共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
The propagation of seismic waves through Earth models with slightly random lateral and vertical inhomogeneities superimposed on one composed of layers with vertical velocity gradients was investigated. The maximum deviation of velocity from a mean value at a given depth and a correlation distance derived from a two-dimensional smoothing filter were two parameters used to vary the amplitude and size of the velocity anomalies. The resulting models show short discontinuous reflectors scattered about at various depths throughout the model, and are thus in agreement with many deep seismic reflection experiments. On the other hand numerical experiments using ray-tracing techniques showed that the effect of the lateral and vertical velocity anomalies is to scatter the energy, and break up the continuous travel-time lines from vertical gradient models into travel-time segments with different slopes similar to those observed in many long range seismic refraction experiments, and to those resulting from layering effects in the media. Many of the numerical experiments which modelled the random crust produced a Pg segment and a P* segment with an apparent Conrad discontinuity at a depth of 10–20 km, this apparent depth being related to the correlation distance.When a seismic wave propagates through a heterogeneous Earth the amount of its energy which is converted into scattered energy will be a function of the inhomogeneous characteristics of the medium through which it has passed. If a ray passes through a homogeneous Earth the energy arriving at an array station should be relatively coherent whereas if the ray encounters lateral and vertical inhomogeneities its energy will be incoherent and much more complex. A series of coherency measurements done on array recordings of earthquakes at various distances showed that large lateral and vertical variations in complexity exist for different ray paths through the Earth with the region below the 650 km discontinuity in the mantle tending to be much simpler than the region just below the lithosphere. 相似文献
2.
A Fast Sweeping Scheme for Calculating P Wave First-Arrival Travel Times in Transversely Isotropic Media with an Irregular Surface 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Seismic wave propagation shows anisotropic characteristics in many sedimentary rocks. Modern seismic exploration in mountainous areas makes it important to calculate P wave travel times in anisotropic media with irregular surfaces. The challenges in this context are mainly from two aspects. First is how to tackle the irregular surface in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the other lies in solving the anisotropic eikonal equation. Since for anisotropic media the ray (group) velocity direction is not the same as the direction of the travel-time gradient, the travel-time gradient no longer serves as an indicator of the group velocity direction in extrapolating the travel-time field. Recently, a topography-dependent eikonal equation formulated in a curvilinear coordinate system has been established, which is effective for calculating first-arrival travel times in an isotropic model with an irregular surface. Here, we extend the above equation from isotropy to transverse isotropy (TI) by formulating a topography-dependent eikonal equation in TI media in the curvilinear coordinate system, and then use a fast sweeping scheme to solve the topography-dependent anisotropic eikonal equation in the curvilinear coordinate system. Numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the scheme in calculating P wave travel times in TI models with an irregular surface. 相似文献
3.
Fritz Gassmann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1964,58(1):63-112
Summary Section 1 (and 11) develops the concepts of the front velocity, the front gradient, the travel time in space and on seismometric profiles, the profile velocity and the profile gradient in connection with the propagation of the fronts of elastic waves in solid isotropic and anisotropic media. The sectional velocity and the sectional gradient are defined in terms of the motion of the curve of intersection of a front with a fixed surface. Section 2 (and 12) relates the coefficients of elasticity of the medium, the front types, and their respective rays. In section 12, the theory of fronts of arbitrary shape and of the corresponding rays for any anisotropic, homogeneous or inhomogeneous solid medium is summarized. In section 3 (and 13), the law of reflection and refraction of fronts on surfaces of discontinuity of arbitrary shape is presented. Sections 4 to 6 (and 14 to 16) treat some elementary applications of seismic travel time methods to homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic media (=transverse isotropy) in greater detail. In section 4 (and 14), the travel time of a direct front generated by a point source is considered and it is shown how the coefficients of elasticity of the medium can be found based on travel time measurements. The seismic prospection of a plane reflector and of a reflecting boundary of arbitrary shape and position are discussed in section 5 (and 15). In section 6 (and 16), the seismic refraction method is used to locate a plane boundary between a homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic and a homogeneous isotropic medium, where the boundary is perpendicular or at an arbitrary angle to the direction of anisotropy. 相似文献
4.
B. URSIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1982,30(3):261-280
A well-known technique for the migration of normal-incidence two-way travel-time maps is extended to common-source-point travel-time data. The travel time and the travel-time gradient are used to compute the parameters defining the tangent plane of the reflecting interface. It is also shown how the curvature matrix of the received wavefront can be used to compute the curvature of the reflecting interface. The method is initially derived for common-source-point data and then extended to common-midpoint data. In a three-dimensional medium the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix Riccati equation. In a two-dimensional medium and in a medium with constant velocity gradient, the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a scalar Riccati equation and two linear equations. The migration procedures are also simplified. When the velocity function is unknown, the migration procedures cannot be used. An inverse modeling algorithm which simultaneously performs the migration and estimates the velocity function must then be applied. Two different inversion schemes are discussed briefly. 相似文献
5.
N. V. Kondorskaya L. B. Slavina N. B. Pivovarova B. K. Balavadze M. A. Alexidze S. D. Gotsadze G. I. Marusidze D. I. Sikharulidze N. I. Pavlenkova E. A. Khrometskaya G. V. Krasnopevtseva 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1981,119(6):1167-1179
This paper deals with a procedure of a joint analysis of seismic data from earthquakes and those obtained by DSS. The DSS data are used as a first approximation to construct a two-dimensional model of the medium made up of individual blocks. These models serve as a basis when constructing specific three-dimensional travel-time curves. These travel-time curves are further used for the calculation of hypocenter parameters in a laterally inhomogeneous block medium.The hypocenter field and the travel times obtained are input data for the computation of three-dimensional fields of velocities in earthquake focal zones. Results of applying the proposed procedure to the Caucasus region are presented. 相似文献
6.
Ali A. Nowroozi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,133(1):103-115
In reflection surveys and velocity analysis, calculations of interval velocities and layer-thicknesses of a multilayered horizontal structure are often based on Dix's equation which requires the travel times at zero offsets and a prior estimate of the root mean squared velocities.In this paper a method is presented which requires only the reflection travel-time data. A set of equations are derived which relate the interval velocity and thickness of a layer to the reflection travel time from the top and the bottom of that layer, the offset distances and the ray parameter. It is shown that the difference of the offset distances and the difference of the picked travel times of any reflected rays with the same value of ray parameter from the top and the bottom of a horizontal layer can be used to calculate the interval velocity and thickness of that layer. 相似文献
7.
Summary A new approximation of the velocity-depth distribution in a vertically inhomogeneous medium is suggested. This approximation guarantees the continuity of velocity and of its first and second derivatives and does not generate false low-velocity zones. It is very suitable for the computations of seismic wave fields in vertically inhomogeneous media by ray methods and its modifications, as it removes many false anomalies from the travel-time and amplitude-distance curves of seismic body waves. The ray integrals can be evaluated in a closed form; the resulting formulae for rays, travel times and geometrical spreading are very simple. They do not contain any transcendental functions (such asln (x) orsin
–1, (x)) like other approximations; only the evaluation of one square root and of certain simple arithmetic expressions for each layer is required. From a computational point of view, the evaluation of ray integrals and of geometrical spreading is only slightly slower than for a system of homogeneous parallel layers and even faster than for a piece-wise linear approximation. 相似文献
8.
转换点位置的计算是转换波资料处理中的一个关键问题. 本文提出了分别基于速度随深度线性变化、速度随垂直走时线性变化、慢度随深度线性变化和慢度随垂直走时线性变化四种等效垂向非均匀介质情况下转换点位置的计算方法. 研究了通过速度拟合、走时近似和相似系数谱三种方式选择合适的等效速度方法. 结合理论模型对非均匀介质转换点计算方法、渐进转换点计算方法、Thomsen近似公式和均匀介质解析计算方法的误差进行了分析，结果表明非均匀介质转换点计算方法能更准确地计算转换点位置. 相似文献
9.
地下岩石结构/构造和矿物组成在小尺度上存在的不均匀性和各向异性会导致地震波速度的分形分布，进而衍生出自组织介质模型. 本文针对地球内部岩浆垂向侵入及横向溢流为特征的岩浆作用，开展自相似型各向异性自组织介质的地震波动力学响应研究. 基于二维自组织介质模型和声波方程，本文利用有限差分法模拟了不同强度岩浆侵入和溢流作用形成的自组织介质中地震波场，并进行了波场特征分析. 研究结果表明：（1）在横向溢流作用为主的自组织介质中，横向相关长度小于地震波波长的条件下，聚焦效应随着横向相关长度的增大而增强，地震波能量随之增强；反之，在横向相关长度大于地震波波长的条件下，散射效应随横向相关长度的增大而增强，地震波能量随之减弱. （2）在垂向侵入作用为主的自组织介质中，随着垂向相关长度增大，散射效应增强，地震波的能量也随之迅速减弱. （3）岩浆作用的自组织强度增强，地震波的能量增大，而中心频率无变化. （4）自组织介质具有相同的小尺度扰动，其速度梯度背景越小，地震波能量在炮点附近越集中. （5）当多层自组织介质共存，特征层位的波场特征仍以各自的自组织特性为主，因此利用实际资料中不同层位的地震反射特征可推测地下介质的自组织性质. 相似文献
10.
It is well known that the results of determining earthquake parameters depend to a large extent on data processing algorithms and velocity models of the seismic wave propagation medium used in solving hypocenter problems. In 1992, V.Yu. Burmin developed a hypocentric algorithm that minimizes the functional of distances between the points corresponding to the theoretical and observed travel times of seismic waves from an earthquake source to recording stations. The determination of the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters in this case is much more stable than for the commonly used minimization of the functional of discrepancies in the seismic wave arrival times at a station. Using this algorithm and the refined velocity model of the medium, V.Yu. Burmin and L.A. Shumlyanskaya reinterpreted the earthquake parameters for the Crimea–Black Sea region. The most important result of this reinterpretation was the conclusion about the occurrence of deep earthquakes with a source depth of more than 60 km in the region. This result contradicts the conventional beliefs about the seismicity of the region and therefore aroused strong criticism from experts directly involved in compiling the existing catalogs of regional earthquakes. These comments and criticisms are presented by V.E. Kulchitsky with coauthors in a work published in this issue of the journal. In the present paper, we analyze the comments in detail and respond. In particular, we show that the previously used methods of seismic data processing made it highly unlikely by default that deep earthquakes would appear in the results. As an example, we refer to the use of travel-time curves for depths down to 35 km. It is clear that deep earthquakes could not have been found with this approach. 相似文献
11.
高频S波随着传播距离的增大其均方根(RMS)包络逐渐变宽,我们把这种现象称为S波包络展宽现象.S波传播路径上随机分布的非均匀体对S波的多次前向散射和绕射作用是导致S波包络展宽现象的主要原因,因此可用S波包络展宽现象来研究介质非均匀性.本文采用S波包络峰值延时来对S波包络展宽现象进行量化.S波包络峰值延时定义为S波初至与其均方根包络峰值最大值之间的时间差.本文选用长白山天池火山区的小震记录,运用S波包络峰值延时对长白山天池火山口地区的介质非均匀性进行了评价.结果发现长白山天池火山区呈现强烈的介质非均匀性,在0~2 km深度范围内介质非均匀性表现出南部强北部弱的空间分布特征;在2~5 km深度范围内介质非均匀性的空间分布特征与频率具有相关性;天池火山区介质非均匀性具有明显的多尺度特性;强弱非均匀性接触带,往往是地震频发地带.根据地震与非均匀体在空间分布的相对位置,我们认为火山区介质非均匀性可能反映了火山早期喷发堆积物介质结构的差异. 相似文献
12.
Short-period teleseismicP waves from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) show systematic variations in amplitudes and travel times, with low amplitudes corresponding to fast travel times, suggesting elastic focussing-defocussing effects. Also, the azimuthal amplitude and travel time patterns for events at the Pahute Mesa subsite are systematically different from those at the Yucca Flat subsite, indicating the presence of a near-source component in both the amplitude and travel-time variations. This component is isolated by removing the mean station pattern for all of NTS from the observations. A very-near-source component in the Pahute Mesa observations is also isolated by removing subsite station means from the measurements, whereas the Yucca Flat observations exhibited no coherent very-near-source component. These anomalies are back-projected through laterally homogeneous structure to form thin lens models at various depths. Travel-time delays are predicted from the amplitude variations using the equation for wavefront curvature. The long-wavelength components of the predicted and observed time delays correlate well, at depths of 25 km for the very-near-source component under Pahute Mesa and 160 km for the regional component under NTS. The time delay surfaces predicted by the amplitudes at these depths are mapped into warped velocity discontinuities suitable for the calculation of synthetic seismograms using the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral formulation. Both the intersite (near-source) and intrasite (very-near-source) differences in amplitudes are qualitatively predicted very well, although the range of variation is somewhat underpredicted. This deficiency is likely due to the destructive interference of anomalies inherent in back-projection to a single layer. 相似文献
13.
V. Meshbey E. Ragoza D. Kosloff U. Egozi T. Wexler 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2002,159(7-8):1563-1582
— We present a new travel-time calculation method based on Fermat's principle. In the method, travel times are recursively calculated on horizontal planes of increasing depth. For typical configurations of exploration geophysics, the distance between the planes is on the order of 100 m. The travel times on the first plane are calculated by connecting straight ray segments from the source point to the grid points on the plane and integrating the slowness along each segment. The times on the other planes are calculated by finding the minimum of the combination of the times on the plane above plus the additional time along segments connecting grid points on the two planes. The travel-time calculation method is designed for calculating either the first arrival times, or the time of the shortest travel path arrival. The method is extended to handle vertically transverse isotropic (VTI) media by an approach which increases the computing time only slightly. The algorithm is tested against synthetic examples for isotropic and VTI wave propagation. 相似文献
14.
C. Wright 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1983,32(2):168-181
A method for analysing travel times measured at a large array or a network of seismographs from many earthquakes within a specific region has been developed. Approximate relative station corrections are calculated from the residuals on a least-squares line or least-squares quadratic form fitted through the times for each earthquake, and may be improved by iteration after a preliminary travel-time curve has been derived. Accurate relative baseline corrections for each earthquake are also calculated iteratively, and an optimum slowness-distance curve is determined from the combined corrected travel times from all earthquakes using a trade-off procedure. Calculations using synthetic travel-time data suggest that abrupt changes in slowness of ～ 0.4 s deg?1 due to the presence of triplications are generally resolvable, provided that the effects of lateral variations are small, even with random epicentre mislocations in the range ± 0.5°. Slowness measurements at a network of temporary stations deployed across Australia do not show any discontinuities in slowness greater than 0.2 s deg?1 in the distance range 45–54°. Similar measurements at the Warramunga array from the same source regions, however, suggest the presence of complexity in the slowness curve at distances close to 50°. Relative arrival times at the temporary network generally have standard deviations less than 0.25 s, thus suggesting that details of structure finer than those derived from conventional travel-time studies can be resolved. 相似文献
15.
— A P-wave tomographic method for 3-D complex media (3-D distribution of elastic parameters and curved interfaces) with orthorhombic symmetry is presented in this paper. The technique uses an iterative linear approach to the nonlinear travel-time inversion problem. The hypothesis of orthorhombic anisotropy and 3-D inhomogeneity increases the set of parameters describing the model dramatically compared to the isotropic case. Assuming a Factorized Anisotropic Inhomogeneous (FAI) medium and weak anisotropy, we solve the forward problem by a perturbation approach. We use a finite element approach in which the FAI medium is divided into a set of elements with polynomial elastic parameter distributions. Inside each element, analytical expressions for rays and travel times, valid to first-order, are given for P waves in orthorhombic inhomogeneous media. More complex media can be modeled by introducing interfaces separating FAI media with different elastic properties. Simple formulae are given for the Fréchet derivatives of the travel time with respect to the elastic parameters and the interface parameters. In the weak anisotropy hypothesis the P-wave travel times are sensitive only to a subset of the orthorhombic parameters: the six P-wave elastic parameters and the three Euler angles defining the orientation of the mirror planes of symmetry. The P-wave travel times are inverted by minimizing in terms of least-squares the misfit between the observed and calculated travel times. The solution is approached using a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The stability of the inversion is ensured by making use of suitable a priori information and/or by applying regularization. The technique is applied to two synthetic data sets, simulating simple Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) experiments. The examples demonstrate the necessity of good 3-D ray coverage when considering complex anisotropic symmetry. 相似文献
16.
用慢度分块均匀正方形模型将介质参数化，仅在正方形单元的边界上设置计算结点，这些结点构成界面网．根据Ｈｕｖｓｅｎｓ和Ｆｅｒｍａｔ原理，由不断扩张、收缩的波前点扫描代替波前面搜索，在波前点附近点的局部最小走时计算中对波前点之间的走时使用双曲线近似，通过比较确定最小走时和相应的次级源位置，记录在以界面网点位置为指针的３个一维数组中．借助这些数组通过向源搜索可计算任意点（包括界面网以外的点）上的全局最小走时和射线路径．这一方法不受介质慢度差异大小限制，占内存少，计算速度较快，适于走时反演和以Ｍａｓｌｏｖ射线理论为基础的波场计算． 相似文献
17.
Constraining the anisotropy structure of the crust by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and wave polarizations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the context of wide-angle seismic profiling, the determination of the physical properties of the Earth crust, such as the
elastic layer depth and seismic velocity, is often performed by inversion of P- and/or S-phases propagation data supplying
the geometry of the medium (reflector depths) or any other structural parameter (P- or S-wave velocity, density...). Moreover,
the inversion for velocity structure and interfaces is commonly performed using only seismic reflection travel times and/or
crustal phase amplitudes in isotropic media. But it is very important to utilize more available information to constrain the
non-uniqueness of the solution. In this paper, we present a simultaneous inversion method of seismic reflection travel times
and polarizations data of transient elastic waves in stratified media to reconstruct not only layer depth and vertical P-wave
velocity but also the anisotropy feature of the crust based on the estimation of the Thomsen’s parameters. We carry out
a checking with synthetic data, comparing the inversion results obtained by anisotropic travel-time inversion to the results
derived by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data. The comparison proves that the first
procedure leads to biased anisotropic models, while the second one fits nearly the real model. This makes the joint inversion
method feasible. Finally, we investigate the geometry, P-wave velocity structure and anisotropy of the crust beneath Southeastern
China by applying the proposed inversion method to previously acquired wide-angle seismic data. In this case, the anisotropy
signature provides clear evidence that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault is the natural boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia
blocks. 相似文献
18.
Ivan de Araújo Simões-Filho 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,148(3-4):625-635
The difference in travel times between split shear waves (travel-time splitting) in anisotropic media depends on nine combinations of the density normalized elastic parameters (the birefringence parameters). These combinations are all zero in isotropic media, where there is no shear-wave splitting. The number of nonzero birefringence parameters increases with decreasing symmetry elements in the medium: from one in cubic media to nine in triclinic media.The birefringence parameters may be recovered from travel-time splitting observations. Their azimuthal behavior may then be interpreted in terms of crack orientation (strike and dip directions). 相似文献
19.
提出了利用人工爆破P波走时反演地壳介质方位各向异性参数的方法. 在假定介质是弱各向异性介质的情况下, 使用扰动理论得到了线性化的反演公式, 其中待反演的弱各向异性参数是P波走时的线性函数. 如果在反演公式中参考走时取相同震中距接收点的P波平均走时, 那么所获得的弱各向异性参数与参考介质速度的选取无关. 反演得到的弱各向异性参数可以看作是不同震中距和不同深度范围内介质的等效弱各向异性参数. 等效弱各向异性参数在一定程度上反映了不同深度范围内水平方向相速度随方位的变化. 这种变化可能是不同时期构造应力作用的结果. 2007年中国地震局在首都圈怀来地区实施了一次大吨位人工爆破实验, 以爆破点为中心, 布设了高密度的地震观测台网和台阵. 台站相对于爆破点具有360°的全方位覆盖, 所得到的地震记录数据为研究怀来、 延庆地区地壳介质P波方位各向异性提供了必要条件. 我们通过走时反演获得了与水平方位相关的弱各向异性参数, 并对弱各向异性参数进行坐标变换, 得到了能够直观描述岩石弱各向异性的具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质, 给出了对应的3个独立弱各向异性参数及其对称轴方位, 讨论了介质各向异性与构造应力场的关系. 结果表明该地区地壳介质存在明显的方位各向异性, 其最大值约为4.6%. 相似文献
20.
基于Matlab平台GUI的地震走时层析成像快速实现 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震走时层析成像是地球物理反演中的成熟方法之一,已在许多领域得到广泛应用,并取得了良好的效果。本文围绕地震走时层析成像GUI的快速实现,首先简要介绍了地震走时成像方法的原理和方法,并基于Matlab软件平台,利用GUI开发环境编写了二维横向非均匀地震走时层析成像图形用户界面（GUI）,实现了方便快捷地反演地震测深资料的速度结构并以人机交互方式快捷灵活地将图像显示出来;结合实际观测资料处理结果表明,本文编制的GUI软件能够有效地实现地震走时层析成像结果的窗口化、图像化和快捷化。 相似文献