共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
在地震勘探中,地形起伏和近地表速度的剧烈变化会导致地震波旅行时的扰动,通常会通过折射波信息来估算和消除这些扰动.本文在虚折射的基础上提出了逆虚折射干涉法,通过虚折射波场和原始折射波场的互相关,并对所有位于固定相位点上的检波点进行叠加,重构出逆虚折射波场.通过逆虚折射与超级虚折射的叠加,保证了不同偏移距下折射波振幅恢复的一致性,显著提高折射波的信噪比,有效提取弱信号.同时,本文采用反褶积干涉法来压制由于互相关和褶积产生的子波旁瓣的影响,弥补低频和高频能量的损失,改善恢复的折射波场的稳定性和分辨率.该新方法不需要知道近地表复杂速度模型的信息,可以将虚折射的勘探孔径恢复到原始地震记录的最大孔径.合成资料和实际资料的计算结果表明,基于反褶积的逆虚折射干涉法能够从低信噪比的资料中,有效恢复出折射波信息. 相似文献
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在声学测井勘探时,复杂多变的测井条件(如胶结不好的套管井和随钻测井等)下的强直达干扰信号会导致地层信号的信噪比降低,使得地层有用信号的提取十分困难.本文在超级虚折射法的基础上,利用声源与接收器的互易原理,对原始波场信号进行互相关和褶积重建,并对所有可能的位形产生的信号进行叠加,将该叠加波场与超级虚折射波场进行叠加,重构出超级混合虚折射波场,使不同接收器上的折射波信噪比在超级虚折射的基础上进一步得到提高,显著提高了有用信号的信噪比,同时解决了超级虚折射近场能量不足的问题.套管井测井的理论模拟及实际处理表明,该方法可以很好地压制套管波信号、提高地层信号的信噪比. 相似文献
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初至拾取是起伏地表地震资料处理的关键环节,直接影响近地表建模的精度及静校正效果,但起伏地表资料极低的信噪比使传统的自动初至拾取算法几乎失效,而手动拾取要耗费巨大的人工和时间成本。本文研究了改进超虚干涉法,结合多道多域初至质量监控技术,实现起伏地表资料初至波自动拾取。改进超虚干涉法首次将近地表散射波纳入干涉法提高信噪比的范围,并通过折射波和散射波的线性组合使干涉法适用于起伏地表条件下任意复杂射线路径的初至波类型;提出反向干涉和多域干涉的概念,显著增强了所估计的虚源信号;使用波形反褶积滤波器较好地抑制了干涉导致的"假事件"的形成;采用多道多域初至质量监控技术,实现错误"假事件"初至的自动归位,提高了拾取初至的稳定性。本文研究的初至波自动拾取理论与技术具有突出的鲁棒性和稳定批量处理大量实际三维地震数据的能力,在中国西部山区三维地震勘探数据处理的应用效果显著,质量优于某常用商业软件。 相似文献
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南海北部为张裂大陆边缘,在新生代时期经历了复杂的地质演化,具有良好油气勘探前景.本文首次利用南海北部某区域长排列地震数据的远偏移距折射波速度计算方法获得南海北部地层层速度,并进行了分析,此外,还提出了非初至折射波的概念.本方法在共偏移距剖面上识别、拾取折射波层位,得到折射波走时的横向连续变化数据,利用不同共偏移距同一折射波层位的到达时差计算该折射层位的速度结构.该方法在南海北部陆坡某区域地震资料的应用,揭示了新生界地层层速度的整体结构,反映了新生代不同时代地层的速度变化特征,为进一步利用折射层速度资料探讨南海新生代地质演化提供了新的视角.研究表明,与常规初至折射波法相比,远偏移距折射波能够提供更多的地质信息;该方法的初步应用能够对远偏移距折射波的研究提供进一步的视角. 相似文献
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由于长排列广角地震采集中必定存在超临界角的广角反射信息,广角反射信息相对临界角内反射信息存在随偏移距变化的时移现象.本文研究了去广角效应下的走时反演成像,并将其应用到东南屯溪—温州的宽角地震资料.通过拾取中国东南屯溪—温州剖面宽角实际地震资料中P波垂直分量拾取到的反射P波走时,继而使用遗传反演方法进行处理,得到了该区丰乐、新安江、松阳、青田以及洞头五炮去广角效应与未考虑广角效应情况下的一维速度深度曲线,并对比了去广角效应前后的地壳结构界面形态.结果表明,广角效应去除前后影响主要体现在壳内层速度差异,地壳浅层界面深度的广角效应明显强于深层界面. 相似文献
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井间地震资料具有极高的分辨率,但是,其波场十分复杂,特别是有效一次反射波场能量较弱,且往往被管波等强相干干扰淹没,波场的识别与分离难度较大.地震物理模拟技术是认识复杂地震波场的有效手段.我们通过单一地质体模型、复杂地质体模型和真实井间模拟模型等多种逼真地质模型的物理模拟,揭示了井间地震观测下直达波、透射波、反射波、折射波,多次波和导波等各类波型的特征.物理模拟试验表明,在炮检域平面上分析直达波的信噪比与能量分布,可以使处理人员对旅行时的误差有更直观的认识.所以识别初至与拾取旅行时间时,不仅要在共震源点道集(CSG)上分析拾取,而且还要在共炮检距道集(COG)上分析拾取,这样就提高了直达波识别的可靠性与拾取时间的精度. 相似文献
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基于安砂水库气枪震源实验资料,采用线性叠加、频谱白化叠加和相位加权叠加三种常用叠加技术进行处理,从信噪比、波形相关性和震相走时差等方面,分析评估三种叠加方法的实际应用效果。结果表明:(1)相位加权叠加方法提高信噪比的能力最强,但是与线性叠加一样,两者都无法有效地消除强干扰,而频谱白化则可以削弱强干扰的影响,有利于信号准确识别;对低信噪比波形,频谱白化提高信噪比的效果优于线性叠加,反之亦然。(2)以线性叠加结果为参考,相位加权的相关性高,走时差基本为零,但波形中较小幅值的信号可能会被压制,影响小幅值波形信号的判别;频谱白化在台站信噪比高时,波形相关性较差,且存在一定走时差,可能出现震相到时前的波形被放大,使震相初至变得模糊,影响到时拾取精度。 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2015,(3)
针对复杂探区因模型道品质差导致反射波剩余静校正效果不好的难题,本文提出了一种基于样条曲线拟合的二维初至波剩余静校正方法.该方法相对直线拟合法,可以用的初至信息更多,统计的短波长静校正量更为准确;相对折线拟合法,它不用拾取折射拐点,操作方便快捷,更具有可操作性.它采用三次样条函数将应用了长波长静校正量的初至拟合成一条光滑曲线,根据地表一致性原则将延迟时分解为炮点、检波点短波长静校正量.实际资料应用结果表明,基于样条曲线拟合的单炮初至变得光滑,叠加剖面同相轴连续性得到增强,可为反射波剩余静校正提供较好品质的模型道,对低信噪比资料剩余静校正问题的解决具有实际意义. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2016,(2)
本文提出了一种创新的初至波自动拾取方法,免人工干扰,抗干扰能力强,自动剔除低信噪比道,利用二次拾取保证初至拾取结果的可靠性和提高拾取道数.该方法首先利用空间多时窗内插方法,确定每道时窗位置,基于数字图像处理技术,计算初至时窗内地震数据每个采样点的能量比值,结合初至波波形和能量的特点确定初至时间的位置;然后利用相邻初至波相互约束对拾取的初至波进行评价,确定可信度低的初至波;最后利用可信度高的初至波作为约束条件对可信度低和未拾取的初至波二次拾取,二次拾取过程中利用能量、频率、波形等对初至波进行判断,剔除掉异常干扰道.本方法利用新的能量比值法在一定程度上能消除初至波到达前的随机干扰,初至评价和二次拾取有效地识别和剔除干扰道,提高二次拾取质量,减少手工交互的工作量,满足了地震勘探中对初至波拾取的要求.经过实际数据的应用表明,此算法对于初至波形变化较大、背景噪声干扰严重等的低信噪比资料,自动拾取初至的效率和精度都得到了预期的效果. 相似文献
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Topography and severe variations of near‐surface layers lead to travel‐time perturbations for the events in seismic exploration. Usually, these perturbations could be estimated and eliminated by refraction technology. The virtual refraction method is a relatively new technique for retrieval of refraction information from seismic records contaminated by noise. Based on the virtual refraction, this paper proposes super‐virtual refraction interferometry by cross‐correlation to retrieve refraction wavefields by summing the cross‐correlation of raw refraction wavefields and virtual refraction wavefields over all receivers located outside the retrieved source and receiver pair. This method can enhance refraction signal gradually as the source–receiver offset decreases. For further enhancement of refracted waves, a scheme of hybrid virtual refraction wavefields is applied by stacking of correlation‐type and convolution‐type super‐virtual refractions. Our new method does not need any information about the near‐surface velocity model, which can solve the problem of directly unmeasured virtual refraction energy from the virtual source at the surface, and extend the acquisition aperture to its maximum extent in raw seismic records. It can also reduce random noise influence in raw seismic records effectively and improve refracted waves’ signal‐to‐noise ratio by a factor proportional to the square root of the number of receivers positioned at stationary‐phase points, based on the improvement of virtual refraction's signal‐to‐noise ratio. Using results from synthetic and field data, we show that our new method is effective to retrieve refraction information from raw seismic records and improve the accuracy of first‐arrival picks. 相似文献
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地震属性分析技术在地球物理勘探领域的广泛应用,启发研究人员将其应用于人工源宽角反射/折射深地震测深剖面的资料预处理和震相识别。采用札达-泉水沟深地震测深资料,提取振幅、信噪比、主频、瞬时带宽、瞬时高频能量等地震属性参数,分析不同参数的物理含义,挑选其中对界面变化敏感的参数,对深地震测深资料进行预处理,并利用P波和S波的联合扫描,提高震相识别的准确性。走时互换结果显示,采用地震属性参数可有效提高震相拾取的准确性,进而提高后续地壳速度结构反演结果的精度。 相似文献
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Reservoir earthquake characteristics such as small magnitude and large quantity may result in low monitoring efficiency when using traditional methods. However, methods based on deep learning can discriminate the seismic phases of small earthquakes in a reservoir and ensure rapid processing of arrival time picking. The present study establishes a deep learning network model combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN). The neural network training uses the waveforms of 60 000 small earthquakes within a magnitude range of 0.8-1.2 recorded by 73 stations near the Dagangshan Reservoir in Sichuan Province as well as the data of the manually picked P-wave arrival time. The neural network automatically picks the P-wave arrival time, providing a strong constraint for small earthquake positioning. The model is shown to achieve an accuracy rate of 90.7% in picking P waves of microseisms in the reservoir area, with a recall rate reaching 92.6% and an error rate lower than 2%. The results indicate that the relevant network structure has high accuracy for picking the P-wave arrival times of small earthquakes, thus providing new technical measures for subsequent microseismic monitoring in the reservoir area. 相似文献
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Determination of a shallow velocity–depth model from seismic refraction data by coherence inversion1
Seismic refractions have different applications in seismic prospecting. The travel- times of refracted waves can be observed as first breaks on shot records and used for field static calculation. A new method for constructing a near-surface model from refraction events is described. It does not require event picking on prestack records and is not based on any approximation of arrival times. It consists of the maximization of the semblance coherence measure computed using shot gathers in a time window along refraction traveltimes. Time curves are generated by ray tracing through the model. The initial model for the inversion was constructed by the intercept-time method. Apparent velocities and intercept times were taken from a refraction stacked section. Such a section can be obtained by appling linea moveout corrections to common-shot records. The technique is tested successfully on synthetic and real data. An important application of the proposed method for solving the statics problem is demonstrated. 相似文献
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A combined reflection/refraction (wide-angle) seismic survey was conducted on the continental shelf north-west of Britain, using a conventional streamer with an airgun source, and static ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) to record wide-angle energy. The shallow structure down to a basaltic layer was reasonably well imaged on the stacked reflection section. The basalts, however, proved to be opaque to the conventional reflection method and prevented the imaging of deeper horizons, where an important velocity inversion was anticipated. This paper reports on the processing, modelling and interpretation of the densely sampled wide-angle OBS data that were coincident with the reflection profile. Eleven OBS instruments were deployed along a 75 km line and recorded signal from a powerful 149 litre (9100 in.3) airgun array fired every 50 m. Data processing was performed using a standard industrial reflection seismic software package prior to first-arrival picking. Processing steps included geometry definition, trace summation and display of the data using various scaling algorithms. An initial model was constructed from 1D velocity-time profiles digitized every 4 km along the stacked section. First arrival traveltime modelling rapidly converged to a detailed model of the structure of the top 5 km of the crust. Modelling revealed the existence of a buried low-velocity Mesozoic sedimentary basin, of a prominent basement horst and of a normal fault penetrating to the basement. 相似文献
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V.B. Piip 《Geophysical Prospecting》2001,49(4):461-482
A method using simple inversion of refraction traveltimes for the determination of 2D velocity and interface structure is presented. The method is applicable to data obtained from engineering seismics and from deep seismic investigations. The advantage of simple inversion, as opposed to ray‐tracing methods, is that it enables direct calculation of a 2D velocity distribution, including information about interfaces, thus eliminating the calculation of seismic rays at every step of the iteration process. The inversion method is based on a local approximation of the real velocity cross‐section by homogeneous functions of two coordinates. Homogeneous functions are very useful for the approximation of real geological media. Homogeneous velocity functions can include straight‐line seismic boundaries. The contour lines of homogeneous functions are arbitrary curves that are similar to one another. The traveltime curves recorded at the surface of media with homogeneous velocity functions are also similar to one another. This is true for both refraction and reflection traveltime curves. For two reverse traveltime curves, non‐linear transformations exist which continuously convert the direct traveltime curve to the reverse one and vice versa. This fact has enabled us to develop an automatic procedure for the identification of waves refracted at different seismic boundaries using reverse traveltime curves. Homogeneous functions of two coordinates can describe media where the velocity depends significantly on two coordinates. However, the rays and the traveltime fields corresponding to these velocity functions can be transformed to those for media where the velocity depends on one coordinate. The 2D inverse kinematic problem, i.e. the computation of an approximate homogeneous velocity function using the data from two reverse traveltime curves of the refracted first arrival, is thus resolved. Since the solution algorithm is stable, in the case of complex shooting geometry, the common‐velocity cross‐section can be constructed by applying a local approximation. This method enables the reconstruction of practically any arbitrary velocity function of two coordinates. The computer program, known as godograf , which is based on this theory, is a universal program for the interpretation of any system of refraction traveltime curves for any refraction method for both shallow and deep seismic studies of crust and mantle. Examples using synthetic data demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm and its sensitivity to realistic noise levels. Inversions of the refraction traveltimes from the Salair ore deposit, the Moscow region and the Kamchatka volcano seismic profiles illustrate the methodology, practical considerations and capability of seismic imaging with the inversion method. 相似文献
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深度神经网络虽然在震相拾取中取得了良好效果,但作为高复杂度的机器学习模型,深度神经网络在取得较高精度的同时需要付出较高的计算代价,而且试验研究表明震相拾取中并不需要过高的模型复杂度。为此,本文根据地震波形的特点设计了四种具有不同复杂度的深度神经网络改进模型,可以综合具体的精度和速度需求从中选取合适的模型。在此基础上,将改进模型与现有四种到时拾取的深度学习网络模型进行了对比,结果表明本文中的网络模型在到时拾取上具有较高的速度和精度。同时,本文的深度神经网络通过使用多种深度学习模型压缩手段可将震相拾取模型的大小压缩到2.0 MB以内,从而使得模型可以在低功耗设备上完成高速震相拾取的同时尽可能地减少精度损失。 相似文献
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人工源宽角反射(折射)地震资料具有偏移距较大、信噪比较低等特点,通常用于地震波走时反演重建地壳速度结构。逆时偏移成像方法作为勘探地震学领域获取地下构造形态的有效手段之一,可以有效弥补走时反演方法的不足。本文针对大偏移距宽角反射(折射)地震实验,利用四边形网格谱元法进行波场模拟,结合了有限元法的灵活性和谱方法的指数收敛性,高效且高精度获取模型合成地震记录,后采用逆时偏移成像方法将合成地震记录偏移归位,获取地壳几何结构,验证了逆时偏移成像方法在宽角地震资料处理及结果解释中的适用性,为后期实际地震资料的偏移成像提供了理论依据和支持。 相似文献