共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
地震资料含有各种类型多次波，而传统成像方法仅利用地震一次反射波成像，在地震成像前需将多次波去除.然而，多次波携带了丰富的地下结构信息，多次波偏移能够提供除反射波外的额外地下照明.修改传统逆时偏移方法，用包含一次反射波和多次波的原始记录代替震源子波，将SRME方法预测的表面多次波代替一次反射波作为输入数据，可将表面多次波成像.多次波成像的挑战和困难在于大量串扰噪声的产生，针对表面多次波成像中的成像噪声问题，将最小二乘逆时偏移方法与多次波分阶思想结合起来，发展可控阶数的表面多次波反演成像方法，有望初步实现高精度的表面多次波成像.在消除原始记录中的表面多次波后，通过逆散射级数方法预测得到层间多次波，将层间多次波作为逆时偏移方法的输入数据可将其准确归位到地下反射位置.数值实验表明，多次波成像能够有效地为地下提供额外照明，而可控阶表面多次波最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法几乎完全避免成像噪声. 相似文献
2.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2015,(3)
The South China Sea where water depth is up to 5000 m is the most promising oil and gas exploration area in China in the future.The seismic data acquired in the South China Sea contain various types of multiples that need to be removed before imaging can be developed.However,compared with the conventional reflection migration,multiples carry more information of the underground structure that helps provide better subsurface imaging.This paper presents a method to modify the conventional reverse time migration so that multiple reflections can migrate to their correct locations in the subsurface.This approach replaces the numerical impulsive source with the recorded data including primaries and multiples on the surface,and replaces the recorded primary reflection data with multiples.In the reverse time migration process,multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated backward in time to each depth level,while primaries and multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated forward in time to the same depth levels.By matching the difference between the primary and multiple images using an objective function,this algorithm improves the primary resultant image.Synthetic tests on Sigsbee2 B show that the proposed method can obtain a greater range and better underground illumination.Images of deep water in the South China Sea are obtained using multiples and their matching with primaries.They demonstrate that multiples can make up for the reflection illumination and the migration of multiples is an important research direction in the future. 相似文献
3.
Luc T. Ikelle 《Geophysical Prospecting》1999,47(2):179-193
The current inverse scattering solution used for multiple attenuation of marine seismic reflection data assumes that sources and receivers are located in the water. To adapt this solution to the ocean-bottom cable (OBC) experiment where receivers are located on the sea-floor, we have proposed combining the conventional marine surface seismic reflection data (streamer data) with OBC data. The streamer data add to the OBC data some of the wave paths needed for multiple attenuation. This combination has allowed us to develop a multiple attenuation method for OBC data which does not require any knowledge of the subsurface and which takes into account all free-surface multiples, including receiver ghosts. A non-linear synthetic data example consisting of pressure and particle velocity fields is used to illustrate the procedure. 相似文献
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Joeri Brackenhoff Jan Thorbecke Giovanni Meles Victor Koehne Diego Barrera Kees Wapenaar 《Geophysical Prospecting》2022,70(1):35-56
We implement the 3D Marchenko equations to retrieve responses to virtual sources inside the subsurface. For this, we require reflection data at the surface of the Earth that contain no free-surface multiples and are densely sampled in space. The required 3D reflection data volume is very large and solving the Marchenko equations requires a significant amount of computational cost. To limit the cost, we apply floating point compression to the reflection data to reduce their volume and the loading time from disk. We apply the Marchenko implementation to numerical reflection data to retrieve accurate Green's functions inside the medium and use these reflection data to apply imaging. This requires the simulation of many virtual source points, which we circumvent using virtual plane-wave sources instead of virtual point sources. Through this method, we retrieve the angle-dependent response of a source from a depth level rather than of a point. We use these responses to obtain angle-dependent structural images of the subsurface, free of contamination from wrongly imaged internal multiples. These images have less lateral resolution than those obtained using virtual point sources, but are more efficiently retrieved. 相似文献
6.
在常规偏移方法中一般都需要压制地震数据中的多次波,仅利用一次波信息成像,把自由表面反射的多次波视为噪声,但是在多次波中也包含着地下结构信息,应该将其充分利用到成像中来.事实上,已经有不少成像方法试图利用多次波信息,但是大部分方法都需要对多次波进行预测.本文提出了基于傅里叶有限差分偏移算子的数据自相关偏移方法.在这种偏移方法中,对含有一次波和多次波的地震数据,分别进行下行和上行延拓,然后直接利用常规的互相关成像条件成像.由于波场延拓采用了傅里叶有限差分算子,其计算效率高,能够很好地对复杂介质中的地震数据进行延拓.在数值试验中,使用了一个含散射点的三层模型和Marmousi模型.合成数据测试结果表明,这种方法可以对更大范围的地下构造成像,比常规的只利用一次波的傅里叶有限差分法照明度更好,并且在浅层可以提供更高的分辨率.我们提出的数据自相关策略易于实现且避免了繁杂的多次波预测,这对于复杂地下构造成像可能有着重大意义. 相似文献
7.
为在去除多次波时有效保护地震一次反射波数据的AVO现象,给后续反演、解释提供准确的地震数据,本文提出了一种基于保幅拉东变换的多次波衰减方法,该方法是对常规抛物拉东变换的修改,把常规的稀疏拉东变换在拉东域分成两部分：一部分用于模拟零偏移距处的反射波能量,增加的另一部分用于模拟反射波振幅的AVO特性.该方法不仅考虑了反射波同相轴的形状,还考虑了反射波同相轴振幅幅度的变化,从而可把反射波信息进行有效转换,进而有利于多次波的消除,更好地恢复有效波的能量.在把地震数据由时间域转换到拉东域时,本文采用了IRLS算法实现保幅拉东算子的反演.模型数据和实际地震道集的试算分析表明,与常规拉东变换相比,保幅拉东变换在去除多次波的同时可有效保护一次反射波的AVO现象. 相似文献
8.
在常规地震资料处理中,多次反射波被视为噪声并从地震数据中去除,以免在之后的地震资料解释中造成误解.而事实上,多次波也是地震信号,是照明波场的一部分,能够对地下构造成像的精度做出贡献.本文分析了多次波在传统单程波叠前深度偏移中产生构造假象的机制和表现,为实现基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像,修改了单程波叠前深度偏移的边界条件,即将输入的震源波场用包含多次波的记录来替代,输入的记录波场用预测出的表层相关多次波来替代,实现了基于单程波偏移算子的地表相关多次波成像,并从理论上给出了其成像依据.通过基于二范式最小能量差原则求取的匹配因子,将多次波成像结果与一次波成像结果进行匹配叠加,应用多次波成像来弥补一次波成像的不足.简单模型验证了基于单程波偏移算子的多次波成像方法的有效性,最后对Sigsbee2B模型进行了一次波与多次波联合成像试算,盐边界高陡构造成像质量得到了明显改善. 相似文献
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A.J. Berkhout 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(1):106-145
Surface removal and internal multiple removal are explained by recursively separating the primary and multiple responses at each depth level with the aid of wavefield prediction error filtering. This causal removal process is referred to as “data linearization.” The linearized output (primaries only) is suitable for linear migration algorithms. Next, a summary is given on the migration of full wavefields (primaries + multiples) by using the concept of secondary sources in each subsurface gridpoint. These secondary sources are two‐way and contain the gridpoint reflection and the gridpoint transmission properties. In full wavefield migration, a local inversion process replaces the traditional linear imaging conditions. Finally, Marchenko redatuming is explained by iteratively separating the full wavefield response from above a new datum and the full wavefield response from below a new datum. The redatuming output is available for linear migration (Marchenko imaging) or, even better, for full wavefield migration. Linear migration, full wavefield migration, and Marchenko imaging are compared with each other. The principal conclusion of this essay is that multiples should not be removed, but they should be utilized, yielding two major advantages: (i) illumination is enhanced, particularly in the situation of low signal‐to‐noise primaries; and (ii) both the upper side and the lower side of reflectors are imaged. It is also concluded that multiple scattering algorithms are more transparent if they are formulated in a recursive depth manner. In addition to transparency, a recursive depth algorithm has the flexibility to enrich the imaging process by inserting prior geological knowledge or by removing numerical artefacts at each depth level. Finally, it is concluded that nonlinear migration algorithms must have a closed‐loop architecture to allow successful imaging of incomplete seismic data volumes (reality of field data). 相似文献
11.
海水与空气间的强波阻抗差使得海洋地震资料普遍发育自由表面相关多次波,如何利用好多次波所携带的有效信息已成为提高海洋地震资料成像品质的新突破点.基于面炮偏移的一次波与多次波同时成像方法能够避免多次波预测精度的影响,但是,正向传播的震源子波与反向延拓的自由表面相关多次波所产生的干涉假象严重制约了该技术的应用,本文提出了一种基于单程波偏移算子,可在成像域压制干涉假象的一次波与多次波同时成像方法.其中包含了三个步骤:第一,传统单程波偏移成像方法中的震源子波替换为一次波、多次波与震源子波,初始上行延拓波场为一次波与多次波,基于单程波算子的波场延拓与互相关成像条件的应用得到包含干涉假象的一次波与多次波同时成像;第二,以子波为震源,自由表面相关多次波为记录,按照传统单程波偏移成像方法得到干涉假象;第三,基于最小二乘匹配滤波算法,将第一步的成像结果与第二步的干涉假象进行匹配相减,得到干涉假象衰减后的一次波与多次波同时成像,避开了由于实际资料子波无法准确提取而造成一次波与多次波对成像能量级的不一致性.Sigsbee2B模型测试验证了本方法的有效性,并在我国某探区深海实际资料处理中得到了成功应用,深层基底得到了清晰刻画,并且照明均衡度明显改善. 相似文献
12.
Short-period multiple reflections pose a particular problem in the North Sea where predictive deconvolution is often only partially successful. The targeted multiple attenuation (TMA) algorithm comprises computation of the covariance matrix of preflattened prestack or post-stack seismic data, the determination of the dominating eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, and subtraction of the related eigenimages followed by reverse flattening. The main assumption made is that the flattened multiple reflections may be represented by the first eigenimage(s) which implies that the spatial amplitude variations of primaries and associated multiples are similar. This assumption usually limits the method to short-period multiple reflections. TMA is applicable post-stack or prestack to common-offset gathers. It is computationally fast, robust towards random noise, irregular geometry and spatial aliasing, and it preserves the amplitudes of primaries provided they are not parallel to the targeted multiples. Application of TMA to 3D wavefields is preferable because this allows a better discrimination between primaries and multiples. Real data examples show that the danger of partially removing primary energy can be reduced by improving the raw multiple model that is based on eigenimages, for example by prediction filtering. 相似文献
13.
The convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems are building blocks of wave-scattering theory whose usefulness expands in many seismological applications. For example, the Kirchhoff scattering series currently used for attenuating free-surface multiples has been derived from the convolution-type representation theorem. The recently introduced concept of virtual events, which allows us to put virtual sources and virtual receivers inside the subsurface based on the data collected at the sea surface, has been derived by a combined use of the convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems. The formulation of inverse Kirchhoff scattering series and virtual events has been limited so far to the cases in which sources or receivers, or both, are located in the water. Unfortunately, this assumption is not valid, especially in the context of virtual events, in which both sources and receivers will often be located in a solid. We here redescribe the Kirchhoff scattering series and reformulate the concept of virtual events for the cases in which sources and receivers are in a solid. Moreover, we describe a new form of Kirchhoff series based on the correlation-type representation theorem and new formulae for computing virtual events which do not include the complex renormalization operation of the previous formulation. 相似文献
14.
Recent advances in the demultiple technique have shown that a multidimensional convolution of a portion of data containing only primaries with the whole data (containing both primaries and multiples) can allow us to predict and attenuate all orders of free‐surface multiples that are relevant for practical purposes. One way of constructing the portion of the data containing only primaries is by muting the actual data just above the first free‐surface multiple to arrive. The location of the mute is generally known as the bottom‐multiple‐generator (BMG) reflector; the portion of the data containing only primaries required for constructing the free‐surface multiples is located above the BMG. The outstanding question about this method is how effective can the technique be when the BMG cuts through several seismic events, as is the case in long‐offset data or in very complex shallow geology. We present new results which demonstrate the fact that the BMG location may cut through several seismic events without affecting the accuracy or the cost of demultiple. 相似文献
15.
压制多次波是地震资料处理过程中的重要环节之一,多次波去除的效果直接影响到最后成像的质量．本文研究的逆散射级数法以波动方程和Born级数为基础,构造一个与自由表面多次波相关的子序列来预测并消除多次波,该方法不需要知道地下的速度结构信息,适用于各种复杂的地下情况．在逆散射级数法的实现过程中,地震子波和近道波场是必不可少的信息,本文采用能量最低法则和带限抛物Radon变换法来弥补原始地震资料中所缺失的这些信息．合成资料和实际地震资料的处理结果表明,逆散射级数法能够在去除自由表面多次波的同时保留有效波的信息,对于地下复杂结构的情况同样有效． 相似文献
16.
R. E. SHERIFF 《Geophysical Prospecting》1975,23(1):125-138
The amplitude of seismic energy varies over a tremendous range. Some of the factors responsible for such variation do not contain subsurface information; these include source strength and coupling, geophone sensitivity, array directivity, instrument balance, scattering in the near-surface, for example. Others depend on subsurface factors but do not convey information about lithology or hydrocarbon accumulation in a form from which we are able to extract it; these include spherical divergence, ray-path curvature, loss in transmission through intervening reflectors, peg-leg multiples, reflector rugosity, and curvature. The amplitude-governing factors we are primarily interested in are reflection coefficient, the interference of reflections from the top and base of a sand, and absorption. 相似文献
17.
Multiple scattering is usually ignored in migration algorithms, although it is a genuine part of the physical reflection response. When properly included, multiples can add to the illumination of the subsurface, although their crosstalk effects are removed. Therefore, we introduce full‐wavefield migration. It includes all multiples and transmission effects in deriving an image via an inversion approach. Since it tries to minimize the misfit between modeled and observed data, it may be considered a full waveform inversion process. However, full‐wavefield migration involves a forward modelling process that uses the estimated seismic image (i.e., the reflectivities) to generate the modelled full wavefield response, whereas a smooth migration velocity model can be used to describe the propagation effects. This separation of modelling in terms of scattering and propagation is not easily achievable when finite‐difference or finite‐element modelling is used. By this separation, a more linear inversion problem is obtained. Moreover, during the forward modelling, the wavefields are computed separately in the incident and scattered directions, which allows the implementation of various imaging conditions, such as imaging reflectors from below, and avoids low‐frequency image artefacts, such as typically observed during reverse‐time migration. The full wavefield modelling process also has the flexibility to image directly the total data (i.e., primaries and multiples together) or the primaries and the multiples separately. Based on various numerical data examples for the 2D and 3D cases, the advantages of this methodology are demonstrated. 相似文献
18.
For data acquired with conventional acquisition techniques, surface multiples are usually considered as noise events that obscure the primaries. However, in this paper we demonstrate that for the situation of blended acquisition, meaning that different sources are shooting in a time‐overlapping fashion, multiples can be used to ‘deblend’ the seismic measurements. We utilize the recently introduced estimation of primaries by sparse inversion (EPSI) methodology, in which the primary impulse responses are considered to be the unknowns in a large‐scale inversion process. With some modifications the estimation of primaries by sparse inversion method can be used for blended seismic data. As output this process gives unblended primary impulse responses with point sources and receivers at the surface, which can be used directly in traditional imaging schemes. It turns out that extra information is needed to improve on the deblending of events that do not have much associated multiple energy in the data, such as steep events at large offsets. We demonstrate that this information can be brought in during acquisition and during processing. The methodology is illustrated on 2D synthetic data. 相似文献
19.
Migration methods for imaging different-order multiples 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Zhiyong Jiang Jianming Sheng Jianhua Yu Gerard T. Schuster Brian E. Hornby 《Geophysical Prospecting》2007,55(1):1-19
Multiples contain valuable information about the subsurface, and if properly migrated can provide a wider illumination of the subsurface compared to imaging with VSP primary reflections. In this paper we review three different methods for migrating multiples. The first method is model-based, and it is more sensitive to velocity errors than primary migration; the second method uses a semi-natural Green's function for migrating multiples, where part of the traveltimes are computed from the velocity model, and part of the traveltimes (i.e., natural traveltimes) are picked from the data to construct the imaging condition for multiples; the third method uses cross-correlation of traces. The last two methods are preferred in the sense that they are significantly less sensitive to velocity errors and statics because they use “natural data” to construct part of the migration imaging conditions. Compared with the interferometric (i.e., crosscorrelation) imaging method the semi-natural Green's function method is more computationally efficient and is sometimes less prone to migration artifacts. Numerical tests with 2-D and 3-D VSP data show that a wider subsurface coverage, higher-fold and more balanced illumination of the subsurface can be achieved with multiple migration compared with migration of primary reflections only. However, there can be strong interference from multiples with different orders or primaries when multiples of high order are migrated. One possible solution is to filter primaries and different orders of multiples before migration, and another possible solution is least squares migration of all events. A limitation of multiple migration is encountered for subsalt imaging. Here, the multiples must pass through the salt body more than twice, which amplifies the distortion of the image. 相似文献
20.
Extending illumination using all multiples: application to 3D acquisition geometry analysis 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recent advances in survey design have led to conventional common‐midpoint‐based analysis being replaced by subsurface‐based seismic acquisition analysis, with emphasis on advanced techniques of illumination analysis. Among them is the so‐called focal beam method, which is a wave‐equation‐based seismic illumination analysis method. The objective of the focal beam method is to provide a quantitative insight into the combined influence of acquisition geometry, overburden structure, and migration operators on the resolution and angle‐dependent amplitude fidelity of the image. The method distinguishes between illumination and sensing capability of a particular acquisition geometry by computing the focal source beam and the focal detector beam, respectively. Sensing is related to the detection properties of a detector configuration, whereas illumination is related to the emission properties of a source configuration. The focal source beam analyses the incident wavefield at a specific subsurface grid point from all available sources, whereas the focal detector beam analyses the sensing wavefield reaching at the detector locations from the same subsurface grid point. In the past, this method could only address illumination by primary reflections. In this paper, we will extend the concept of the focal beam method to incorporate the illumination due to the surface and internal multiples. This in fact complies with the trend of including multiples in the imaging process. Multiple reflections can illuminate a target location from other angles compared with primary reflections, resulting in a higher resolution and an improved illumination. We demonstrate how an acquisition‐related footprint can be corrected using both the surface and the internal multiples. 相似文献