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为达到海洋可控源电磁探测和远参考测量的目的,研究控制海底电磁激发脉冲发射的时间同步技术,包括发射前与GPS的对钟技术和发射中的同步技术,保证仪器工作的时间和公共的时间基准GPS信号保持精确一致,为后期的数据处理解释提供统一的时间坐标.对钟技术是指,在海洋调查船上完成仪器内部RTC芯片分频所得的秒脉冲信号RTC_PPS与GPS秒脉冲信号PPS时钟沿的同步;同步技术是指,海底工作过程中,仪器在预定的时钟沿将可控源信号精确发射出去.本论文采用CPLD芯片、RTC芯片、GPS模块和AVR单片机来完成对钟和同步模块的设计. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2015,(4)
为解决GPS易受外界环境影响,同步授时易失锁这一问题,设计出一种基于FPGA的保证GPS与OCXO协同工作的高精度同步授时解决方案.采用在FPGA内部构造延迟线的方法来对时间间隔进行测量,使时间测量精度可达到71ps和10ps,从而确保了时间间隔测量的高准确性.以GPS提供的秒脉冲1PPS作为标准信号对OCXO的频率进行校准,再在FPGA中采用均值滤波算法对1PPS信号引入的随机噪声进行压制,实际验证表明,该设计具有很好的频率校准效果.FPGA每完成一次校准就对同步修正一次,保证了GPS在任何时候失锁时,本地秒脉冲都与1PPS具有很高的初始同步精度.当完成频率校准后,GPS分别失锁150min,6h,12h,24h,同步精度仍可达到410ns,1.6us,2us和33us.这优于V5-2000的同步精度.长期实测表明,该方案可以很好地结合GPS授时和OCXO授时的优点,解决了GPS同步授时存在的问题.这不仅满足所有电法勘探的分布式采集系统对同步授时的精度要求,而且适用其它需要高精度同步授时的工业领域.该方案的设计只在一片FPGA中完成,这最大限度地减少了外围器件的消耗和外围电路的复杂程度,降低了功耗. 相似文献
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在无线电GPS大气掩星观测中,GPS和LEO卫星的位置误差、速度误差、卫星钟的漂移、载波相位观测误差等会给其反演的大气参量带来一定的误差.为定量分析上述GPS测量误差对大气掩星反演精度的影响,本文采用模拟分析的方法,利用CHAMP实测轨道数据和大气与电离层经验模式,采用三维射线追踪方法模拟得到大气附加相位观测数据;然后根据各种GPS测量误差的不同性质,在模拟掩星观测大气附加相位数据中加入GPS测量误差并进行反演,将其反演结果与未加入误差时的反演结果进行比较,分析各测量误差所带来的掩星反演误差的特点;利用一天的151个分布全球的掩星事件的误差结果进行统计分析.结果表明:(1)±10 m的GPS径向位置误差引起的温度反演误差的平均误差在30 km的高度为(-+)0.8K,标准偏差为0.05K;±0.4 m的LEO径向位置误差引起的温度反演误差的平均误差在30 km的高度为(-+)1.2K,标准偏差为0.07K.(2)仅考虑卫星速度误差对掩星几何关系的影响,则±30 m/s的GPS速度误差引起的温度反演误差的平均误差最大为±0.02K,标准偏差为0.3K;±10 m/s的LEO速度误差引起的温度反演误差的平均误差最大为±0.4K,标准偏差为0.06K.(3)当卫星钟漂为1×10-9时,反演温度误差的平均误差在30 km的高度为263K,标准偏差为16K,当卫星钟漂为1×10-14时,反演温度误差的平均误差在30km的高度为0.019K,标准偏差为0.004K.(4)当L1和L2载波相位观测误差分别为1 mm和2 mm时,引起的温度反演的平均误差在30 km的高度为0.01K,标准偏差为0.4K.(5)利用较接近真实观测的三维大气和电离层背景下的模拟附加相位数据,同时加入国际最新指标的各种GPS测量误差进行反演,误差分析结果为:在30 km以下,折射率和密度的相对误差小于0.3%(1σ),压强的相对误差小于0.5%(1σ),温度误差小于1K(1σ). 相似文献
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目前国内外使用的计时钟多为石英钟。石英钟给出的时号与国际标准时号存在差变化的钟差△T。为求△T,观测人员每天都需对钟,但国内的对钟精度一般为±0.1”,而国际为±0.01”。这样,一方面造成精度不高,另一方面在计算时也易弄错,产生麻烦。本文提出了新的时间服务系统——标准时号钟,一方面消灭钟差,另一方面可提高精 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2015,(4)
加紧研究和发展海洋可控源电磁法(MCSEM)对我国海域能源资源的调查具有重要意义.在MCSEM勘探中,发射机记录的电流波形若没有精确时间标记,则无法与接收机采集到的数据进行同步处理,进而影响到感应电磁场相位信息的提取.本文对海底环境下发射电路所面临的这一亟需解决的特殊问题展开了研究.采用硬件同步分频和超长计数的时间标识技术,基于LPC2368微处理器、GPS对钟电路、高精度温度补偿晶振、CPLD、RTC模块、USB移动硬盘、霍尔电流传感器及其外围电路等搭建的新硬件平台,将高精度时间标记脉冲计数值连同发射电流波形数据一同记录至存储设备中,同时上传至甲板端,便于上位机对水下发射机进行远程监控.最后依托国家专项进行了海洋试验,验证了高精度时间标识技术的可靠性和准确性. 相似文献
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近年来,为了提高地震记录的时间服务质量,各类石英钟陆续问世,对钟的技术要求也越来越高。中国科学院陕西天文台发播的“BPM 标准时间、标准频率”授时信号,系国家确认的高精度时间基准。我国地震系统就是采用这个标准来测定时钟的“钟差”。测量钟差的仪器是“毫秒计”、“钟差计”等时间间隔测定器(基本原理见《地震》1981年第4期、第5期刊载的“数字对钟技术”一文)。测定器所采用的是一种基本的测定时间差的方法。但是,它不具备有分辨相关秒脉冲的能力,在使用中,仪器可能记录的是非相关 相似文献
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张相民 《地震地磁观测与研究》1994,15(4):22-26
１９８９年１０月１８日２２时５８分在山西省大同县东南发生了Ｍｓ６．０地震，之后余震不断。为了现场震情监视，地震发展趋势，强余震预报等研究工作的需要，对其主余震参数进行了较为精确的测定，并计算得到直达波Ｐ的速度为５．９３ｋｍ／ｓ，虚波速度为７．９９ｋｍ／ｓ，地震多集中发生在深度为１０－１５ｋｍ地段。 相似文献
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Abstract The time of concentration is a primary parameter for a variety of modern hydrological models adopted in professional and scientific communities. Nevertheless, a universally accepted working definition of this parameter is currently lacking and several definitions can be found in the technical literature along with related estimation procedures. This study brings to light the inherent variability of these definitions through the empirical analysis of four small basins. These case studies demonstrate that available approaches for the estimation of the time of concentration may yield numerical predictions that differ from each other by up to 500%. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Citation Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., Tauro, F. and Porfiri, M., 2012. Time of concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 217–228. 相似文献
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AbstractLarge errors in peak discharge estimates at catchment scales can be ascribed to errors in the estimation of catchment response time. The time parameters most frequently used to express catchment response time are the time of concentration (TC), lag time (TL) and time to peak (TP). This paper presents a review of the time parameter estimation methods used internationally, with selected comparisons in medium and large catchments in the C5 secondary drainage region in South Africa. The comparison of different time parameter estimation methods with recommended methods used in South Africa confirmed that the application of empirical methods, with no local correction factors, beyond their original developmental regions, must be avoided. The TC is recognized as the most frequently used time parameter, followed by TL. In acknowledging this, as well as the basic assumptions of the approximations TL = 0.6TC and TC ≈ TP, along with the similarity between the definitions of the TP and the conceptual TC, it was evident that the latter two time parameters should be further investigated to develop an alternative approach to estimate representative response times that result in improved estimates of peak discharge at these catchment scales.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Qiang Zhang 相似文献
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选取大同地震台记录的2010—2019年531个MS≥5.0地震事件,根据发震区域的不同对其波形走时残差进行分析,得到不同发震区域地震波形的平均走时残差。结果表明,日本、喜马拉雅地区地震波形的走时残差总体为负值,平均残差分别为-1.51 s、-0.70 s;斐济、中国台湾地区、南美洲西海岸地区大多为正值,平均残差为0.79 s、1.83 s、1.86 s。同时发现,在有干扰的情况下参考不同区域平均走时残差计算结果,通过判断实际初至震相与理论初至震相的位置关系,可以更好地开展初至波震相识别工作。 相似文献
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Transport time scales are key parameters for understanding the hydrodynamic and biochemical processes within estuaries. In this study, the flushing and residence times within the Arvand River estuary have been estimated using a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model called CE‐QUAL‐W2. The model has been calibrated and verified by two different sets of field data and using the k‐ε vertical eddy diffusivity scheme. Flushing time has been estimated using different methods such as the tidal prism and fraction of freshwater methods. Moreover, residence times have been investigated using pulse residence time, estuarine residence time and remnant function approaches. The results have shown that different methods yield different time scales, and freshwater inflow has the greatest impact upon estimation of residence time, whereas tidal circulation hardly contributes to residence time at all. It has also been shown that the neap‐spring circulation and start phase of simulations have negligible effects on the Arvand's time scales. The investigation of bathymetry showed that two sills of the estuary tend to significantly increase residence time. Understanding the applicability of these time scales and their estimation approaches helps us to evaluate the water quality management of estuaries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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《地震学报(英文版)》1996,9(3):429-438
This paper deals with the distributive characteristics of the occurrence time of earthquakes with respect to the aftershock
sequences of strong earthquakes. The distribution of lunar and solar local hour angles at the time of commencement of moderate
and strong aftershocks indicates that the time of commencement of moderate and strong aftershocks is modulated by the positions
of the sun and moon and then the earthquake-restrained time zones exists also. In this paper the differences of earthquake-restrained
time zones between the preshock sequences and the aftershock sequences are compared, and the possible mechanism is analyzed
preliminarily. And the possible maximum scope of accuracy in predicting the occurrence time of an earthquake is determined
as well.
This paper is supported by the Eight Five Year Target of the State Seismological Bureau, China. 相似文献
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This paper presents the implementation details of a real‐time pseudodynamic test system that adopts an implicit time integration scheme. The basic configuration of the system is presented. Physical tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the system and validate a theoretical system model that incorporates the dynamics and nonlinearity of a test structure and servo‐hydraulic actuators, control algorithm, actuator delay compensation methods, and the flexibility of an actuator reaction system. The robustness and accuracy of the computational scheme under displacement control errors and severe structural softening are examined with numerical simulations using the model. Different delay compensation schemes have been implemented and compared. One of the schemes also compensates for the deformation of an actuator reaction system. It has been shown that the test method is able to attain a good performance in terms of numerical stability and accuracy. However, it has been shown that test results obtained with this method can underestimate the inelastic displacement drift when severe strain softening develops in a test structure. This can be attributed to the fact that the numerical damping effect introduced by convergence errors becomes more significant as a structure softens. In a real‐time test, a significant portion of the convergence errors is caused by the time delay in actuator response. Hence, a softening structure demands higher precision in displacement control. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We present a comparison of methods for the analysis of the numerical substructure in a real‐time hybrid test. A multi‐tasking strategy is described, which satisfies the various control and numerical requirements. Within this strategy a variety of explicit and implicit time‐integration algorithms have been evaluated. Fully implicit schemes can be used in fast hybrid testing via a digital sub‐step feedback technique, but it is shown that this approach requires a large amount of computation at each sub‐step, making real‐time execution difficult for all but the simplest models. In cases where the numerical substructure poses no harsh stability condition, it is shown that the Newmark explicit method offers advantages of speed and accuracy. Where the stability limit of an explicit method cannot be met, one of the several alternatives may be used, such as Chang's modified Newmark scheme or the α‐operator splitting method. Appropriate methods of actuator delay compensation are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献