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1.
Xiang-Yang Li 《Geophysical Prospecting》1997,45(1):39-64
The characteristic seismic response to an aligned-fracture system is shear-wave splitting, where the polarizations, time-delays and amplitudes of the split shear waves are related to the orientation and intensity of the fracture system. This offers the possibility of delineating fractured reservoirs and optimizing the development of the reservoirs using shear-wave data. However, such applications require carefully controlled amplitude processing to recover properly and preserve the reflections from the target zone. Here, an approach to this problem is suggested and is illustrated with field data. The proposed amplitude processing sequence contains a combination of conventional and specific shear-wave processing procedures. Assuming a four-component recording (two orthogonal horizontal sources recorded by two orthogonal horizontal receivers), the split shear waves can be simulated by an effective eigensystem, and a linear-transform technique (LTT) can be used to separate the recorded vector wavefield into two principal scalar wavefields representing the fast and slow split shear waves. Conventional scalar processing methods, designed for processing P-waves, including noise reduction and stacking procedures may be adapted to process the separated scalar wavefields. An overburden operator is then derived from and applied to the post-stacked scalar wavefields. A four-component seismic survey with three horizontal wells drilled nearby was selected to illustrate the processing sequence. The field data show that vector wavefield decomposition and overburden correction are essential for recovering the reflection amplitude information in the target zone. The variations in oil production in the three horizontal wells can be correlated with the variations in shear-wave time-delays and amplitudes, and with the variations in the azimuth angle between the horizontal well and the shear-wave polarization. Dim spots in amplitude variations can be correlated with local fracture swarms encountered by the horizontal wells. This reveals the potential of shear waves for fractured reservoir delineation. 相似文献
2.
ALGEBRAIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING IN NEAR-OFFSET VSP DATA: THEORY1
A vector convolutional model for multicomponent data acquired in an anisotropic earth is used as a basis for developing algebraic solutions to interpret near-offset VSP data. This interpretation of the cumulative or interval medium response (Green's tensor) for shear waves, determines a polarization azimuth for the leading shear wave and the time-delay between the fast and slow split waves. The algebraic solutions effectively implement least-squares eigenanalysis or singular value decomposition. Although the methodology for shear-wave analysis is strictly relevant to a transmission response, it can be adapted to surface data for a uniform anisotropic overburden. The techniques perform well when calibrated and tested using synthetic seismograms from various anisotropic models. Noise tests demonstrate the sensitivity of the interval measurements to local interferences, particularly if the shear waves are generated by one source. Although the algorithms are faster than numerical search routines, this is not seen as their major advantage. The solutions may have potential in near real-time interpretation of shear-wave data in well logging, where they may be coded on a microchip to provide a direct stream of separated shear waves, or polarization and birefringence information. There may also be some benefit for large prestack multicomponent surface data sets, where the solutions provide a direct transformation to the split-shear-wave components, reducing the storage space for further processing. 相似文献
3.
There are two main sources of non-orthogonality in multicomponent shear-wave seismics: inherent non-orthogonal split shear waves arising from substantial ray deviation in off-symmetry planes due to strong anisotropy or complex overburden, and apparent non-orthogonal split shear waves in the horizontal plane due to variation of the angle of incidence even if the two shear waves along the raypath are orthogonal. Many techniques for processing shear-wave splitting in VSP data ignore these kinds of non-orthogonality of the split shear waves. Assuming inherent non-orthogonality in zero-offset VSPs, and apparent non-orthogonality in offset VSPs, we derive equations for the four-component data matrix. These can be solved by extending the linear-transform technique (LTT) to determine the shear-wave polarizations in zero-offset and offset VSPs. Both full-wave synthetic and field data are used to evaluate the technique and to examine the effects of non-orthogonal polarized split shear waves. If orthogonality is incorrectly assumed, errors in polarization measurements increase with the degree of non-orthogonality, which introduces a consistent decreasing trend in the polarization measurements. However, the effect of non-orthogonality on the estimation of geophone orientation and time delays of the two split shear waves is small and negligible in most realistic cases. Furthermore, for most cases of weak anisotropy (less than 5% shear-wave anisotropy) apparent non-orthogonality is more significant than inherent non-orthogonality. Nevertheless, for strong anisotropy (more than 10% shear-wave anisotropy) with complicated structure (tilted or inclined symmetry axis), inherent non-orthogonality may no longer be negligible. Applications to both synthetic and real data show that the extended linear-transform techniques permit accurate recovery of polarization measurements in the presence of both significant inherent and apparent non-orthogonality where orthogonal techniques often fail. 相似文献
4.
The most diagnostic effect of anisotropy on shear waves is shear-wave splitting. This phenomenon creates a distinctive signature in the 3D particle motion. Methods to extract the effects of anisotropy from shear-wave data attempt to measure details of this motion. Many techniques have been published recently which process the shear waves in the time or frequency domain. Here we examine the way in which information on the interference effects between the split shear waves is contained within the frequency domain, and suggest some criteria which may be used in future processing algorithms. The time-delay between the split shear waves, and the polarization direction of the leading shear wave can be converted into easily measured features from analysis of the Fourier spectrum of the shear-wave signal on each component of motion. These features arise in the spectral interference patterns which are formed by the interaction between the two closely-spaced and similar waveforms. The interference patterns are interpreted for synthetic and observed seismogram data. 相似文献
5.
Although it is believed that natural fracture sets predominantly have near‐vertical orientation, oblique stresses and some other mechanisms may tilt fractures away from the vertical. Here, we examine an effective medium produced by a single system of obliquely dipping rotationally invariant fractures embedded in a transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) background rock. This model is monoclinic with a vertical symmetry plane that coincides with the dip plane of the fractures. Multicomponent seismic data acquired over such a medium possess several distinct features that make it possible to estimate the fracture orientation. For example, the vertically propagating fast shear wave (and the fast converted PS‐wave) is typically polarized in the direction of the fracture strike. The normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipses of horizontal reflection events are co‐orientated with the dip and strike directions of the fractures, which provides an independent estimate of the fracture azimuth. However, the polarization vector of the slow shear wave at vertical incidence does not lie in the horizontal plane – an unusual phenomenon that can be used to evaluate fracture dip. Also, for oblique fractures the shear‐wave splitting coefficient at vertical incidence becomes dependent on fracture infill (saturation). A complete medium‐characterization procedure includes estimating the fracture compliances and orientation (dip and azimuth), as well as the Thomsen parameters of the VTI background. We demonstrate that both the fracture and background parameters can be obtained from multicomponent wide‐azimuth data using the vertical velocities and NMO ellipses of PP‐waves and two split SS‐waves (or the traveltimes of PS‐waves) reflected from horizontal interfaces. Numerical tests corroborate the accuracy and stability of the inversion algorithm based on the exact expressions for the vertical and NMO velocities. 相似文献
6.
A global optimization method incorporating a ray-tracing scheme is used to invert observations of shear-wave splitting from two near-offset VSPs recorded at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma. Inversion results suggest that the seismic anisotropy is due to a non-vertical fracture system. This interpretation is constrained by the VSP acquisition geometry for which two sources are employed along near diametrically opposite azimuths about the well heads. A correlation is noted between the time-delay variations between the fast and slow split shear waves and the sandstone formations. 相似文献
7.
In the eigenvalue eigenvector decomposition used in inversion techniques, we can sometimes obtain eigenvalues close to zero. Related to these eigenvalues close to zero, a set of stratified earth models is generated. These are compatible with the theoretical observations according to a given model. The method is applied to ellipticities and phase velocities of Rayleigh waves, and supply proof of the advantage of working with both sets of data together. 相似文献
8.
Measurements of seismic anisotropy in fractured rock are used at present to deduce information about the fracture orientation and the spatial distribution of fracture intensity. Analysis of the data is based upon equivalent-medium theories that describe the elastic response of a rock containing cracks or fractures in the long-wavelength limit. Conventional models assume frequency independence and cannot distinguish between microcracks and macrofractures. The latter, however, control the fluid flow in many subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, the fracture size is essential information for reservoir engineers. In this study we apply a new equivalent-medium theory that models frequency-dependent anisotropy and is sensitive to the length scale of fractures. The model considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to a squirt-flow mechanism at two different scales: the grain scale (microcracks and equant matrix porosity) and formation-scale fractures. The theory is first tested and calibrated against published laboratory data. Then we present the analysis and modelling of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSP data from a tight gas reservoir. We invert for fracture density and fracture size from the frequency dependence of the time delay between split shear waves. The derived fracture length matches independent observations from borehole data. 相似文献
9.
The most difficult part of multicomponent processing is the estimation of the shear-wave velocity map for migration. We used refracted shear waves and a simple iterative method called wavefield continuation (WFC) to evaluate the shallow shear-wave velocity profile on a real data example. The WFC was developed in 1981 by Clayton and McMechan to determine compressional-wave velocity profiles from refracted compressional waves. The application to refracted shear waves is straightforward. The real data example shows that shear structure can be easily determined independently of the compressional structure. 相似文献
10.
The 3D shear experiment over the Natih field in Oman: the effect of fracture-filling fluids on shear propagation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This is the final paper in a series on the 3D multicomponent seismic experiment in Oman. In this experiment a 3D data set was acquired using three-component geophones and with three source orientations. The data set will subsequently be referred to as the Natih 9C3D data set. We present, for the first time, evidence demonstrating that shear waves are sensitive to fluid type in fractured media. Two observations are examined from the Natih 9C3D data where regions of gas are characterized by slow shear-wave velocities. One is that the shear-wave splitting map of the Natih reservoir exhibits much larger splitting values over the gas cap on the reservoir. This increase in splitting results from a decrease in the slow shear-wave velocity which senses both the fractures and the fracture-filling fluid. Using a new effective-medium model, it was possible to generate a splitting map for the reservoir that is corrected for this fluid effect. Secondly, an anomaly was encountered on the shear-wave data directly above the reservoir. The thick Fiqa shale overburden exhibits a low shear-wave velocity anomaly that is accompanied by higher shear reflectivity and lower frequency content. No such effects are evident in the conventional P-wave data. This feature is interpreted as a gas chimney above the reservoir, a conclusion supported by both effective-medium modelling and the geology.
With this new effective-medium model, we show that introduction of gas into vertically fractured rock appears to decrease the velocity of shear waves (S2), polarized perpendicular to the fracture orientation, whilst leaving the vertical compressional-wave velocity largely unaffected. This conclusion has direct implications for seismic methods in exploration, appraisal and development of fractured reservoirs and suggests that here we should be utilizing S-wave data, as well as the conventional P-wave data, as a direct hydrocarbon indicator. 相似文献
With this new effective-medium model, we show that introduction of gas into vertically fractured rock appears to decrease the velocity of shear waves (S2), polarized perpendicular to the fracture orientation, whilst leaving the vertical compressional-wave velocity largely unaffected. This conclusion has direct implications for seismic methods in exploration, appraisal and development of fractured reservoirs and suggests that here we should be utilizing S-wave data, as well as the conventional P-wave data, as a direct hydrocarbon indicator. 相似文献
11.
为了检测定向裂隙介质中横波分裂的方位属性特征,分析地震属性随裂隙密度和方位变化,采用人工吸收边界和反周期扩展边界,用伪谱法获得不同裂隙密度和不同方位地质模型三分量地面记录;应用时频分析和剪切波偏振分析研究由于裂隙方位和密度引起的横波分裂.结果显示,裂隙密度和方位决定着横波分裂的时差和偏振.快慢横波的延迟时间随裂隙密度增大而增加,不同方位相同裂隙密度的横波分裂时差有微小的变化.在45°方位检测时间延迟时间最大.通过时频分析,可以看到不同方位的瞬时主频有显著的变化,在横波分裂处瞬时主频有明显变化.因此,瞬时主频和快横波的偏振以及延迟时间可以作为裂隙方位和密度的指示. 相似文献
12.
The ability to analyse shear-wave anisotropy in a mine environment is greatly aided by using multiple source orientations of a reproducible, impulsive shear-wave source. The analysis of what is probably the first controlled source shear-wave experiment in a mine environment demonstrates clearly that shear-wave polarizations and time delays between split shear-wave arrivals are reliably measured because of the use of multiple source orientations rather than a single shear-wave source. Reliability is further aided by modelling the shear-wave source radiation pattern, which allows for the unequivocal discrimination between seismic raypaths where shear-wave splitting did and did not occur. The analysis also demonstrates the great importance of high reproducibility of the seismic source for the use of shear waves in time-lapse surveys to monitor changes in a rockmass. 相似文献
13.
With the multi-wave, multi-component seismic wave exploration, one can apply the anisotropy of fracture media to analyze the attributes of the fracture media, including the fracture azimuth. In the meantime, the techniques of full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave, including full-polarimetric borehole radar, can also be used to analyze the attributes of the fracture. However, the analysis precision of both the multi-component elastic wave exploration and full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave exploration is prone to the influence of noise and other factors. So far, some researchers have conducted studies on the joint inversion of electromagnetic waves and seismic waves. This paper develops evaluation techniques of fracture azimuth by electromagnetic wave, elastic wave, and joint analysis of coincident elastic reflection and electromagnetic data. Firstly, based on the shear wave splitting of elastic waves, this paper develops a statistical analysis technique which applies Pearson correlation coefficient to count and analyze the azimuth angle of fracture. Secondly, based on the information of electromagnetic polarization rotated by fracture, this paper develops a statistical analysis method of full-polarimetric electromagnetic waves which applies the maximum amplitude ratio between the co-polarization and cross-polarization to analyze the azimuth angle of fracture. Furthermore, based on the analysis result of the elastic wave and full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave, this paper develops a joint analysis technique which adopts the standard deviation. At last, authors in this study conduct joint detection experiments on the coincident fracture medium by using the ultrasonic and full-polarimetric ground penetrating radar. The experimental result indicates that both single geophysical methods are capable of analyzing the fracture azimuth angle, but the joint analysis is more accurate. 相似文献
14.
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15.
Analytic expressions for the velocity sensitivity to the elastic moduli for the most general anisotropic media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
For non‐linear kinematic inversion of elastic anisotropy parameters and related investigations of the sensitivity of seismic data, the derivatives of the wavespeed (phase velocity and group velocity) with respect to the individual elastic moduli are required. This paper presents two analytic methods, called the eigenvalue and eigenvector methods, to compute the derivatives of the wavespeeds for wave propagation in a general anisotropic medium, which may be defined by up to 21 density‐normalized elastic moduli. The first method employs a simple and compact form of the eigenvalue (phase velocity) and a general form of the group velocity, and directly yields general expressions of the derivatives for the three wave modes (qP, qS1, qS2). The second method applies simple eigenvector solutions of the three wave modes and leads to other general forms of the derivatives. These analytic formulae show that the derivatives are, in general, functions of the 21 elastic moduli as well as the wave propagation direction, and they reflect the sensitivity of the wavespeeds to the individual elastic moduli. Meanwhile, we give results of numerical investigations with some examples for particular simplified forms of anisotropy. They show that the eigenvalue method is suitable for the qP‐, qS1‐ and qS2‐wave computations and mitigates the singularity problem for the two quasi‐shear waves. The eigenvector method is preferable to the eigenvalue method for the group velocity and the derivative of the phase velocity because it involves simpler expressions and independent computations, but for the derivative of the group velocity the derivative of the eigenvector is required. Both methods tackle the singularity problem and are applicable to any degree of seismic anisotropy for all three wave modes. 相似文献
16.
Fluid flow in many hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by aligned fractures which make the medium anisotropic on the scale of seismic wavelength. Applying the linear‐slip theory, we investigate seismic signatures of the effective medium produced by a single set of ‘general’ vertical fractures embedded in a purely isotropic host rock. The generality of our fracture model means the allowance for coupling between the normal (to the fracture plane) stress and the tangential jump in displacement (and vice versa). Despite its low (triclinic) symmetry, the medium is described by just nine independent effective parameters and possesses several distinct features which help to identify the physical model and estimate the fracture compliances and background velocities. For example, the polarization vector of the vertically propagating fast shear wave S1 and the semi‐major axis of the S1‐wave normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipse from a horizontal reflector always point in the direction of the fracture strike. Moreover, for the S1‐wave both the vertical velocity and the NMO velocity along the fractures are equal to the shear‐wave velocity in the host rock. Analysis of seismic signatures in the limit of small fracture weaknesses allows us to select the input data needed for unambiguous fracture characterization. The fracture and background parameters can be estimated using the NMO ellipses from horizontal reflectors and vertical velocities of P‐waves and two split S‐waves, combined with a portion of the P‐wave slowness surface reconstructed from multi‐azimuth walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. The stability of the parameter‐estimation procedure is verified by performing non‐linear inversion based on the exact equations. 相似文献
17.
Gui-Hong Guo Jian-Ping Yan Zhi Zhang José Badal Jian-Wu Cheng Shuang-Hu Shi Ya-Wei Ma 《应用地球物理》2018,15(2):299-310
Elastic wave propagation and attenuation in porous rock layers with oriented sets of fractures, especially in carbonate reservoirs, are anisotropic owing to fracture sealing, fracture size, fracture density, filling fluid, and fracture strike orientation. To address this problem, we adopt the Chapman effective medium model and carry out numerical experiments to assess the variation in P-wave velocity and attenuation, and the shear-wave splitting anisotropy with the frequency and azimuth of the incident wave. The results suggest that velocity, attenuation, and anisotropy vary as function of azimuth and frequency. The azimuths of the minimum attenuation and maximum P-wave velocity are nearly coincident with the average strike of the two sets of open fractures. P-wave velocity is greater in sealed fractures than open fractures, whereas the attenuation of energy and anisotropy is stronger in open fractures than sealed fractures. For fractures of different sizes, the maximum velocity together with the minimum attenuation correspond to the average orientation of the fracture sets. Small fractures affect the wave propagation less. Azimuth-dependent anisotropy is low and varies more than the other attributes. Fracture density strongly affects the P-wave velocity, attenuation, and shear-wave anisotropy. The attenuation is more sensitive to the variation of fracture size than that of velocity and anisotropy. In the seismic frequency band, the effect of oil and gas saturation on attenuation is very different from that for brine saturation and varies weakly over azimuth. It is demonstrated that for two sets of fractures with the same density, the fast shear-wave polarization angle is almost linearly related with the orientation of one of the fracture sets. 相似文献
18.
穿透含裂隙、裂缝地壳8s视周期的SV波的理论地震图研究表明,当地壳平均裂隙密度高于0.01即横波各向异性高于1%时,非对称面内不同方位的SKS波均发生分裂;地震图中直接的记录显示是切向T分量上出现SKS波的振动,其振幅随地壳平均裂隙密度的增大而增强,甚至能与径向R分量上的振幅相当.局限于上地壳的强裂缝各向异性同样能引起SKS分裂.长周期SKS波分裂对地壳内裂隙、裂缝的分布缺乏分辨率.直立平行排列裂隙、裂缝使得SKS分裂T分量记录特征具有方位对称性,这来自于HTI介质中快、慢波偏振和到时差随方位变化的对称性;而倾斜裂隙、裂缝使得该方位对称性丧失.对实际观测SKS分裂的偏振解释需要考虑地壳裂隙各向异性,特别是断裂附近的强裂缝各向异性. 相似文献
19.
The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, to the east of the eastern Himalayan syntaxes, forms the Sanjiang lateral collision zone in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where there are intense crustal deformation, active faults, earthquakes, as well as a metallogenic belt. Given the lack of adequate seismic data, shear-wave splitting in this area has not been studied. With seismic data from a temporary seismic linear array, as well as permanent seismic stations, this paper adopts the identification on microseismic event to pick more events and obtains shear-wave splitting parameters from local earthquakes. From the west to the east, the study area can be divided into three subzones. The “fast” polarization (i.e. the polarization of the fast shear wave) varies gradually from NNW to NS to NNE in these three subzones. The time delay of the slow shear wave (i.e. the time difference between the two split shear waves) also increases in the same direction, indicating the presence of seismic anisotropy above 25 km in the crust. Both shear-wave splitting parameters are closely related to stress, faults and tectonics. The scatter and the “dual” (i.e. two) dominant orientations of the fast polarizations at several stations indicate strong distortions caused by nearby faults or deep tectonics. The anisotropic parameters are found to be related to some degree to the metallogenic belt. It is worth to further analyse the link between the anisotropic pattern and the metallogenic area, which suggests that shear-wave splitting could be applied to study metallogeny. This paper demonstrates that the identification on microseismic event is a useful tool in detecting shear-wave splitting details and exploring its tectonic implications. 相似文献
20.
This paper describes a large-scale reservoir characterization experiment carried out in Oman in 1991 which comprised the acquisition, processing and interpretation of a 28.4 km2 3D multicomponent seismic experiment over the Natih field. The objective of the survey was to obtain information on the fracture network present in the Natih carbonates from shear-wave anisotropy. Shear-wave anisotropy in excess of 20% time splitting was encountered over a large part of the survey. The seismic results are confirmed by geological and well data but provide additional qualitative information on fracturing where this was not available before. Regions of stronger and weaker shear-wave anisotropy appear to be fault-bounded. The average well flow rates (which are fracture-dominated) within such blocks correlate with the average anisotropy of the blocks. The further observation that the anisotropy is largest in the fracture gas cap of the reservoir suggests that shear waves can provide a direct hydrocarbon indicator for fractured rock. 相似文献