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1.
南极大气臭氧和温度垂直结构及其季节变化的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用南极中山站2008年2月至2009年2月臭氧和温度探空等资料,对中山站上空大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,在中山站上空热对流层顶和臭氧对流层顶的高度相近,年平均高度分别为7.9和7.4km.对流层顶的气压和温度都存在位相相反一波型季节变化.春季和冬季对流层顶的温度转折没有夏季和秋季明显,而依据臭氧变化恰能更好地确定对流层顶高度.在对流层臭氧垂直分布的季节变化不显著;而平流层却十分明显.春季下平流层臭氧严重耗损,14km处的臭氧最小分压仅为1.57MPa,最大分压出现在上平流层,其他季节下平流层臭氧随高度增加而升高.春季下平流层臭氧的严重损耗,与极夜过后低温条件和平流层冰晶云表面消耗臭氧的光化学过程有密切关系.大气臭氧和温度的垂直结构及季节变化特征,对春季南极臭氧洞的形成和发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
2.
根据Aura卫星微波临边探测(MLS)2.2,3.3版水汽和臭氧廓线,采用线性内插方法,将夏季在青藏高原(西藏的那曲和拉萨)及其周边地区(云南腾冲)通过冷冻霜点仪(CFH)和电化学反应池型(ECC)探空仪分别测得的水汽和臭氧数据插值到与卫星产品规定的气压高度进行比较分析,以检验MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品.结果表明:MLS 2.2和3.3版水汽相对误差在100 h Pa的对流层顶附近分别为(9.8±46.0)%(n=18),(23.0±45.8)%(n=17);在小于并包含82.5h Pa在内的下平流层则分别为(-2.2±15.7)%(n=74),(0.3±14.9)%(n=75);而在对流层316~121h Pa高度则分别为(21.5±90.6)%(n=104),(6.0±83.4)%(n=99).相应MLS 2.2,3.3版臭氧的误差分别为:(-3.5±54.4)%(n=27),(-8.7±41.6)%(n=38)(100 h Pa);(-11.7±16.3)%(n=135),(15.6±24.2)%(n=305)(下平流层);(18.0±79.1)%(n=47),(34.2±76.6)%(n=160)(对流层上层).MLS水汽和臭氧的误差垂直分布在对流层上层-平流层低层振荡和离散分布明显,部分误差可能由于此高度层水汽和臭氧浓度梯度大和比较用线性插值探空数据引起."臭氧低谷"期间,拉萨地区70 h Pa高度以下MLS卫星臭氧浓度误差明显增加;腾冲、那曲与拉萨三地的MLS臭氧误差的垂直分布特征较一致.卫星产品与探空测值的初步关系表明,MLS廓线的灵敏度与水汽和臭氧在大气中垂直分布有密切联系,3.3版水汽产品的灵敏度在82.5 h Pa以上高度略有提高,臭氧产品灵敏度没有明显变化.文中还讨论了导致MLS水汽和臭氧廓线产品误差的可能因素. 相似文献
3.
对流性重力波对中层大气环境有显著影响.重力波活动及重力波源的地理和季节性变化等信息是理解和模拟重力波效应的基础.卫星高光谱红外大气垂直探测器AIRS的4μm和15μm波段可用于识别30~40km高度范围和41km高度附近的重力波,其11μm通道可同步观测对流层深对流.观测个例表明,海面和陆面上空的平流层扰动影响范围均可达1000km,不同高度的扰动强度分布也存在差异.基于2007年6月至8月的AIRS观测资料,分析了东亚区域的对流层深对流活动和平流层的重力波,得到了深对流和重力波发生频率的水平分布.统计结果表明,东亚区域夏季夜间的深对流活动明显少于白天,但AIRS观测到的平流层重力波发生频率和扰动强度均显著大于白天,揭示了夜间对流层深对流诱发的平流层重力波在强度、范围等方面可能与白天存在显著差异.进一步对比分析表明,AIRS观测的平流层扰动高值区与深对流高值区明显不同.平流层重力波与对流层深对流之间的相关分析表明,在36°N以南的区域,41km高度上AIRS观测的重力波中,深对流云诱发的重力波的比例约为30%~100%.在10°N至36°N区间,90%的深对流均可诱发平流层重力波.分析得到的30~40km高度区间和41km高度附近的重力波水平分布对比表明,后一高度上的扰动强度明显大于前一高度,且前一高度在东南亚区域存在强扰动中心而在后一高度则没有.最后,给出了AIRS观测的几种典型形态的东亚区域平流层波动,表明了该区域平流层环境波动形态的复杂性和多样性. 相似文献
4.
东亚一次典型切断低压引起的平流层空气深入侵过程的分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用ERA-Interim再分析资料、卫星资料以及轨迹模式,对2010年6月19-23日东亚夏季一次典型切断低压（COL）过程中的动力、热力及化学结构进行了分析,并详细分析了平流层空气深入侵过程和路径.AIRS臭氧资料与臭氧探空资料分析表明,在COL发展成熟阶段,由极区高位势涡度、高臭氧库区脱离出来的空气在COL的中心形成一个局地高位势涡度与高臭氧浓度区域,并在对流层中上部出现臭氧次峰结构.前向轨迹模式模拟结果表明：COL形成前期,高空槽加深,槽后偏北风急流可以引起极区下平流层空气向中纬度对流层中低层侵入,从而使对流层中低层臭氧浓度升高;COL发展成熟阶段,可以引起平流层空气的＂旋转式＂入侵.最后,应用后向轨迹模式对成熟阶段COL内部及周围空气块源地做进一步模拟分析.结果表明：（1）COL中心高浓度臭氧空气块源地有两个,一是中西伯利亚北部上空的副极地涡旋,这部分气块对COL中心的高臭氧浓度起主要作用;二是90°E以西,50°N附近的温带急流轴左侧的气旋式风速切变区.（2）COL周围低臭氧浓度的气块源地也有两个,一是COL底部臭氧浓度相对较低的空气块主要来自急流轴右侧反气旋式风速切变区,以平流运动为主;二是COL前部及后部的空气块主要来自COL南侧低层暖区,以上升运动为主. 相似文献
5.
针对对流层主要污染物(对流层臭氧、NO_2、SO_2及HCHO)的高分辨率、高频次监测需求,开展了基于静止轨道卫星监测中国大气污染物的模拟观测实验.在参考现有极轨卫星载荷的遥感监测能力和仪器参数基础上,根据静止卫星观测模型,利用正演辐射传输模式模拟观测光谱.根据最优估计反演理论,分析光谱仪的主要指标参数对各目标气体的反演敏感性和反演误差.基于各目标气体反演精度需求,提出光谱仪的观测波段、光谱分辨率和信噪比等关键指标参数的建议方案.为评估选定的光谱仪参数能否满足需求,利用大气化学输送模式模拟中国区域大气成分的三维分布,进行中国区域的模拟反演实验.结果表明,针对各目标气体,满足反演需求的实验数目均达到90%左右.臭氧总量和平流层臭氧的反演精度可达到2%,且各气体反演在太阳天顶角高于70°范围内仍可以获得有效数据.因此,我们所提出的静止卫星观测方案和仪器参数方案具有一定可行性,为优化将来中国静止轨道卫星光谱仪仪器指标提供了理论依据和模拟工具. 相似文献
6.
大气加权平均温度Tm是GNSS探测大气可降水量PWV(Precipitable Water Vapor)的关键参数．目前，加权平均温度模型主要包括线性模型和非线性模型．本文基于2011—2015年期间的编号54511北京探空测站的有效探测资料，建立Tm与Ts的线性和非线性(一阶傅里叶函数、一元二次函数)关系；利用2016年探空站实测资料对所建模型及常用模型进行对比分析，从RMSE、Bias及波动范围评价参数发现Tm＿G模型精度高于常用模型，而再分析资料ERA-Interim建立的加权平温度Tm＿ERA模型和新非线性Tm模型精度相差甚小，且误差概率分布趋近于正态分布；因此，新建模型能有效避免了通用Bevis全球模型在特定区域导致的区域性精度偏差问题，尤其在探空站缺乏的区域，可以采用ERA-Interim产品建立Tm模型．通过对不同Tm模型获取IGS站BJFS的PWV结果与相应时间54511探空站的实测PWV数据进行... 相似文献
7.
利用无线电掩星探测在平流层具有较高精度和稳定性的优势,本文采用COSMIC资料验证我国风云3号(FY-3)系列卫星上微波温度探测仪(MWTS)通道4表征的平流层低层测量结果.两年的FY-3A/3B上MWTS通道4观测亮温与掩星数据模拟的亮温相比较分析表明:两颗卫星平台上MWTS通道4观测亮温都偏高,尤其在热带地区和极区夏季;FY3A/3B上MWTS通道4亮温偏差的月均值变化趋势较为一致,两个年份的变化趋势也较为一致.MWTS通道4表征的平流层低层观测亮温在不同纬度带呈现不同偏差分布特征:热带地区明显系统偏高2~4 K,中纬度地区偏高1 K;而高纬度地区则出现随季节显著变化的偏差,尤其在南极地区季节差异达到5 K,这种依赖于环境温度出现的较大亮温偏差不完全是频率偏移引起.热带地区观测与模拟亮温差异显著,并且热带地区样本对于全球总体亮温偏差影响程度达到20%,这表明COSMIC数据在热带地区的验证结果需谨慎使用. 相似文献
8.
利用1979~1992年卫星TOR对流层臭氧数据库资料,以及同期太阳辐照度数据序列,考察青藏高原对流层臭氧含量变化与太阳辐射周期变化之间的关系.分析表明,青藏高原对流层臭氧分布表现出与太阳辐照度相同的变化趋势,存在着明显的太阳周期变化特征.逐月线性回归分析表明,太阳辐照度增加导致青藏高原对流层臭氧增加的正效应.在太阳周期内,太阳辐射增加可使青藏高原对流层臭氧、平流层臭氧和臭氧总量分别增加1.31、4.97、6.628DU,或4.07%、2.04%、2.28%.该特征与赤道太平洋地区完全相反,分析产生差异的原因,至少应包括两方面因素：一是背景大气NOX和水汽含量的差异;二是青藏高原频繁发生的平流层-对流层大气物质交换和输送. 相似文献
9.
为了分析台风这类强对流诱发平流层重力波的过程,本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW(V3.5)和卫星高光谱红外大气探测器AIRS数据对2011年第9号强热带气旋"梅花"的重力波特征进行了分析.首先,针对模式输出的垂直速度场资料的分析表明,台风在对流层各个方向上几乎都具有诱发重力波的能量,而在平流层内则呈现出只集中于台风中心以东的半圆弧状波动,且重力波到达平流层后其影响的水平范围可达1000km.此外,平流层波动与对流层雨带在形态、位置以及尺度上均具有一定的相似性.其次,对风场的分析结果表明,不同高度上波动形态的差异主要是由于重力波垂直上传的过程中受到了平流层向西传的背景风场以及风切变的调制作用,揭示了重力波逆着背景流垂直上传的特征.随后,基于FFT波谱分析的结果表明,"梅花"诱发的平流层重力波水平波长中心值达到了1000km,周期在15~25h,垂直波长主要在8~12km.最后,利用AIRS观测资料分析了平流层30~40km高度上的大气波动,得到了与数值模拟结果相一致的半圆弧状波动.对比结果也验证了WRF对台风诱发平流层重力波的波动形态、传播方向、不同时刻扰动强度的变化以及影响范围的模拟效果.此外,也揭示了多资料的结合对比有助于更加全面地了解台风诱发平流层重力波的波动特征. 相似文献
10.
基于Global Positioning System (GPS)掩星数据在平流层具有较高准确性、稳定性的优势,本文尝试用新一代GPS掩星观测——the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)资料验证不同卫星平台上先进的微波探测仪（AMSU）的平流层观测结果.通过COSMIC大气温度廓线与AMSU辐射传输模式结合,得到模拟亮温,然后与AMSU平流层观测进行匹配比较.分析表明GPS掩星数据能够作为一个相对独立的参量检验NOAA15、16、18卫星平台内部的偏差.通过一年数据的比较验证,初步显示不同卫星平台的AMSU观测亮温在平流层低层都偏低,并且NOAA18平台的亮温偏低程度明显大于NOAA15、16.AMSU亮温偏差在极地冬季较为显著,尤其南极地区NOAA18的偏差幅度达到1.8 K.结合24小时内AMSU观测亮温偏差变化及其样本分布特征,可以看到明显的太阳辐射差异可能是导致AMSU观测亮温在极地偏差显著的主要原因. 相似文献
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Xiang Qin ChuanJin Li CunDe Xiao ShuGui Hou MingHu Ding JiaWen Ren DaHe Qin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2366-2373
This study investigates the regional distribution of marine aerosol originated species(Na+, Cl-, nss-SO42- and MSA) in the snow pits(or firn cores) collected along a transect between Zhongshan Station and the Grove Mountain area(450 km inland) on the eastern side of the Lambert Glacier Basin. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl- decrease exponentially with distance from the coast to 100 km inland(i.e., 1500 m a.s.l.). Statistical results demonstrate that distance from the coast inland and elevation affect the concentration of sea-salt originated ions in inland areas significantly. Increase of Cl-/Na+ ratio and higher variability in its standard deviation suggest that there are other sources of ions in addition to sea-salt in inland areas of the Antarctic continent. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- from nine sampling sites in the Grove Mountain area are relatively higher than those from sites along CHINARE transect, although all sites are at similar distance inland. This phenomenon indicates that the barrier effect of the mountain may be the most important factor influencing ion deposition. In addition, nss-SO42- and MSA vary differently, with nss-SO42- decreasing with distance more significantly. This implies that sources and transporting pathways influence the deposition of the two sulfur compounds considerably, being supported by the spatial pattern of correlation coefficients between the nss-SO42- and MSA. 相似文献
13.
Various kinds of geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE). The correlation between the high-level gravity anomaly and the bedrock elevation is examined along a route where both data are sufficient to permit deriving a crustal model from gravity, radio-echo sounding and explosion seismic data. The bedrock elevation usually correlates well with the high-level gravity anomaly. However, along the traverse route S-H-Z from the Syowa to Mizuho stations, the bedrock elevation has a weak negative correlation with the high-level gravity anomaly. Such a weak negative correlation is attributed to the deeper part of the crust.The crustal structure between the Syowa and Mizuho stations is modeled from the gravimetric data and the radio-echo sounding of bedrock elevations, so as to fit the P-wave velocity structure derived from the data of explosion seismic experiments. Then the structure is extended from Syowa Station seaward across Lützow-Holm Bay and from Mizuho Station southeastwards inland, where only gravimetric data are available. Thus, a crustal section about 600 km long is obtained on a margin of East Antarctica. The depth of the Moho increases by about 7 km from Syowa Station to the point Y200 (71° 46′S, 48° 56′E), about 500 km from the coast. A graben-like structure is obtained along the line across Lützow-Holm Bay. This suggests that both sides of the bay are bounded by faults. 相似文献
14.
High-accuracy topographical information extraction based on fusion of ASTER stereo-data and ICESat/GLAS data in Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to better support Antarctic inland ice sheet expedition from Zhongshan Station to Dome A, the topographic data are
necessary. At present, although the entire Antarctic DEM provided by RAMP (Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project) was estimated
at the highest horizontal (spatial) resolution of about 200 m, the real horizontal resolution of the DEM varies from place
to place depending on the density and scale of the original source data. For ice shelves and the inland ice sheet, the horizontal
resolution is about 5 km; the vertical accuracy is estimated to be ±50 m in interior East Antarctic ice sheet and away from
the mountain ranges. Therefore, more accurate topographic data are unavailable in Antarctica. In order to meet the requirements
of high-accuracy topographic information for further researches, this paper mainly addresses a fusion study of ASTER stereo
pairs and ICESat/GLAS altimetry data for extraction of high-accuracy DEM in East Antarctica, based on the high horizontal
resolution (15 m) of ASTER and vertical accuracy (13.8 cm) of ICESat/GLAS. First, some altimetry data were selected as vertical
control points to reduce errors of image correlation matching during the extraction of ASTER-based DEM. Second, ice sheet
altimetry data derived from ICESat were used to generate DEM ranging from 75° to 81°S because existing ASTER data do not cover
this area and high density of the coverage of ICESat altimetry data. Finally, the DEM in coverage of the expedition route
was produced. The analysis of result reveals that the DEM accuracy is improved significantly. The absolute vertical accuracy
of DEM is higher than 15 m in some cases and higher than 30 m for all the areas along the expedition route except from the
009-001 scene; the interior accuracy is higher than 15 m and higher than 7 m in some cases. It can meet the requirements of
topographic map at 1:50000 scale, which is an economic and advantageous method to produce the topographic products.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 40606002), Surveying and Mapping in Chinese Antarctic Expedition
Area (Grant No. 1469990711109-1), National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2006BAD18B01), and GLA12 dataset of ICESat/GLAS
in National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) 相似文献
15.
The distribution of the elements F, Cl, Br and I was analysed in layers removed stepwise from Antarctic H5 and H6 chondrites. All meteorites show higher concentrations of these elements on their surfaces than in their interiors. The degree of halogen enrichment cannot be correlated with the degree of visual weathering and is proportional to the time the meteorites were residing on the surface of the Antarctic ice. During this period, aerosols, salts and gaseous components are deposited on the surfaces of the meteorites and diffuse into their interior. The observed contamination level of the meteorites is influenced by leaching properties and diffusion behaviour of the individual halogens. The major contamination source for F, Cl and probably Br is air-borne seaspray; for I it is the gaseous compound methyl iodide (CH3I) produced by biological processes in the sea. Methyl iodide and its oxidation products formed in the Antarctic atmosphere (e.g., I2) can be transported over longer distances to the interior of Antarctica than air-borne seaspray. Therefore, the ratio of the halogen contamination is related to the collection site of the meteorites. All meteorites that were found in the Antarctic interior are contaminated to a lesser degree by F, Cl and Br relative to I than those found near the coast. The measured enrichment ratio of I/F is a function of the distance between the collection site and the open sea, and increases from the Allan Hills to the Thiel Mountains. By revealing the degree of contamination of a meteorite it is possible to determine its maximum surface residence time on the Antarctic ice. 相似文献
16.
Since October 2009, a ground-based Raman lidar system has been deployed to perform a regular, night-time, vertical sounding of a water vapour content in the lower and middle troposphere above Polish Polar Station at Hornsund (77.00°N, 15.55°E, 10 m a.s.l.) in the Arctic. The water vapour mixing ratio profiles were obtained for the atmosphere up to 6 km altitude, based on analysis of inelastic Raman backscattering signals from nitrogen molecules (at 387 nm) and water vapour particles (at 407 nm), calibrated with the data from a local Vaisala’s automatic meteorological station. The results obtained for winter seasons in the years 2009–2012 are in a good general agreement with the results obtained from the atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) on the Aqua satellite. 相似文献
17.
Homer T. Mantis Christos C. Repapis Christos S. Zerefos 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,119(2):213-230
Station records of ozone observations have been critically reviewed to investigate the reality of the reported maximum in total ozone over northwest Europe in July. The existence of a longitudinal excess of ozone over the British Isles is confirmed but strong horizontal gradients can be verified only over central Europe and there is no evidence for east-west gradients over the Atlantic. Ozone sounding data as well as total ozone daily variability make it most plausible that the ozone excess over northwest Europe is confined to the lower stratosphere. The isopleths in the region of strong ozone gradients are parallel to the mean flow at 100 mb as required by the calculated constraint on the magnitude of the mean flow advection. It is proposed that analyses of the ozone distribution over oceanic areas could be improved by extending ozone isopleths parallel to the mean lower stratospheric flow from land areas where the pattern is better defined. 相似文献
18.
机载SAR对海探测时,探测范围小和时空匹配难等局限使其无法借助风条纹和辅助资料反演海面风矢量.本文在仿真研究CMOD5.N地球物理模型参数的函数关系,实例分析机载SAR探测图像中距离向均值曲线变化规律的基础上,发现相同风向、风速条件下,CMOD5.N模型构建的标准曲线和探测图像的距离向均值曲线遵循统一的归一化雷达截面随入射角变化规律,且两者具有良好的相关性.据此,本文提出将距离向均值曲线与标准曲线逐条匹配,采用相关系数判定两者的相关程度,选择使得相关系数绝对值最大的标准曲线作为最优匹配曲线,进而直接确定风向和风速的海面风矢量反演方法.机载SAR飞行探测实验结果表明,海面风矢量反演结果与浮标观测结果的均方根误差为风向11.3°,风速0.9m·s-1,高于反演精度指标要求,原因在于该方法既避免了机载SAR探测图像中斑点噪声的影响,又不会产生局部最优解,提高了海面风矢量反演精度. 相似文献
19.
本文基于1987—2017年南极点的无线电探空数据，研究了地面至30 km海拔高度的气温、风向和风速的垂直分布及变化趋势.多年平均的逐月数据表明，气温在各高度上均具有显著的季节变化，南半球夏季（冬季）对流层低层温度最高达-25℃（最低达-60℃），分别出现于1月（7月）地面以上约500 m（近地面）.近30年来，年平均地面气温呈0.3℃/10a的增加趋势，增温趋势总体上随高度增加而减缓，至对流层上层的气温变化趋势为负，约为-0.25℃/10a.对于对流层整层平均气温，秋季上升趋势在四季中最为明显，达0.55℃/10a，而年平均气温的趋势约为0.3℃/10a.近地面全年盛行东北风，风速大多在2~10 m·s-1范围内；对流层的低层（高层）为西北风（西南风），在海拔6~9 km处，对流层急流可达25 m·s-1；而平流层低层（高层）为南风（东南风），最大风速可超过30 m·s-1.风速和温度梯度变化特征在地面至10 km（10~30 km）高度段表现为负相关（正相关）.近30年近地面呈现北风增加东风减少的趋势，而高空南风减少，东风和北风增多.对流层整层平均风速显示，各季节平均风速均呈增加趋势，并且与温度类似，秋季的增加趋势最显著，达0.59 m·s-1/10a，而春季趋势最为平缓，仅0.05 m·s-1/10a.对流层整层年平均风速的线性趋势为0.24 m·s-1/10a，地面年平均风速呈0.05 m·s-1/10a的增加趋势. 相似文献
20.
选取赤峰地震监测中心站与阿古拉地震监测站分别记录的2019年2月1日至2021年2月1日418个地震事件,对2个台站所测定的地震震级分别与中国地震台网中心发布的正式目录震级进行比较。结果表明,赤峰地震监测中心站震级平均偏差为 0.178,标准差为±0.312;阿古拉地震监测站震级平均偏差为0.194,标准差为±0.387。MS(CIF)与MS(AGL)间的线性相关系数为0.938,表明二者震级偏差间有较强的线性相关性。另,统计分析了2个台站震级偏差与震级、震中距、方位之间的关系。 相似文献