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1.
与滑坡变形相关的微震称作滑坡震,反映了滑坡上不稳定区域对外界环境因素的响应,分析滑坡体微震事件的地震学性质能够为理解滑坡的动力学过程、进行滑坡稳定性分析以及灾害防治提供关键信息。放置在滑坡上的地震仪不但能记录到和滑坡变形相关的微震,可能还会记录到一些人类活动信号。滑坡上的人类活动产生的震动事件给滑坡震探测带来挑战。梭坡滑坡位于四川省丹巴县大渡河左岸猴子岩水库库尾,是丹巴县古碉群的集中分布区之一,近年来滑坡灾害频发,其稳定性对古碉群保护和水库蓄水位的选择均十分重要。为监测该滑坡体局部破裂产生的微震信号,2017年2月至3月在滑坡上布设了34台三分量短周期地震仪。基于信号到时和波形特征确定几类模板事件,采用滑动时窗互相关的方法检测微震事件,并对信噪比较高的事件进行定位。根据事件的位置和到时信息,估算出滑坡体东西部浅层沉积层面波速度结构存在一定差异,表明了滑坡浅层沉积层物质分布的横向不均匀。根据这些事件的发生时间和波形特征,认为除了滑坡震,梭坡滑坡上还存在燃放烟花造成的震动事件。 相似文献
2.
滑坡体三维速度结构为滑坡治理、灾害防治、风险防范以及理解滑坡的动力学过程提供了关键信息,而高频面波成像是研究浅层速度结构的重要手段.本文详细介绍了利用2016年12月1日在四川理县西山村滑坡上布设的38个仪器记录的三分量连续地震噪声数据,提取1～5Hz的基阶Love波和Rayleigh波经验格林函数,分析了不同参数和处理方法对背景噪声互相关计算结果的影响.结果表明,1天左右的连续波形记录裁剪至1200s的时间长度,进行互相关叠加就可以得到较为稳定的经验格林函数.西山村滑坡体上Love波和Rayleigh波的群速度分别为约400m·s-1和700m·s-1,并且Love波信噪比高于Rayleigh波.此外,我们还利用聚束分析方法对噪声源的位置进行了分析,发现1～5Hz的背景噪声主要来自滑坡东南侧附近杂谷脑河水的搬运作用.这些高频面波数据和噪声源位置为获取滑坡浅层三维速度结构提供了重要输入,同时也为研究滑坡体速度结构随时间的变化提供了基础. 相似文献
3.
地震学是利用地震波的传播特性来研究内部结构及震动源的一门学科,在获取滑坡体物性参数、监测其变化,以及探测滑坡发育过程中的变形和微破裂等信息具有天然的优势,这些信息对于滑坡的监测、治理、以及预警至关重要.本文调研了国内外近年来地震学手段在滑坡监测中的应用,分为滑坡体结构研究、滑坡发育过程中滑坡震研究以及滑坡启动后的动态过程研究三部分,主要概括了其原理及结论.调研结果表明,结合密集台阵长时间观测,地震学方法可以有效地获取滑坡体三维结构,局部及内部的变形、破裂情况,以及滑坡发生后的动力学过程.滑坡物性参数变化和滑坡震活动性异常等可能是滑坡灾害发生前的前兆信号,能被地震学手段获取. 相似文献
4.
汶川大地震触发了多处高速远程滑坡,导致了大量的人员伤亡及财产损失。其中,东河口滑坡是这次地震触发的最为典型的高速远程滑坡之一,同时也是目前备受关注、争论颇多的滑坡之一。野外调研结果表明,该滑坡的成因和动力特征主要包括震裂溃屈、水平抛射、碎屑流化和振动液化等4个方面。为了对该滑坡滑动过程中的振动液化这一动力特征进行模拟再现,在东河口滑坡体上采集了具有代表性的滑带土作为试验样品,并以该地震时的实测地震波作为动力输入,利用目前国际上最先进的DPRI环剪试验机,对滑坡滑动过程中的振动液化现象进行了一系列环剪试验研究。结果表明,地震作用过程中,发生在滑坡潜在滑面上的振动液化现象是导致高速远程滑坡产生的一个重要因素;伴随着振动液化过程,滑体的剪切强度迅速降低并产生逐渐增大的剪切位移,为高速远程滑坡的形成提供了条件 相似文献
5.
含硬包体试样在破裂孕育过程中波速场的变化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
含硬包体混凝土试样在底面支撑侧面双轴加压至主破裂的情况下波速场的变化图象为：加压初期,试样上的纵波平均速度在４１７５～４６１５ｍ／ｓ之间变化,随着压力升高,出现小于４１７５ｍ／ｓ的低速区,但范围甚小,位置在两个包体之间。随后出现大于４６１５ｍ／ｓ的高速区,范围大致与包体位置一致。随着σ１的增加,低速区在逐渐变大,高速区逐步减小后又重新变大,高速区与低速区在平面上相互重叠,在空间上看,高速区被低速区包围着。临近主破裂时,低速区变小并逐步形成条带,高速区也变小,主要集中在靠近未来出现破裂的一个包体位置上。最终的破裂面出现在此高速区与低速条带交界附近,包体也局部破裂了。 相似文献
6.
工程场地地震安全性评价、特别是在地震小区划工作中,对地震滑坡的评价通常采用定性分析方法,因此,对其影响范围未给出定量的评价结果。本文以吕梁新城地震小区划滑坡评价为例,通过对该区的地质条件、地貌特征的研究,针对具有典型特征的剖面,选取地震力、内聚力、摩擦角作为影响因子,采用离散单元法(DEM)对潜在滑坡体的稳定性进行了数值模拟计算,得到了可能失稳的滑坡体潜在滑动的影响范围。并在此基础上通过对已知滑坡与潜在滑坡剖面结构特征的类比,对整个研究区内滑坡体的影响范围进行了评价。研究结果可为吕梁新城的规划提供依据,也可为同类工程中地震滑坡灾害的定量评价提供参考。 相似文献
7.
远震接收函数已广泛用于反演台站下方的结构,然而由于地球的非弹性衰减作用,远震数据较难获得高频接收函数,对浅地表结构约束不足.为了克服这一问题,我们使用近震数据的高频接收函数来研究浅表速度结构,并应用于四川理县西山村滑坡体上3个宽频带地震仪记录到的近震事件.本文发展了接收函数V_P-k(V_P/V_S)叠加方法,结合接收函数H-k叠加和波形反演方法获得了台站下方滑坡体的厚度、S波速度和平均V_P/V_S比,并与钻孔得到的滑坡体厚度进行对比.结果表明,滑坡体具有小尺度的横向不均匀性,台站下方滑坡体的平均V_P/V_S比在2.4~3.1之间变化并且在底层存在78~143m·s~(-1)左右的S波低速层.本文观测到的高V_P/V_S比和底层低的S波速度结构,与电磁法获得的滑坡体底层低的电阻率和底部富水特征一致,表明滑坡体h1底界面的抗剪强度相对较弱,是潜在的滑坡危险区域.本文研究结果表明,利用近震接收函数能有效约束浅表的速度结构,进而能为滑坡灾害治理提供一定的地震学参考. 相似文献
8.
云阳宝塔滑坡区先后发生了多次滑坡 ,其中鸡扒子滑坡是最近的 1次 ,新滑坡是在旧滑坡的基础上沿旧滑坡面的部分复活。根据对该滑坡体几何形态、物质成分与结构特征及水文地质特征的考察 ,初步认为 ,降水入渗与排水不畅引起的滑坡体内孔隙水压力上升是导致鸡扒子滑坡破坏的主导因素。文中根据极限平衡理论 ,运用VC + +语言编制了Sarma法的计算程序 ,对三峡水库蓄水后鸡扒子滑坡是否可能再次发生滑坡进行了评价 ,指出在滑坡体排水率为 5 0 %与三峡水库水位达 14 5m时为滑坡稳定与否的临界值。通过调整影响滑坡稳定性的主要参数的取值 ,对影响滑坡稳定性的因素进行了动态敏感性分析 ,指出降水入渗、长江水位、滑坡体的排水状况是影响滑坡稳定性的决定因素 ,三峡水库蓄水前应针对此采取相应的工程防治措施 ,才能保证水库蓄水后鸡扒子滑坡不再发生滑 相似文献
9.
不同的降雨强度和历时导致滑坡体内渗流场的动态演变,同时也影响着滑坡稳定性的变化,但目前对降雨作用下的滑坡稳定性变化规律的研究并不多。本文选取铜仁地区石灰溪滑坡进行案例研究,基于饱和—非饱和渗流理论和极限平衡理论,采用SLOPE/W模块研究在不同降雨强度及不同降雨历时组合工况作用下石灰溪滑坡在降雨中及降雨后1~7天的稳定性演化特征及规律。研究表明在不同降雨强度条件下,滑坡稳定性在第一天降雨过后急剧恶化,稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨强度的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨强度为100 mm/d时滑坡稳定性已经基本接近于整体滑动的状态;滑坡在降雨过程中稳定性系数迅速减小,随着降雨历时的增大滑坡稳定性恶化明显,当降雨历时为2天、3天时滑坡已经整体失稳。 相似文献
10.
汶川地震高速远程滑坡速度研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
汶川地震诱发了大量的高速远程滑坡。在超强的地震动作用下,坡体结构被撕裂并抛射后,受到坡体前缘地形及自身势能的影响,很容易转化为碎屑流作远程运动,这种高位滑坡以其很快的运动速度和超常的运动距离造成了巨大的灾害与损失。本文在对汶川地震大型典型高速远程滑坡大量现场调查的基础上,分析了坡体临空飞行运动初始速度、滑程运动最大速度以及碎屑流运动速度,并且以东河口滑坡为例,对比了不同计算方法下的运动速度和运动性,得到东河口滑坡的运动特征值μ=0.2292,最大运动速度Vm ax=63.40 m/s,平均运动速度超过25 m/s,属于超高速滑坡运动以及强碎屑流性质。 相似文献
11.
利用新近获得的子午面磁盔－电流片背景太阳风稳态解，对激波从盔底沿电流片方向往外传播时与磁盔间的相互作用进行了数值模拟研究，重要新结果是：１．磁盔的存在使受扰介质速度跃变中央出现下凹，随着激波传出磁盔区并沿电流片方向传播，速度下凹逐渐减弱以致消失；２．激波将磁盔拉长并把盔顶的环形（垂直赤道面）磁场带到行星际空间，成为行星际磁场南向分量的来源之一；３．５个太阳半径（Ｒ⊙）内的磁盔部分将出现精细结构，沿盔外边界形成两条高速带，以及马蹄形密度（亮）环形结构等．这些结果表明，太阳附近高速等离子体与磁盔间存在重要的动力学相互作用过程，对行星际空间的太阳风三维结构有重要影响． 相似文献
12.
利用新近获得的子午面磁盔－电流片背景太阳风稳态解，对激波从盔底沿电流片方向往外传播时与磁盔间的相互作用进行了数值模拟研究，重要新结果是：１．磁盔的存在使受扰介质速度跃变中央出现下凹，随着激波传出磁盔区并沿电流片方向传播，速度下凹逐渐减弱以致消失；２．激波将磁盔拉长并把盔顶的环形（垂直赤道面）磁场带到行星际空间，成为行星际磁场南向分量的来源之一；３．５个太阳半径（Ｒ⊙）内的磁盔部分将出现精细结构，沿盔外边界形成两条高速带，以及马蹄形密度（亮）环形结构等．这些结果表明，太阳附近高速等离子体与磁盔间存在重要的动力学相互作用过程，对行星际空间的太阳风三维结构有重要影响． 相似文献
13.
兰州是中国最典型的唯一河谷型特大城市,市内多次发生或遭受到强地震波及影响。特殊的地质构造和自然地理环境,使兰州市的震害尤其是地震诱发的地质灾害,表现出多样性、多发性、复杂性和严重性;由于城市的政治、经济结构和地位的影响,使灾害的危害表现在整体性和全局性上,因而兰州市在地震灾害面前又显示出脆弱和易损的一面。建立健全全市防震减灾的机制,预防各种次生灾害,尤其是包括滑坡在内的地质灾害,确保生命线工程的安全和正常运转,提高各级政府的管理水平,强化公众的综合应急应变能力,是做好兰州市防震减灾的重要工作。 相似文献
14.
On July 10, 1958, an earthquake Mw 8.3 along the Fairweather fault triggered a major subaerial landslide into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay on the southern coast of Alaska. The landslide impacted the water at high speed generating a giant tsunami and the highest wave runup in recorded history. The mega-tsunami runup to an elevation of 524 m caused total forest destruction and erosion down to bedrock on a spur ridge in direct prolongation of the slide axis. A cross section of Gilbert Inlet was rebuilt at 1:675 scale in a two-dimensional physical laboratory model based on the generalized Froude similarity. A pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was used to generate a high-speed granular slide with controlled impact characteristics. State-of-the-art laser measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser distance sensors (LDS) were applied to the decisive initial phase with landslide impact and wave generation as well as the runup on the headland. PIV provided instantaneous velocity vector fields in a large area of interest and gave insight into kinematics of wave generation and runup. The entire process of a high-speed granular landslide impact may be subdivided into two main stages: (a) Landslide impact and penetration with flow separation, cavity formation and wave generation, and (b) air cavity collapse with landslide run-out and debris detrainment causing massive phase mixing. Formation of a large air cavity — similar to an asteroid impact — in the back of the landslide is highlighted. A three-dimenional pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was designed, constructed and successfully deployed in the tsunami wave basin at OSU. The Lituya Bay landslide was reproduced in a three-dimensional physical model at 1:400 scale. The landslide surface velocities distribution was measured with PIV. The measured tsunami amplitude and runup heights serve as benchmark for analytical and numerical models. 相似文献
15.
Qi Zhang Da-chao Lin Chun-hua Bai Yan-yi Guo 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(7):519-525
For an explosion resource, to evaluate its damage power to ground surface targets is an important problem. Two direct methods, measuring of air shock wave pressures generated by explosion and experimental observation of simulation target damage, are usually used to appraise this blast damage power. However, the measuring system of air shock wave pressures is not only very complex, but there are some problems to gauge the pressure sensors and the measured pressures often exhibit a strong scatter of data. In a simulation way, the used targets, easily damaged by explosion action, are not used once again so that there is the waste of materials. A measuring system of explosion seismic waves, with the characteristics being stable in operation and convenient to arrange the sensors of seismic waves, cannot be easily damaged in the process of experiment. If the explosion seismic strength is able to reflect the damage effects of explosion resources to ground surface targets, it is possible to suggest a new evaluation method based on the seismic effect, which, to large extent, will overcome the drawbacks of those two methods mentioned above. In this work, the potential of this new method is investigated experimentally. The experimental results show that under the identical ground-layer state and within a definite distance range, it is available to employ the explosion seismic effect to evaluate the damage power of explosion resources to ground surface targets. 相似文献
16.
运用三维非线性动态有限元方法(Non-linear Dynamic FEM)仿真模拟研究了菱形模型的动态应力作用,分析了1976年唐山7.8级地震.结果表明:(1)唐山地震前增强的中强地震产生的冲击力形成的应力波反射后发生半波损失, 成为动态的拉伸应力,通过减小内摩擦而引起岩石产生裂纹、局部破裂并发生串通,一方面触发地震,另一方面为孕育唐山地震积累能量,表现为正反馈过程.(2)唐山地震产生的冲击力加卸载存在时间差,造成加卸载冲击波相位不同,结果产生的动应力和围压叠加致使围压波动和下降,导致抗剪切强度降低,使初始破裂分别向北东、西南方向传播.(3)冲击力的卸载,相对于产生拉伸性的应力波,反射后发生半波损失,成为动态的压缩应力,致使围压增大并导致破裂停止;而动态应力在传播过程中衰减.因此,余震的发生是一个负反馈过程. 相似文献
17.
从ＭＨＤＲａｎｋｉｎｅ－Ｈｕｇｏｎｉｏｔ关系出发，导出激波下游磁能、内能和动能相对上游的增长因子，它们依赖于上游的激波角、等离子体β值和激波强度．对这些因子分析得出：１．由于行星际存在大尺度螺旋磁场，使激波而不同部位能量转换率不同，导致激波面西侧为强磁场区；２．磁能、内能转换与介质流速无关，动能转换与流速呈线性关系；３．在激波驱动过程中，能量通过后向激波输入到前、后向激波间的相互作用区；４．行星际激波能量转换以法向动能为主，随着激波向外传播介质β值不断增大，法向动能增长因子不断减小，致使激波和太阳风介质的相互作用不断减弱． 相似文献
18.
A theoretical model, within the scope of which the process of surfatron particle acceleration (surfing) at the shock front was studied, is proposed to describe the near-Earth shock wave structure. The most complex shock front geometry, when it is assumed that the magnetic field vectors and the velocity of the plasma flow incident on the front are oriented arbitrarily with respect to the front plane, has been considered in detail. The theoretical ultimate energies of protons, accelerated due to surfing at the shock front, agree with the observational data. 相似文献
19.
Fanyu Zhang Jianbing Peng Xiugang Wu Fazhen Pan Yao Jiang Chao Kang Weijiang Wu Wenguo Ma 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(10):2060-2078
Flowslides that override a liquefied substrate can vastly enhance a disaster after failure initiation. These effects may result from the rapid velocity and long runout distance from slides mobilized into flows. It is thus crucial to provide an improved understanding of the transformation mechanisms of catastrophic flowslides for hazard evaluation. This study examines the Saleshan landslide in Gansu, China, which occurred in 1983 and killed more than 200 people. The Saleshan landslide travelled for approximately 1 km due to pore water pressure generation resulting from overrunning and liquefication of the alluvial sands in the river valley below. We used geomorphologic and topographic maps to determine its dynamic features and mobilization behaviors on the landslide body, and placemarks and seismic signals to identify its approximate velocity at different sites. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys also revealed the hydrogeological conditions post-landslide, showing a clear groundwater table along with the liquefied alluvial sand and gravel layers. Particle size distributions and triaxial shear behaviors confirmed more ready liquefaction of superficial loess and underlying alluvial sand in comparison with the red soil above and below them. Novel loading impact triaxial testing was also performed on the alluvial sand to elucidate its liquefaction potential in undrained and drained conditions. The alluvial sand was found to be markedly prone to liquefaction in undrained conditions due to impact-induced increased pore water pressure. The results further demonstrated that the Saleshan landslide underwent a transformation from a slowing slide on a steep slope, where it originated, to flow on a nearly flat terrace with abundant groundwater that it overrode. The transformation mechanism involved the liquefied alluvium sand substrate, which greatly enhanced the landslide mobility. Along with recent, similar findings from landslides globally, substrate liquefaction may result in a widespread, significant increase in landslide mobility and thus hazard, and the present study identifies the requisite conditions for this phenomenon to occur. 相似文献
20.
《国际泥沙研究》2015,(3)
Landslide dams commonly form when mass earth or rock movements reach a river channel and cause a complete or partial blockage of the channel.Intense rainfalls can induce upstream flows along a sloping channel that significantly affect downstream landslide dams.If a series of landslide dams are collapsed by incoming mountain torrents(induced by intense rainfall),large debris flows can form in a very short period.Furthermore,the failure of these dams can amplify the magnitude and scale of debris flows in the flow direction.The catastrophic debris flows that occurred in Zhouqu County,China on 8 August 2010 were caused by intense rainfall and the upstream cascading failure of landslide dams along the gullies.Incorporating the role of outburst floods associated with the complete or partial failure of landslide dams is an interesting problem usually beyond the scope of analysis because of the inherent modeling complexity.To understand the cascading failure modes of a series of landslide dams,and the dynamic effect these failures have on the enlargement of debris flow scales,experimental tests are conducted in sloping channels mimicking field conditions,with the modeled landslide dams distributed along a sloping channel and crushed by different upstream flows.The failure modes of three different cascades of landslide dams fully or partially blocking a channel river are parametrically studied.This study illustrates that upstream flows can induce a cascading failure of the landslide dams along a channel.Overtopping is the primary failure mechanism,while piping and erosion can also induce failures for different constructed landslide dams.A cascading failure of landslide dams causes a gradually increasing flow velocity and discharge of the front flow,resulting in an increase in both diameter and percentage of the entrained coarse particles.Furthermore,large landslide blockages can act to enhance the efficiency of river incision,or conversely to induce aggradation of fluvial sediments,depending on the blockage factor of the landslide dams and upstream discharge. 相似文献