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转换点位置的计算是转换波资料处理中的一个关键问题. 本文提出了分别基于速度随深度线性变化、速度随垂直走时线性变化、慢度随深度线性变化和慢度随垂直走时线性变化四种等效垂向非均匀介质情况下转换点位置的计算方法. 研究了通过速度拟合、走时近似和相似系数谱三种方式选择合适的等效速度方法. 结合理论模型对非均匀介质转换点计算方法、渐进转换点计算方法、Thomsen近似公式和均匀介质解析计算方法的误差进行了分析，结果表明非均匀介质转换点计算方法能更准确地计算转换点位置. 相似文献
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任意介质中的动态规划法地震波三维走时计算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
任意介质中的地震波三维走时计算是复杂介质情况下Kirchhoff积分法三维叠前深度偏移及走时层析成像的核心.走时算法的效率及精度决定了成像方法的应用范围及效果,对复杂地质构造区域的地震波成像时需要有稳健的走时计算方法.本文把Schneider等提出的用动态规划法计算二维任意复杂介质中走时的方法推广到三维.此方法的核心是构造从源点到当前计算点的平均慢度,基于Fermat原理,用球面波近似导出走时计算所用的公式,并用动态规划法搜索到达当前计算点的初至走时.它适用于任意复杂的介质情况,对速度差异没有限制,计算过程中考虑到各个可能的方向到达当前计算点的初至波.首波及回转波的初至走时也能正确地计算出来.各种理论速度模型上的走时计算及胜利油田某探区的三维叠前深度偏移的成功实践验证了方法的正确性. 相似文献
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界面二次源法是最近提出的一种最小走时射线追踪方法，尤其适合层状介质中走时和射线路径的计算.该方法相对于传统的最小走时树方法（如Moser法），仅在物性界面上设置二次源，射线路径的方向只在层界面处发生改变，该方法最大程度地消除了射线路径的锯齿状现象，同时也避免了低变速区的射线路径多值现象，因此，它具有更高的追踪精度和效率.本文采用界面二次源法在各向同性介质中实现了PS转换波射线追踪，理论模型的计算证实了界面二次源法追踪PS转换波的准确性和高效性，同时该方法在各向异性介质中也很好地追踪出分离的PSV波和PSH波，因此该方法有利于横波分裂在地震勘探中的研究和应用 相似文献
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本文介绍了多震相的层析成像的思路和算法，通过穿透和反射走时可以同时作出２维和３维慢度（速度的倒数）重建。我们分析了在穿透和反射数据中确定速度和深度的不确定性，并认识到深度扰动对反射走时异常比慢度扰动更敏感。由不同波类型所提供的对速度和深度的约束，这个算法实际上减少了在一般反射层析成像在速度和深度之间的不确定性，并且也避免了在穿透层析成像中的不确定问题。线性化反演是通过从反射界面深度由分离速度参数迭代进行的。使用一个快速的２－Ｄ和３－Ｄ射线跟踪算法来计算穿透和反射走时和对幔度及反射界面深度的偏导数。深度和速度都用立方Ｂ样条函数来进行参数化。合成例子表明，当同时考虑穿透和反射时间，层析成像的结果得到改进。这个方法也应用到英国煤炭测量局（ＢｒｉｔｉｓｈＣｏａｌＭｅａｓｕｒｅｓ）沿跨线排列所记录的逆ＶＳＰ数据组。通过使用波形配合技术，用同时确定时间延迟和叠加权，可以自动拾取旅行时间。所观察到的逆ＶＳＰ层析成像可比周围介质具有较低速度的两个断层区域成像。断层的位置由附近的反射测线所确定。本文还讨论了在复杂２－Ｄ和３－Ｄ非均匀各向同性介质中地震射线跟踪方法。界面的几何形状和水平速度场都通过使用非均匀步长立方Ｂ－样条节点 相似文献
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本文采用Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ理论方法,研究反射地震记录域中地下同一反射点对应的反射走时随炮检距变化的特性,这在叠前地震资料处理中具有重要意义．由于走时函数可以表示成炮点位置、检波点位置、地震波射线出射角和接收角的函数,通过对共反射点走时与炮点位置变化关系的分析,提出了复杂介质中共反射点轨迹可用Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ正则方程描述．在线性变速介质中,走时函数可以解析给出,由此可导出该介质中共反射点轨迹的Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ正则方程．文中结合常速度、横向变速和线性变速介质模型,计算了地下不同反射面上各点相应的共反射点轨迹,阐明Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ方法的一些特点,并首次引入Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ理论方法描述共反射点走时随炮检距的变化特性,开创了该领域研究的一条新途径． 相似文献
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为克服矩形网速度间断面及边界描述精度差的缺点,本文提出了一种基于波前最小走时单元的三角网射线追踪算法.该算法用三角单元剖分速度模型,把与波前面相邻、处于振动状态的三角单元称为波前单元,从源点所在单元开始构造由波前单元组成的波前单元域;1)选域中最小走时三角单元为当前单元;2)它先与相邻三角单元振动传递,再进行相邻单元各自内部节点的传递、并将处于振动状态的相邻单元扩展为波前单元;3)然后确认当前单元的振动状态、决定其在波前单元域中的去留,以此三步循环进行波前单元域的扩展及节点的最小走时和次级源搜索,直至波前单元域在剖分区域的消亡;最后利用各节点最小走时和次级源,通过最小走时搜索,拾取从接收点到源点的射线路径.数值模拟表明,该算法的模型剖分灵活性强,对速度间断面的描述准确,追踪结果精度高. 相似文献
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以Moser方法为代表的最短路径射线追踪算法可以快速稳定地获得整个追踪区域的全局最小走时和路径，但它存在两个缺陷：一是射线大多由折线呈锯齿状相连，长度和位置偏离真实射线路径；二是在低变速区容易出现射线路径多值现象．本文提出的界面二次源波前扩展法全局最小走时射线追踪技术（以下简称界面源法）旨在解决上述两个问题．不同于Moser方法，界面源法只在物性分界面上设置子波源点，子波出射射线可以到达任何不穿越物性界面而直接到达的空间点和界面离散点，在均匀块体内或层内地震波以精确的射线路径传播．显然，界面源法的子波出射方向数远远大于传统方法，算法的追踪误差主要由界面离散引起的，因此，界面源法很好地解决了Moser法存在的问题，大大提高了追踪的精度．同时，由于界面源法的子波源点数远远小于Moser法，因而效率也很高．模型实算证实了该算法的高效性． 相似文献
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V. Meshbey E. Ragoza D. Kosloff U. Egozi T. Wexler 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2002,159(7-8):1563-1582
— We present a new travel-time calculation method based on Fermat's principle. In the method, travel times are recursively calculated on horizontal planes of increasing depth. For typical configurations of exploration geophysics, the distance between the planes is on the order of 100 m. The travel times on the first plane are calculated by connecting straight ray segments from the source point to the grid points on the plane and integrating the slowness along each segment. The times on the other planes are calculated by finding the minimum of the combination of the times on the plane above plus the additional time along segments connecting grid points on the two planes. The travel-time calculation method is designed for calculating either the first arrival times, or the time of the shortest travel path arrival. The method is extended to handle vertically transverse isotropic (VTI) media by an approach which increases the computing time only slightly. The algorithm is tested against synthetic examples for isotropic and VTI wave propagation. 相似文献
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B. URSIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1982,30(3):261-280
A well-known technique for the migration of normal-incidence two-way travel-time maps is extended to common-source-point travel-time data. The travel time and the travel-time gradient are used to compute the parameters defining the tangent plane of the reflecting interface. It is also shown how the curvature matrix of the received wavefront can be used to compute the curvature of the reflecting interface. The method is initially derived for common-source-point data and then extended to common-midpoint data. In a three-dimensional medium the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix Riccati equation. In a two-dimensional medium and in a medium with constant velocity gradient, the wavefront curvature matrix is computed by solving a scalar Riccati equation and two linear equations. The migration procedures are also simplified. When the velocity function is unknown, the migration procedures cannot be used. An inverse modeling algorithm which simultaneously performs the migration and estimates the velocity function must then be applied. Two different inversion schemes are discussed briefly. 相似文献
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《Advances in water resources》1999,23(1):49-57
Travel-time statistics for non-reacting tracers in fractal and multifractal media are addressed through numerical simulations. The logarithm of hydraulic conductivity is modeled using fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and more recently developed multifractal model based on bounded fractional Levy motion (bfLm). These models have been shown previously to accurately reproduce statistical properties of large conductivity datasets. The ensemble-mean travel time increases nearly linearly with travel distance and the variance in the travel time increases nearly parabolically with travel distance. This is consistent with near-field analytical approximations developed for non-fractal media and suggests that these analytical results may have some degree of robustness to non-ideal features in the random-field models. The magnitudes of the travel-time moments are dependent on the system size. For fBm media, this size dependence can be explained using an effective variance that increases with increasing size of the flow system. However, the magnitudes of the travel-time moments are also sensitive to other non-ideal effects such as deviations from Gaussian behavior. This sensitivity illustrates the need for careful aquifer characterization and conditional numerical simulation in practical situations requiring accurate estimates of uncertainty in the plume position. 相似文献
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N. V. Petersen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):417-437
Scattering at random inhomogeneities in a gradient medium results in systematic deviations of the rays and travel times of refracted body waves from those corresponding to the deterministic velocity component. The character of the difference depends on the parameters of the deterministic and random velocity component. However, at great distances to the source, independently of the velocity parameters (weakly or strongly inhomogeneous medium), the most probable depth of the ray turning point is smaller than that corresponding to the deterministic velocity component, the most probable travel times also being lower. The relative uncertainty in the deterministic velocity component, derived from the mean travel times using methods developed for laterally homogeneous media (for instance, the Herglotz-Wiechert method), is systematic in character, but does not exceed the contrast of velocity inhomogeneities by magnitude. The gradient of the deterministic velocity component has a significant effect on the travel-time fluctuations. The variance at great distances to the source is mainly controlled by shallow inhomogeneities. The travel-time flucutations are studied only for weakly inhomogeneous media. 相似文献
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In this paper we present an approach for 3-D travel-time tomography, which works well in reconstructing high contrast velocity anomalies in both location and strength. It uses a revised ‘irregular’ approach to the shortest-path method as the ray tracer and a damped minimum norm, and constrained least-squares CG approach as the inversion solver. In ray tracing, the advantages of the revised ‘irregular’ over the ‘regular’ approach are that the secondary nodes introduced on the cell surfaces significantly improve accuracy of computed travel times, without dramatically increasing the total number of cells and nodes; the tri-linear velocity function defined across the cell guarantees accurate ray tracing in a high velocity contrast medium; and the capacity to calculate a relatively large 3-D model, due to the fast run speed (at least one order of magnitude over the ‘regular’ approach) and less number of total nodes. The introduction of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ bounds into the inversion process changes the conditioning and makes the solution meaningful in a physical sense. Thus the artifacts caused by noise and high velocity contrasts are substantially suppressed and the image quality is considerably improved, making the solution realistic with noisy or inconsistent travel-time data. Several numerical tests indicate that we can obtain good quality images even for high velocity contrast anomalies (say more than 20%) in the target region. This means the inversion algorithm is an efficient and effective procedure. Meanwhile, the inversion procedure is not very sensitive to the quality of the travel-time data, which is promising for practical usage. 相似文献
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利用测井声波时差、自然电位和伽玛重构声波时差,分析了以上3种曲线结果对地质体响应方面的机制差异,给出了这些曲线的深度相对移动校正的方法。研究了多条测井曲线去噪的协方差矩阵特征向量滤波方法。在此基础上,利用小波多尺度分解技术进行声波时差曲线重构。在分析这3种测井曲线不同尺度小波分解结果的信号和噪音特点后,利用相邻分解尺度相关滤波技术,对各种曲线的小尺度(高频)分解结果进行滤波处理。为保证重构声波曲线的真实性,深入分析了多曲线、多尺度分解结果的冗余性(相关性)问题;利用特征值技术,对高频多尺度分解分量进行了非相关(正交)分析,最后实现了声波时差曲线的重构,并对重构结果与钻井岩心录井资料进行了对比验证,重构后的声波曲线在区分砂、泥岩性分辨率方面具有明显的提高 相似文献
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We propose an optimized method to compute travel times for seismic inversion problems. It is a hybrid method combining several approaches to deal with travel time computation accuracy in unstructured meshes based on tetrahedral elementary cells. As in the linear travel time interpolation method, the proposed approach computes travel times using seismic ray paths. The method operates in two sequential steps: At a first stage, travel times are computed for all nodes of the mesh using a modified version of the shortest path method. The difference with the standard version is that additional secondary nodes (called tertiary nodes) are added temporarily around seismic sources in order to improve accuracy with a reasonable increase in computational cost. During the second step, the steepest travel time gradient method is used to trace back ray paths for each source–receiver pair. Travel times at each receiver are then recomputed using slowness values at the intersection points between the ray path and the traversed cells. A number of numerical tests with an array of different velocity models, mesh resolutions and mesh topologies have been carried out. These tests showed that an average relative error in the order of 0.1% can be achieved at a computational cost that is suitable for travel time inversion. 相似文献
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地震定位研究及应用综述 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
地震定位是地震学中最经典、最基本的问题之一，提高定位精度也一直是地震学应用研究的重要课题之一。本文就目前各种地震定位方法进行了大体分类并概述了基本原理及其应用，介绍了目前在国内各实时地震观测系统中应用的台网定位方法，同时将部分台网方法应用于黑龙江省绥棱爆破的定位。 相似文献
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长期地震观测发现,北京地震台实际地震记录的震相走时与全球地震走时表IASP91之间存在走时偏差。结合北京地震台及周边地下40km精细速度结构的研究成果和AK135模型,构建其地震走时表的计算模型。通过对该地震台2003--2008年NCDSN地震观测实际走时比对,对模型结构进行修正,最终建立北京地震台地震走时表。 相似文献