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《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(4)
在全球高差最大的巴丹吉林沙漠发现了沙山斜坡上的表层径流物理沉积及化学沉积、沙山洼地罕见的地表超渗径流和沙山底部泉水溪流.根据电镜观察、能谱分析、入渗实验、含水量测定和粒度分析等资料,研究了表层径流化学沉积物的矿物和化学组成、物理沉积物的粒度组成、沙山区水分平衡、大气降水对地下水与湖水的补给条件和补给机制.超渗径流与表层径流的存在表明,该区存在能够为地下水提供补给来源的较强有效降雨过程.各种表层径流物理沉积与化学沉积、泉水溪流、超渗径流与含量为3~6%的重力水等8项科学证据十分可靠地从深层次上证明,该区降水通过入渗达到了沙山的底部,已经对地下水构成了补给.新生方解石和石膏等径流化学沉积物和灰黑色物理沉积物以及径流沉积扇形地演化的阶段性均指示该区大气降水对地下水的补给不是偶然的降水事件造成的,具有长期补给性.细粒层的隔水性是该区地下径流出露于地表的原因.沙山区具有一定有效降水能够提供水分补给源、沙层的高入渗率能够将大气降水快速转化沙层水、植被稀少蒸腾量少、沙层受蒸发影响深度小降低了蒸发对水分的消耗、沙层含有运移较快的重力水是该区水分出现正平衡和大气降水能够补给地下水的5个因素,这5个因素的共同作用构成了该区大气降水向地下水的补给机制,为地下水和湖泊提供了水分补给来源.本文对国内外沙漠区水循环、地下水补给条件、补给动力和补给机制的研究具有重要参考意义. 相似文献
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密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
采用密云水库15km处WMO区域空气污染本底站——上甸子站1990~2001年降水化学资料,并结合2002~2003年现场科学试验阶段获取的大气干沉降和湿沉降资料,从大气-土-水污染过程的复合相关源角度,综合分析了大气干、湿沉降以及白河沿岸农田、矿区和城镇污染源对密云水库的水质综合影响特征.分析结果表明,该时段密云水库区域大气降水中离子以SO42?,NO3?,NH4+和Ca2+为主;密云水库湿酸沉降量夏半年(4~9月)大于冬半年(10~3月),其年际变化呈上升趋势,年平均达1038.45t,最高年份(1996)达1766.31t,最低年份(1994)为604.02t;密云水库区域大气降水pH的多年平均值为5.20,降水呈弱酸性,pH值年际变化呈下降趋势.密云水库水体不同深层的pH值均大于7.0.pH值垂直和水平空间分布呈非均一性特征,同一区域pH值随水深呈下降趋势;2002年和2003年密云水库降尘量分别为13513.08t和3577.64t,春季降尘量为全年之首,分别占其全年的61.91%和44.56%.由于大气干、湿沉降中含有多种重金属元素及有害元素,它们可能在一定程度上对库水富营养化、潜在重金属污染以及库水酸化起“加剧”作用.上述综合分析结果揭示出密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源特征及其多圈层相互作用效应.另外,夏季(雨季)是局地土壤污染源由于受暴雨或强降水冲刷后通过入库水系山谷坡地汇流,引起区域性大气-土-水连锁污染过程,导致水库或河流水质污染.统计分析亦发现密云水库水质污染可能与水库周边及上游局部区域降水冲刷和汇流因素相关.水库污染物浓度变化与水库上游局地区域降水量呈较显著的相关,这些相关特征揭示了水库水质污染过程大气-土-水多圈层相互作用效应.提出了水库污染复合相关源分析法观点及其追踪入库水系上游污染源空间分布技术途径. 相似文献
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淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体的补给水源及溶质来源,在现场调查的基础上,系统采集丰水期、平水期、枯水期沉陷区积水、地表河水和浅层地下水样进行测试分析,采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图和因子分析方法,对不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素进行讨论.结果表明:地表水水体总溶解性固体(TDS)质量浓度表现为枯水期丰水期平水期,浅层地下水表现为枯水期平水期丰水期,地表水TDS质量浓度明显高于浅层地下水.地表水中主要阴阳离子为Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-),水化学类型主要为SO_4~(2-)-Cl~--Na~+型;浅层地下水离子以HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,表现为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)型.结合Gibbs图和因子分析可知,地表水受蒸发作用、地表径流以及采煤活动等因素影响,浅层地下水在一定程度上体现出大气降水和地表水补给的特点,受岩石风化作用影响较为明显. 相似文献
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热带季节雨林碳通量年变化特征及影响因子初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为深入分析西双版纳热带季节雨林碳通量年变化特征及其与各种因子的关系,通过西双版纳主要自然生态系统(热带季节雨林)2003～2004年林冠-大气间和近地层的碳通量以及不同覆盖状况下的地表碳通量(土壤呼吸)的长期观测,并结合植物光合作用、叶面积指数、凋落物和凋落物分解速率以及温度、辐射等常规气象的测定,对热带季节雨林碳通量的年变化特征及其影响因子进行了综合的分析与研究.结果表明热带季节雨林的碳通量表现出和其它热带雨林不同的特征,在干季(11～4月)的林冠-大气间碳通量为负值,森林生态系统呈现碳汇效应;而在雨季(5～10月)表现出较弱的碳源效应;森林生态系统碳通量具有明显的日变化特征,在白天呈现碳汇效应,而夜间为碳源效应,并且干季昼间碳通量较大;雨季较小;夜间则呈现相反趋势.林冠植物在昼间具有较强的光合作用,对昼间林冠-大气间碳通量有较大的贡献;林冠和植物林内低矮植物的光合速率均与林冠-大气间碳通量有显著的相关关系,而林内低矮植物的光合速率与林内近地层碳通量仅在于热季存在显著的相关关系.林内不同覆盖状态的地表碳通量具有明显的季节变化;林冠-大气间碳通量与地表碳通量同样具有较好的相关性,地表碳通量是导致热带季节雨林生态系统碳通量呈现特殊分布的主要因子;另外,林冠-大气间碳通量与凋落物量、凋落物分解速率、降水量、土壤含水率和土壤温度均表现出较好的相关性.初步的统计表明,西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠-大气间碳通量在不同季节呈现不同的汇/源效应,在总体上表现为一个较弱的碳汇. 相似文献
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石炭-二叠系煤层是鄂尔多斯盆地韩城煤层气田的主力产层,煤层中水的特征对于煤层气富集的研究有着重要的意义．本文通过采集研究区煤层气井的水样,利用加速器质谱仪（AMS）测得地层水中的放射性同位素^129I信息,结合卤素离子浓度和稳定氢氧同位素特征,对石炭-二叠系煤层中水的来源、年龄和演化过程进行了探讨．研究结果表明,煤层中水的矿化度为1532．29-7061．12mg／L,属于中低矿化度水,水型以NaHC03和NaCl水为主,^129I和I／C1值指示其经历了稀释-混合作用．地层水垃^129I/^127I的比值分布在660×10-15-145950×10^-15,多数介于^129I初始值和现今大气降水的^129I水平之间,计算的地层水的年龄为0-18．50Ma．研究区石炭-二叠系煤层中水有两个来源,一部分为古大气降水（中新世）,特征为扣和巧δ^18O值在全球大气降水线下方,低^129I/^127I值;另一部分为现代混合水,特征为较高的^129I/^127I值．结合地质过程,推测地层水经历了沉积水一沉积水、成岩水一古大气降水、现代混合水的演化过程． 相似文献
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自然电位和激发极化电位测井响应所涉及的离子导体激发极化电位的微观机理解释,主要依据双电层形变假说和浓差极化假说,缺少定量描述的数学模型和理论体系.本文利用孔隙介质的微观毛管模型,给出了毛管模型中双电层理论和阳离子交换量与Zeta电位的关系,推导出毛管中离子流量和电流强度表达式.由电荷守恒定律和物质守恒定律,推导出毛管中离子浓度分布的解析表达式,建立了描述含水泥质砂岩激发极化电位和自然电位的数学模型.从而系统地严格证明了含水泥质砂岩激发极化现象是在电流场和浓度梯度场的共同作用下,由孔隙中离子浓度浓差极化电位和双电层形变电位形成的.并且证明了描述泥质砂岩自然电位的数学方程和描述激发极化电位的数学方程及形成机理是一致的.计算结果表明：激发极化极化率随孔隙度和渗透率的增大而减小;极化率随溶液浓度的增加而减小,随阳离子交换量的增加而增加;证明了地层水浓度、阳离子交换量是影响自然电位大小的主要因素. 相似文献
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通过测试辽宁省15个地震监测站泉水或井水的氢、氧同位素组成及主要离子组分含量,讨论了泉水或井水的化学类型及其成因.测得泉水或井水的δD和δ~(18)O值范围分别为-82.5‰--54.4‰和-11.4‰—-7.3‰,表明所测泉水和井水的主要来源为大气降水.研究区低温泉水为低矿化度的Ca-SO_4·HCO_3型或Ca-HCO_3·SO_4型;而较高温度的花岗岩裂隙水中溶解了较多的钠硅酸盐矿物,水化学类型主要为Na-HCO_3·SO_4型;碳酸盐岩及含砾砂岩含水层分别分布于辽宁省西部及中部地区,水温略低于高温花岗岩裂隙水,水化学类型为Na·Ca-HCO_3型.水中F~-含量较高,且F~-含量与温度、pH值、Na~+和HCO_3~-的浓度呈正相关,表明泉水或井水的化学类型是深部富CO_2流体及大气降水与花岗岩反应的结果. 相似文献
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Ataollah Kavian Aazam Alipour Karim Soleimani Leila Gholami Pete Smith Jesús Rodrigo‐Comino 《水文研究》2019,33(2):261-270
The drastic growth of population in highly industrialized urban areas, as well as fossil fuel use, is increasing levels of airborne pollutants and enhancing acid rain. In rapidly developing countries such as Iran, the occurrence of acid rain has also increased. Acid rain is a driving factor of erosion due to the destructive effects on biota and aggregate stability; however, little is known about its impact on specific rates of erosion at the pedon scale. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of acid rain at pH levels of 5.25, 4.25, and 3.75 for rainfall intensities of 40, 60, and 80 mm h?1 on initial soil erosion processes under dry and saturated soil conditions using rainfall simulations. The results were compared using a two‐way ANOVA and Duncan tests and showed that initial soil erosion rates with acidic rain and non‐acidic rain under dry soil conditions were significantly different. The highest levels of soil particle loss due to splash effects in all rainfall intensities were observed with the most acidic rain (pH = 3.75), reaching maximum values of 16 g m?2 min?1. The lowest levels of particle losses were observed in the control plot where non‐acidic rain was used, with values ranging from 3.8 to 8.1 g m?2 min?1. Similarly, under saturated soil conditions, the lowest level of soil particle loss was observed in the control plot, and the highest peaks of soil loss were observed for the most acidic rains (pH = 3.75 and pH = 4.25), reaching maximum average values of 40 g m?2 min?1. However, for saturated soils with acidic water but with non‐acidic rain, the highest soil particle loss was observed for the control plot for all the rainfall intensities. In conclusion, acidic rain has a negative impact on soils, which can be more intense with a concomitant increase in rainfall intensity. Rapid solutions, therefore, need to be found to reduce the emission of pollutants into the air, otherwise, rainfall erosivity may drastically increase. 相似文献
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Interception,drop size distributions and rainfall kinetic energy in four colombian forest ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Vis 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1986,11(6):591-603
Interception losses, rain and throughfall drop size spectra and kinetic energy were studied in four relatively undisturbed tropical forest ecosystems along a transect across the Central Andean Cordillera of Colombia at altitudes between 3000 and 1000 m above sea level. Interception amounts ranged from 11 to more than 20 per cent of the total rainfall and fell within the normal range of interception figures observed in natural tropical forests. Drop size spectra were established using the filter paper method; the drop size distributions of the open field rainfall were unimodal while the throughfall had bimodal distributions, with a higher percentage of the volume of rain falling as large drops. Disturbance of the natural forests, for example by logging activities or cattle grazing, will further increase the throughfall kinetic energy and may lead to higher splash erosion rates inside the forests than in the open field. The kinetic energy of the throughfall was higher than that of the open field rainfall (20-70 per cent), even after correcting for interception losses (4-30 per cent). Splash-cup experiments, conducted both in the field and in the laboratory, indicated that the kinetic energy is a good index of rainfall erosivity. Inside the forests the amounts of sand splashed from the splash-cups was, after correction for interception losses, 2-16 per cent higher than outside the forests. 相似文献
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The effect of a new zealand beech forest canopy on the kinetic energy of water drops and on surface erosion 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
M. P. Mosley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(2):103-107
Rain and throughfall drops were sampled during rain events in a New Zealand beech forest and the frequency distributions of drop mass and kinetic energy calculated. The kinetic energy of throughfall under the canopy was always greater than that of rainfall in the open, notwithstanding interception losses. During a typical rain event in which 51 mm fell in 36 h, the total kinetic energy of throughfail was 1.5 times greater than that of rainfall, and the mean amount of sand splashed from sample cups was 3.1 times greater under the canopy than in the open. It appears that where mineral soil is exposed at the surface, by animal trampling or burrowing for example, rates of soil detachment by splash under a forest canopy will probably exceed those in the open. 相似文献
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While the hydrological balance of forest ecosystems has often been studied at the annual level, quantitative studies on the factors determining rainfall partitioning of individual rain events are less frequently reported. Therefore, the effect of the seasonal variation in canopy cover on rainfall partitioning was studied for a mature deciduous beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree over a 2‐year period. At the annual level, throughfall amounted to 71% of precipitation, stemflow 8%, and interception 21%. Rainfall partitioning at the event level depended strongly on the amount of rainfall and differed significantly (p < 0·001) between the leafed and the leafless period of the year. Therefore, water fluxes of individual events were described using a multiple regression analysis (ra2 > 0·85, n = 205) with foliation, rainfall characteristics and meteorological variables as predictor variables. For a given amount of rainfall, foliation significantly increased interception and decreased throughfall and stemflow amounts. In addition, rainfall duration, maximum rainfall rate, vapour pressure deficit, and wind speed significantly affected rainfall partitioning at the event level. Increasing maximum hourly rainfall rate increased throughfall and decreased stemflow generation, while higher hourly vapour pressure deficit decreased event throughfall and stemflow amounts. Wind speed decreased throughfall in the growing period only. Since foliation and the event rainfall amount largely determined interception loss, the observed net water input under the deciduous canopy was sensitive to the temporal distribution of rainfall. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Fine‐scale spatial variability of throughfall amount and isotopic composition under a hardwood forest canopy 
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下载免费PDF全文 Stable isotopes of water can give clues to the physical processes of forest canopy interception. We examined whether fine‐scale canopy structure is related to throughfall amount and isotopic variation by intensively quantifying both throughfall and canopy structure in a broadleaf, deciduous forest in Louisiana, USA. Local throughfall amount was correlated with canopy structure quantified as distance to the nearest tree, local crown coverage, and local crown length; isotopic composition was also correlated with the same variables but weakly. Spatial patterns of throughfall amount showed some consistency across storms, but spatial patterns of stable isotopes were much weaker and inconsistent. Spatial autocorrelation was consistent in throughfall amount across events, which suggests fixed controls over patterning of throughfall to the forest floor by the canopy. In contrast, lower spatial and temporal autocorrelation in isotopic composition suggested temporally varying controls over patterning, and that routing through the canopy, intra‐storm isotopic variation of rainfall, isotopic exchange, and evaporation interacted to affect the stable isotopic composition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Marvin Lüpke Michael Leuchner Delphis Levia Kazuki Nanko Shin'ichi Iida Annette Menzel 《水文研究》2019,33(26):3391-3406
Forest canopies present irregular surfaces that alter both the quantity and spatiotemporal variability of precipitation inputs. The drop size distribution (DSD) of rainfall varies with rainfall event characteristics and is altered substantially by the forest stand properties. Yet, the influence of two major European tree species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), on throughfall DSD is largely unknown. In order to assess the impact of these two species with differing canopy structures on throughfall DSD, two optical disdrometers, one above and one below the canopy of each European beech and Norway spruce, measured DSD of both incident rainfall and throughfall over 2 months at a 10‐s resolution. Fractions of different throughfall categories were analysed for single‐precipitation events of different intensities. While penetrating the canopies, clear shifts in drop size and temporal distributions of incoming rainfall were observed. Beech and spruce, however, had different DSD, behaved differently in their effect on diameter volume percentiles as well as width of drop spectrum. The maximum drop sizes under beech were higher than under spruce. The mean ± standard deviation of the median volume drops size (D50) over all rain events was 2.7 ± 0.28 mm for beech and 0.80 ± 0.04 mm for spruce, respectively. In general, there was a high‐DSD variability within events indicating varying amounts of the different throughfall fractions. These findings help to better understand the effects of different tree species on rainfall partitioning processes and small‐scale variations in subcanopy rainfall inputs, thereby demonstrating the need for further research in high‐resolution spatial and temporal properties of rainfall and throughfall. 相似文献
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Using hydrochemical tracers to assess impacts of unsewered urban catchments on hydrochemistry and nutrients in groundwater 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 We applied graphical methods and multivariate statistics to understand impacts of an unsewered slum catchment on nutrients and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Kampala, Uganda. Data were collected from 56 springs (groundwater), 22 surface water sites and 13 rain samples. Groundwater was acidic and dominated by Na, Cl and NO3. These ions were strongly correlated, indicating pollution originating from wastewater infiltration from on‐site sanitation systems. Results also showed that rain, which was acidic, impacted on groundwater chemistry. Using Q‐mode hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified three distinct water quality groups. The first group had springs dominated by Ca‐Cl‐NO3, low values of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and cations, and relatively high NO3 values. These springs were shown to have originated from the acidic rains because their chemistry closely corresponded to ion concentrations that would occur from rainfall recharge, which was around 3.3 times concentrated by evaporation. The second group had springs dominated by Na‐K‐Cl‐NO3 and Ca‐Cl‐NO3, low pH but with higher values of EC, NO3 and cations. We interpreted these as groundwater affected by both acid rain and infiltration of wastewater from urban areas. The third group had the highest EC values (average of 688 μS/cm), low pH and very high concentrations of NO3 (average of 2.15 mmol/l) and cations. Since these springs were all located in slum areas, we interpreted them as groundwater affected by infiltration of wastewater from poorly sanitized slums areas. Surface water was slightly reducing and eutrophic because of wastewater effluents, but the contribution of groundwater to nutrients in surface water was minimal because o‐PO4 was absent, whereas NO3 was lost by denitification. Our findings suggest that groundwater chemistry in the catchment is strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs derived from nitrogen‐containing rains and domestic wastewater. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Delphis F. Levia Kazuki Nanko Hiromasa Amasaki Thomas W. Giambelluca Norifumi Hotta Shin'ichi Iida Ryan G. Mudd Michael A. Nullet Naoki Sakai Yoshinori Shinohara Xinchao Sun Masakazu Suzuki Nobuaki Tanaka Chatchai Tantasirin Kozo Yamada 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1698-1708
Although we know that rainfall interception (the rain caught, stored, and evaporated from aboveground vegetative surfaces and ground litter) is affected by rain and throughfall drop size, what was unknown until now is the relative proportion of each throughfall type (free throughfall, splash throughfall, canopy drip) beneath coniferous and broadleaved trees. Based on a multinational data set of >120 million throughfall drops, we found that the type, number, and volume of throughfall drops are different between coniferous and broadleaved tree species, leaf states, and timing within rain events. Compared with leafed broadleaved trees, conifers had a lower percentage of canopy drip (51% vs. 69% with respect to total throughfall volume) and slightly smaller diameter splash throughfall and canopy drip. Canopy drip from leafless broadleaved trees consisted of fewer and smaller diameter drops (D50_DR, 50th cumulative drop volume percentile for canopy drip, of 2.24 mm) than leafed broadleaved trees (D50_DR of 4.32 mm). Canopy drip was much larger in diameter under woody drip points (D50_DR of 5.92 mm) than leafed broadleaved trees. Based on throughfall volume, the percentage of canopy drip was significantly different between conifers, leafed broadleaved trees, leafless broadleaved trees, and woody surface drip points (p ranged from <0.001 to 0.005). These findings are partly attributable to differences in canopy structure and plant surface characteristics between plant functional types and canopy state (leaf, leafless), among other factors. Hence, our results demonstrating the importance of drop‐size‐dependent partitioning between coniferous and broadleaved tree species could be useful to those requiring more detailed information on throughfall fluxes to the forest floor. 相似文献
19.
Throughfall and stemflow vary seasonally in different land‐use types in a lower montane tropical region of Panama 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Catriona M.O. Macinnis‐Ng Eric E. Flores Henry Müller Luitgard Schwendenmann 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2174-2184
Catchment hydrology is influenced by land‐use change through alteration of rainfall partitioning processes. We compared rainfall partitioning (throughfall, stemflow and interception) and soil water content in three land‐use types (primary forest, secondary forest and agriculture) in the Santa Fe region of Panama. Seasonal patterns were typified by larger volumes of throughfall and stemflow in the wet season, and the size of precipitation events was the main driver of variation in rainfall redistribution. Land‐use‐related differences in rainfall partitioning were difficult to identify due to the high variability of throughfall. However, annual throughfall in agricultural sites made up a larger proportion of gross precipitation than throughfall in forest sites (94 ± 1, 83 ± 6 and 81 ± 1% for agriculture, primary and secondary forests, respectively). Proportional throughfall (% of gross precipitation becoming throughfall) was consistent throughout the year for primary forest, but for secondary forest, it was larger in the dry season than the wet season. Furthermore, proportional stemflow in the dry season was larger in secondary forest than primary forest. Stemflow, measured only in primary and secondary forests, ranged between 0.9 and 3.2% of gross precipitation. Relative soil moisture content in agricultural plots was generally elevated during the first half of the dry season in comparison to primary and secondary forests. Because throughfall is elevated in agricultural plots, we suggest careful management of the spatial distribution and spread of this land‐use type to mitigate potential negative impacts in the form of floods and high erosion rates in the catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献