉积物中主要的优势化合物,表层和剖面沉积物中多环芳烃的含量与有机碳含量呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.8154和0.9534.王快水库沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源化石燃料及生物质的燃烧,风险评价结果表明,严重的多环芳烃生态风险在王快水库沉积物中不存在,但是芴化合物含量超过了风险评价低值,可能存在着对生物的潜在危害. 相似文献
8.
9.
异常热作用对油藏中原油的影响——以塔里木盆地塔中18井为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
塔里木盆地塔中18井揭示了一个94m厚的侵入岩体侵入到志留系砂岩中,在侵入岩体异常热作用下,砂岩中原来存在的原油变成了黑色的碳质沥青,沥青反射率高达3.54%,已到了非常高的热演化阶段.塔中18井碳质沥青的C27,C28和C29甾烷分布特征与邻近的塔中11,塔中12,塔中45和塔中47井同层位的样品较为一致,仍保留着“V”字型分布的特征,仍能作为有效的油源对比标志,并表明其油源为中-上奥陶统烃源岩;但萜烷类的一些油源对比参数与邻近井相比已经发生了较大的变异,不能再用作油源对比标志.邻近的塔中11,塔中12,塔中45和塔中47井样品氯仿沥青“A”碳同位素δ^13C值位于-32.53‰- -33.37‰之间,属于塔里木盆地正常古生界海相原油范畴,但塔中18井异常热作用下形成的碳质沥青碳同位素δ^13C值位于-27.18‰- -29.26‰之间,具有明显偏重的特征.饱和烃组分上,塔中18井碳质沥青的饱和烃中含有相对较多轻烃组分（nC14-nC20）,轻烃和重烃之比（ΣnC21^-/ΣnC22^＋）位于4.56-39.17之间,而邻近的塔中11等井轻烃和重烃之比（ΣnC21^-/ΣnC22^＋）位于0.85-1.92之间;塔中18井饱和烃还具有强烈的偶碳优势,OEP（奇偶优势指数）值位于0.22-0.49之间,而邻近的塔中11等井不具有明显的偶碳优势或奇碳优势,其OEP值位于0.88-1.05之间.另外,由于异常热作用下含烷基的芳烃化合物的脱烷基化作用和芳环的稠合作用,塔中18井与邻近的塔中11等井相比,含有相对较高的不含烷基取代基的芳烃化合物（如菲等）和相对较高的多环芳烃化合物（如甾蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并荧蒽等）. 相似文献
10.
太湖底泥和疏竣堆场中持久性有机污染物的分布及潜在生态风险 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
以太湖的重污染湖区-五里湖为例,以有机氯农药和多环芳烃为主要目标化合物,分析了疏竣湖区底泥中典型持久性有机污染物的蓄积规律和对生态的潜在影响.分析结果表明:五里湖疏竣湖区底泥中的多环芳烃类有机物在深度上呈指数分布特征,上层底泥中的含量显著高于下层,但对湖区生态没有显著影响;五里湖底泥受到一定的有机氯农药的污染,以六六六和DDE等污染为主,但对比生态风险评估指标仍属于生态安全的底泥.疏竣堆场土壤中多环芳烃的含量仅为五里湖疏竣底泥的1/6,在堆场使用后8个月后,堆场底泥中16种优先检测的多环芳烃含量与湖区底泥仍相当.但堆场使用后,堆场的水花生秸秆内多环芳烃含量发生了显著变化,其总含量增加为原来的6倍,有四种多环芳烃含量超过了生态风险效应区间低值但低于效应区间高值.原秸秆内不含有的苯并[a]蒽和(屈)也被检出,说明堆放五里湖疏竣底泥后对植物产生了一定的生态威胁. 相似文献
11.
H. Hellmann 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1995,23(3):121-130
Fine Resolution of UV Spectra by Differentiation of 1st and 2nd Order in Hydrocarbon Analysis Basic UV spectra (0th order) in unpolar solvents such as cyclohexane are useful — though with some reservations — in characterizing mineral oils occuring in pure form and aromatic fractions in environmental samples separated by chromatographic techniques. The common standard raffinates, biogenic hydrocarbons or other mixes of hydrocarbons including polycyclic aromatics can be approximately identified. The spectra of 1st and 2nd order improve the reliability of the results and permit above all to detect polycondensated aromatics even in traces. Finally, partial spectra of 1st and 2nd order in the wavelength ranges 205…240, 220…260, and 260…320 nm allow because of their very specific structures a simple and fast practically definite assignment to the above-mentioned groups of aromatics. Analogously, substituted aromatics in detergents and other technical products have already been identified. The method is suitable as a fast preliminary test, at least. 相似文献
12.
1 INTRODUCTION Extensive literature (Brown et al., 1985; Sawhney et al., 1981; Bierman and Swain, 1982; Connolly, 1980; Lopez-Avila and Hites, 1980; O扖onnor, 1988) described lots of sorbed pollutants or toxic substances in bed sediments of rivers, even after the effluent was halted for a long time. This is particularly true for hydrophobic organic compounds that can be sorbed on the particles and accumulated in the river bed sediments (Karickhoff et al., 1979). Pollution events of… 相似文献
13.
Two field experiments were conducted for a 21-month period to monitor the fate of an Arabian light crude oil spread on the surface of seashore sediments at low energy sites. The weathering of saturated and of aromatic hydrocarbons followed curvilinear decreasing curves, the saturates being eliminated more rapidly than the aromatics. The asphaltic fraction was more persistent and decreased only very slowly. On the basis of the results, a tentative semi-quantitative graphic model is proposed to evaluate the relative parts of physical removal and of biodegradation in the decontamination of oil-polluted seashore sediments. The model establishes interrelations between the residual concentration of total hydrocarbons (sum of saturates and aromatics), the age of the pollution and the biodegradation stage, defined by capillary gas-chromatography. The biodegradation stage was directly related to the residual level of the oil contamination in the sediments. 相似文献
14.
《Acta Geochimica》2013,(3)
Samples around a coal gangue dump of the Gequan Coal Mine were collected in April 2009. GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) were employed to analyze the composition of organic matter in the samples. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. The contents of organic extracts are within the range of 140-750 mg/kg. Alkand aro-ratios are relatively high. Compared to those of the background sample (GQ13 ), the contents of saturated hydrocarbon compounds in all the samples are relatively high. The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively high with the distance getting closer to the coal gangue dump. These indicate that organic matter in the samples is from coal particles of the coal gangue dump. The distributions of heavy metals are very similar: the contents decrease with distance from the dump, which indicates that the harmful heavy metals from the coal gangue dump have polluted as thick as at least 500 m. 相似文献
15.
Photoenhanced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is well demonstrated in laboratory and in a few in situ studies. Effects have been observed for multiple taxa and toxicological endpoints, and the mechanism of toxic action has been described. However, this phenomenon is ameliorated by physical, chemical and biotic factors. The ecological relevance of PAH phototoxicity remains uncertain; it should not be used for environmental management decisions unless its ecological relevance is firmly established, and then only as part of a weight of evidence determination. 相似文献
16.
The primary objective of this study was to examine the chemical speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in sediments endowed with different characteristics. To achieve this purpose and because the nature of the sediments influences the distribution of PAHs, we have analyzed four different types of sediments. To study the role of organic matter in the sequestration of PAHs, we fractionated humic substances into humic acids and humin-mineral fractions. After their separation and purification, the humic components were examined for their sorptive reactivity by extracting them with organic solvents; these extracts were subsequently subjected to GC/MS analysis. Our results show that PAHs are distributed between labile and sequestered fractions in sediments. A slower uptake of PAHs occurs when the sequestered fraction is formed, and this process can be prolonged and may be influenced by the characteristics if the sediment. Our study suggests that organic contaminants are available in muddy sediments for a longer period of time than in sandy sediments. 相似文献
17.
Z. A. Zhakovskaya V. N. Petrova L. O. Khoroshko G. I. Kukhareva A. A. Lukin 《Water Resources》2010,37(1):75-83
The quantitative concentrations of 21 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls and 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
were studied in bottom sediments of the Usa River, the largest Pechora’s tributary, and its tributaries located in the central
part of Timan-Pechora petroleum province. In accordance with the classification of the regional and international standards,
the pollution degree of bottom sediments by organic compounds of those classes was evaluated. Pollution profiles were examined
and the character of the dominating source of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for bottom sediments
in the region under study was identified. Key words: bottom sediments, polychlorinated biphenyls, profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petrogenic, pyrogenic pollution
source. 相似文献
18.
A. Lawerenz 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1983,11(3):259-268
The river with a catchment of 5,400 km2 is investigated over a length of 230 km at seven stations for the total concentration of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the total of three carcinogenic polycyclic substances (CPS) in the water by means of thin-layer chromatography. The maximum load occurs in the lower course downstream of large industrial wastewater introduction points with 5.1 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas in the upper course the maxima are at 2 … 3 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for a mainly municipal pollution. The average daily load increases from 0.146 kg/d PAH and 0.048 kg/d CPS to 4.168 and 1.401 kg/d, respectively. In the flowing water there cannot be observed any self-purification concerning these substances, by an interconnected storage reservoir seston is reduced and thus also the PAC-concentrations are reduced by 50 … 60%. The PAH-concentration shows a significant positive correlation with the COD-Mn and the ammonium concentration. There is also a good agreement between the concentrations measured and the concentrations calculated from the wastewater load in the longitudinal section of the river. 相似文献
19.
We evaluated the performances of a submersible ultraviolet fluorometer (EnviroFlu-HC, TriOS Optical Sensors) dedicated to the real time measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic media. We conducted calibration experiments and in situ measurements in the coastal Mediterranean Sea. We found that the EnviroFlu-HC was not strictly specific to PAHs, even though it exhibited the highest sensitivity for phenanthrene, but could response to tryptophan-like material as well, and in a much less extent, to humic substances. The sensor signal showed great spatial and temporal variations in clean and polluted sites, with likely a high contribution of PAHs in the harbors, and a high contribution of tryptophan-like and humic-like materials in the sewage effluent. We conclude that the EnviroFlu-HC is a good tool for monitoring anthropogenic inputs in the coastal waters, although its utilization should be combined to other fluorescence measurements to improve the information about the nature of the aromatic compounds detected. 相似文献
20.
Study of the Biological Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Laboratory-scale Plant A one-stage laboratory-scale wastewater treatment plant composed of a bubble column reactor with sedimentor and sludge recycle is fed with an oil/water emulsion from a contaminated site. The oil phase is highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The samples are taken regularly at defined points of the treatment plant (influent, reactor, return sludge, effluent). The analysis of PAH is performed by HPLC. We can show that all analysed PAH including the poorly degradable carcinogenic substances such as benzo[a]pyrene are biologically transformed. Additional measurements of the toxic and mutagenic potential of the wastewater show that in the laboratory-scale plant full removal of the carcinogenic potential is not achieved. This is due to the fact that during the biological transformation of higher condensated PAH mutagenic dead-end metabolites are produced. 相似文献