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1.
本文利用红外热成像手段,对微小煤样内的甲烷吸附区进行了观察,并评估其吸附特征与在煤中的分布规律.研究表明煤中存在不同尺度与甲烷吸附能力的甲烷富集区,吸附/解吸甲烷时,甲烷富集区比邻近区域具有更明显的升温/降温现象.通过图像处理的方法对不同吸附压力条件下的红外热像图中的甲烷富集区进行提取,采用盒维数进行统计发现甲烷富集区符合分形规律.试验表明随着吸附压力升高,甲烷富集区的分形维数增大,分布初值减小.对两个不同煤田的煤层气富集区进行统计表明：从微米级到千米级尺度范围内,甲烷富集区分布具有分形特征,且分形维数均在1.5~2.00之间. 相似文献
2.
煤的孔隙率影响煤的吸附、渗透能力,且它也是衡量煤体内部结构及孔、裂隙发育状况的重要指标.而水力增透技术在瓦斯抽采中的作用效果常常受到水的影响,且瓦斯抽采量也会受到含水煤层的影响,为更客观地了解含水煤层状态下的孔隙率的变化情况,采用超声波透射法对赵固二矿二1煤层不同层理方向煤样在干燥及自然饱和吸水状态下进行三轴加载超声波测试试验,研究干燥及自然饱和水三轴加载状态下煤样超声波波速与孔隙率关系.研究结果表明:相同条件下,加载煤样饱和煤样波速大于干燥煤样,且加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向波速变化易区别.而加载煤样饱和煤样与干燥煤样孔隙率变化与波速变化相反,加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向孔隙率变化不易区别;通过分析加载条件下饱和煤样与干燥煤样波速与孔隙率关系,发现无论是干燥煤样还是饱和煤样在加载条件下都符合对数关系φ=-aIn(Vp)+b且a值与围压有关,b值与孔隙率变化量有关.通过研究含水煤样在不同加载条件下对煤体波速和孔隙率的影响以及波速和孔隙率之间的关系,为煤炭物性勘探技术提供有效试验数据与理论基础,也为煤炭物性预防安全开采提供理论基础. 相似文献
3.
煤的孔隙率影响煤的吸附、渗透能力,且它也是衡量煤体内部结构及孔、裂隙发育状况的重要指标.而水力增透技术在瓦斯抽采中的作用效果常常受到水的影响,且瓦斯抽采量也会受到含水煤层的影响,为更客观地了解含水煤层状态下的孔隙率的变化情况,采用超声波透射法对赵固二矿二1煤层不同层理方向煤样在干燥及自然饱和吸水状态下进行三轴加载超声波测试试验,研究干燥及自然饱和水三轴加载状态下煤样超声波波速与孔隙率关系.研究结果表明:相同条件下,加载煤样饱和煤样波速大于干燥煤样,且加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向波速变化易区别.而加载煤样饱和煤样与干燥煤样孔隙率变化与波速变化相反,加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向孔隙率变化不易区别;通过分析加载条件下饱和煤样与干燥煤样波速与孔隙率关系,发现无论是干燥煤样还是饱和煤样在加载条件下都符合对数关系φ=-aIn(Vp)+b且a值与围压有关,b值与孔隙率变化量有关.通过研究含水煤样在不同加载条件下对煤体波速和孔隙率的影响以及波速和孔隙率之间的关系,为煤炭物性勘探技术提供有效试验数据与理论基础,也为煤炭物性预防安全开采提供理论基础. 相似文献
4.
为研究黑臭河道沉积物资源化利用方式,评估沉积物资源化以后对营养盐去除效果和研究其去除机制,以北京市某黑臭河道沉积物（S）为供试样品,对其进行氧化并负载金属离子改性,最终得到氧化-载钠改性沉积物（MS）.选取S和MS两种材料,评估其对氮和磷的去除效果,通过采用动力学、热力学等手段,进一步阐明改性材料对氮、磷去除机制.结果表明,在环境温度为35℃,固液比1：50（g：ml）的条件下,经氧化-载钠联合改性材料对氮（初始浓度20 mg/L）的去除效果均达到90%以上,其中对磷（初始浓度10 mg/L）的去除率最高可达98%;准二级动力学模型能更好的描述改性材料的吸附动力学行为（R2>0.93）,且动力学和吸附等温分析结果显示,Langmuir模型可以更好地描述两种材料的吸附等温线,改性材料对氮和磷的最大吸附量分别达到0.891和0.474 mg/g;热力学研究结果表明,吸附过程中,标准反应焓变（ΔH0）、标准反应熵变（ΔS0）均为正值,标准吉布斯自由能变（ΔG0）为负值,且随着温度的升高,ΔG0呈下降趋势.研究显示,MS具有更高的吸附性能,对氮、磷的吸附主要是材料表面活性吸附点位起主导作用,并且吸附过程是个吸热、自发进行的过程,更高的温度更有利于吸附.在同一温度下,随着氮、磷初始浓度的增加,MS对氮、磷的解吸比吸附过程更容易发生. 相似文献
5.
2010年10月-2011年9月在太湖梅梁湾围隔内研究了改性当地土壤絮凝除藻及其对水质改善的应急和长期效果,并结合室内实验研究了该技术防控底泥再悬浮和减少底泥二次污染的长效机制.现场围隔实验结果表明,改性当地土壤除藻30 min后,TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP、PO34--P和Chl.a的去除率分别为66%、57%、60%、93%、92%和98%;长期监测结果表明,与对照区域相比,围隔内的TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和PO34--P在处理后11个月内的平均值分别降低了39.83%、52.30%、48.53%、18.75%和60.00%.室内再悬浮实验结果表明,改性土壤和沙子抗再悬浮能力较未改性土壤分别提高了3和5倍.室内柱培养结果表明改性土壤絮凝除藻和沙土覆盖相结合可有效提高表层沉积物-水界面的氧化还原电位和溶解氧,使沉积物向水体的TP和TN通量从源逆转成汇,PO34--P和NH4+-N通量大幅度降低.改性土壤技术在利用絮凝除藻快速改善水质后,可通过改性沙/土分层底泥调控分别达到对藻絮体再悬浮的物理控制和营养盐再释放的化学控制,通过将亚表层底泥中的藻细胞分解并被沉水植物根系吸收,可实现对底泥中水华蓝藻复苏和水体富营养化的长效生态控制. 相似文献
6.
正地质信息技术是找矿、建设开发中至关重要的组成部分,其地质工作勘探、研究、控制程度的高低,直接影响到矿产资源的生产发展,地质信息技术工作贯穿于矿产开发、利用直至报废的全过程。我国成矿地质条件优越,石油、天然气、煤、铀等能源矿产有较大找矿潜力,铁、铜、铝等重要矿产资源潜力很大。近年来,我国基础地质调查工作程度有所提高,科技支撑能力不断增强,地质找矿新机制探索初见成效,以社会 相似文献
7.
以自主研发的煅烧改性净水厂污泥（C-WTPS）作为污染底泥活性覆盖材料,室内静态模拟实验研究C-WTPS覆盖强度对控制底泥磷释放效果的影响,分析C-WTPS和底泥中不同形态磷含量变化,探讨C-WTPS薄层覆盖对上覆水体中pH、DO和ORP的影响.结果表明,实验历时40天,在底泥TP释放强度为6.25~10.87 mg/（m2·d）时,覆盖强度为0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50和2.00 kg/m2的C-WTPS对TP平均削减率分别为59.68%、75.71%、88.75%、92.42%和96.28%,可见覆盖强度为1.00 kg/m2以上的C-WTPS能控制底泥中90%以上TP释放.C-WTPS吸附的磷主要以无机磷（IP）中的铁铝结合态磷（NAIP）形式存在,有机磷（OP）和钙磷（AP）形式较少.C-WTPS促进了底泥中易释放形态磷迁移到C-WTPS中,并转化较为稳定的形态磷,可见C-WTP覆盖不仅控制了底泥磷释放,而且也削减了底泥磷释放风险.C-WTPS覆盖后,上覆水体中pH开始呈现下降趋势,最终维持在pH=7范围波动;C-WTPS覆盖强度越大,上覆水体pH下降也明显;C-WTPS覆盖改善上覆水体中DO和ORP环境的效果不明显. 相似文献
8.
有机质对城市污染河道沉积物铵态氮吸附-解吸的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采集污染程度不同的城市河道沉积物(通吕运河、濠河和通甲河),在分析H2O2对沉积物有机质和铵态氮影响的基础上,分析沉积物在去除有机质前后铵态氮释放动力学和吸附热力学过程,研究城市污染河道沉积物有机质对铵态氮吸附-解吸的影响.结果表明:单位体积H2O2对有机质去除率随H2O2使用量增多而降低;去除有机质后,沉积物铵态氮含量显著增加,通吕运河、濠河和通甲河铵态氮最大含量分别是有机质去除前的4.16、3.55和2.85倍;沉积物对铵态氮的饱和吸附量随有机质含量减少而下降;沉积物铵态氮释放过程均表现为先快速释放,后减缓至平衡过程;去除有机质后,随着有机质含量的减少,沉积物铵态氮的最大释放量呈增大趋势;沉积物有机质和铵态氮含量是影响沉积物铵态氮释放的主要因素. 相似文献
9.
随着中国工业化持续30年的快速发展,矿产资源供应的瓶颈制约日益凸现。经济的高速发展,急剧加大了对油、气、煤、铁、铜、铝、铅、锌、钾盐等重要矿产的需求量。预计列2020年,我国矿产资源供需矛盾将更加突出,重点资源的后备储量严霞不足,已不能满足经济增长的基本需要。因此,在挖掘国内资源潜力的同时,充分利用海外资源,实施资源型企业“走出去”战略,寻求和建立海外稳定的矿产资源供应基地,成为维护我国经济安全、保障中国社会可持续发展目标的必然选择。 相似文献
10.
耗能型防落梁装置是由普通拉索式防落梁装置改进而来的,其主要吸能部件为吸能控制管,由扩径管和铝蜂窝缓冲器组成。为了给铝蜂窝缓冲器的设计与优化提供可靠的理论依据,建立了铝蜂窝轴向压缩简化模型,对其轴向压缩应力进行了分析、推导并采用有限元模拟和借鉴相关文献试验数据进行了验证,同时分析了加载速率对铝蜂窝材料吸能特性的影响。此外分析了铝蜂窝芯铝箔厚度和蜂窝边长对其吸能特性的影响,并通过桥梁工程实例来分析和评价铝蜂窝缓冲器在吸能控制管中的吸能作用。研究结果表明:铝蜂窝轴向压缩简化模型精度较高,理论计算值相对于有限元计算值的偏差平均值为4.53%,相对于文献试验值的偏差平均值为6.47%;随着加载速率的提高,铝蜂窝材料的单位体积吸能值、初始峰值应力和屈服平均应力均有所提高;在铝蜂窝芯铝箔厚度或蜂窝边长一定的情况下,两者之比β值越大,铝蜂窝缓冲器吸能性能越好;配置了铝蜂窝缓冲器的吸能控制管,其总吸能值平均增大率为18.56%,最大增大率为29.51%,吸能性能提升最大可达近30%,在消耗地震能量方面将发挥显著的作用。 相似文献
11.
如何提高煤层气渗透率是目前煤层气开采研究中的重要课题。基于煤层瓦斯渗流规律数学模型,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,对流-固-热耦合条件下的非等温煤层气解吸、渗流变化规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在注热条件下,煤层气渗流压力随着温度的增加而下降,且下降速度加剧,压力差越大,气体从高压区域流向低压区域的渗流速度越快。气体在煤层中径向流向井口,井口附近压力的梯度增大,气体渗流速度较快;在未受到加热影响的区域,煤层气不受外加热量影响,煤层气解吸速率保持不变;注热后煤层温度升高,可以加快煤层气渗流速度、提高渗透率、增加煤层气产量。研究成果可为煤层中注热开采煤层气的工程实践提供相应的理论依据。 相似文献
12.
The physical characteristics of coal reservoirs are important for evaluating the potential for gas desorption, diffusion, and seepage during coalbed methane (CBM) production, and influence the performance of CBM wells. Based on data from mercury injection experiments, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption, isothermal adsorption, initial velocity tests of methane diffusion, and gas natural desorption data from a CBM field, herein the physical characteristics of reservoirs of high-rank coals with different coal-body structures are described, including porosity, adsorption/desorption, diffusion, and seepage. Geometric models are constructed for these reservoirs. The modes of diffusion are discussed and a comprehensive diffusion-seepage model is constructed. The following conclusions were obtained. First, the pore distribution of tectonically deformed coal is different from that of normal coal. Compared to normal coal, all types of pore, including micropores (<10 nm), transitional pores (10–100 nm), mesopores (100–1000 nm), and macropores (>1000 nm), are more abundant in tectonically deformed coal, especially mesopores and macropores. The increase in pore abundance is greater with increasing tectonic deformation of coal; in addition, the pore connectivity is altered. These are the key factors causing differences in other reservoir physical characteristics, such as adsorption/desorption and diffusion in coals with different coal-body structures. Second, normal and cataclastic coals mainly contain micropores. The lack of macropores and its bad connectivity limit gas desorption and diffusion during the early stage of CBM production. However, the good connectivity of micropores is favorable for gas desorption and diffusion in later gas production stage. Thus, because of the slow decline in the rate of gas desorption, long-term gas production can easily be obtained from these reservoirs. Third, under natural conditions the adsorption/desorption properties of granulated and mylonitized coal are good, and the diffusion ability is also enhanced. However, for in situ reservoir conditions, the high dependence of reservoir permeability on stress results in a weak seepage of gas; thus, desorption and diffusion is limited. Fourth, during gas production, the pore range in which transitional diffusion takes place always increases, but that for Fick diffusion decreases. This is a reason for the reduction in diffusion capacity, in which micropores and transitional pores are the primary factors limiting gas diffusion. Finally, the proposed comprehensive model of CBM production under in situ reservoir conditions elucidates the key factors limiting gas production, which is helpful for selection of reservoir stimulation methods. 相似文献
13.
Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass,Zostera capricorni 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
This in situ study used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc on the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Custom-made portable in situ exposure (PIE) chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow. Z. capricorni was exposed to 0.1 and 1 mg l−1 of metal solutions for 10 h. During this time and for the subsequent four-day recovery period, the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) (ΔF/Fm′) was measured. While the results were variable, copper and zinc exposed samples had a depressed ΔF/Fm′ during the exposure period. Samples exposed to zinc recovered to pre-exposure levels but those exposed to copper did not. Cadmium and lead did not impact on the chlorophyll a fluorescence and the chlorophyll pigment data supported these findings. This study presents an innovative new application of chlorophyll a fluorescence stress assessment. 相似文献
14.
不同掘进工艺煤与瓦斯流固耦合数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
井下瓦斯事故严重威胁着煤矿的安全,研究煤与瓦斯耦合作用规律并采取相应措施可以有效地防止事故发生。考虑瓦斯气体的可压缩性和吸附、解吸特性,假设瓦斯气体在煤体孔隙中的流动遵循D arcy定律,建立了考虑爆破因素的煤与瓦斯流固耦合数学模型,并利用com so l对其求解。结果表明：炮掘对煤体的破坏能力大于机掘;炮掘工艺下,爆破应力对煤体应力、位移的作用大于应力耦合的作用,机掘工艺应该考虑应力耦合的作用;煤层瓦斯压力随着煤壁暴露时间的增加而发生改变,整个巷道附近的瓦斯压力有降低的趋势,呈现漏斗状分布;煤层上表面煤体竖向位移边界呈以巷道顶端为中心的＂O＂型分布,且以＂O＂型中心处的位移值最大。 相似文献
15.
超声激励增透煤层是一种不受甲烷储层地质条件和气源特性限制,具有普遍应用价值的增采技术.但由于煤岩致密、裂隙发育,煤岩孔隙度存在多尺度效应,受储层介质尺度效应影响的增透促吸机理尚不明确.本文通过CT观测实验和渗透率测定实验,对超声波作用下煤样不同尺度裂隙发展规律进行了分析,对比测定超声作用煤样渗透率变化规律,建立了超声增透煤层甲烷渗透率的修正公式.研究结果表明:CT观测实验很好地证明了超声的机械震碎作用;在声场衰减范围内,煤体损伤和机械震碎作用明显;超声波作用后的煤层渗透率有平均135%～169%的提高.研究工作为超声激励增加煤层的渗透率提供了实验基础. 相似文献
16.
Desorption-diffusion model and lost gas quantity estimation of coalbed methane from coal core under drilling fluid medium 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Geoff WANG 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(4)
The differences of coalbed methane(CBM) desorption-diffusion from coal drilling-core under various drilling fluid medium are not considered in the present calculating methods of lost CBM quantity,which leads possibly to the inaccuracy of CBM quantity in coal seam.Here we took the desorption of CBM from coal core under drilling fluid medium as a pressure-swing process,and based on the Langmuir equation and Fick-first law,established the desorption-diffusion model and numerical modeling method of lost gas(inc... 相似文献
17.
Levings CD Varela DE Mehlenbacher NM Barry KL Piercey GE Guo M Harrison PJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(12):158-1594
We investigated the effect of acid mine drainage (AMD) from an abandoned copper mine at Britannia Beach (Howe Sound, BC, Canada) on primary productivity and chlorophyll a levels in the receiving waters of Howe Sound before, during, and after freshet from the Squamish River. Elevated concentrations of copper (integrated average through the water column >0.050 mg l−1) in nearshore waters indicated that under some conditions a small gyre near the mouth of Britannia Creek may have retained the AMD from Britannia Creek and from a 30-m deep water outfall close to shore. Regression and correlation analyses indicated that copper negatively affected primary productivity during April (pre-freshet) and November (post-freshet). Negative effects of copper on primary productivity were not supported statistically for July (freshet), possibly because of additional effects such as turbidity from the Squamish River. Depth-integrated average and surface chlorophyll a were correlated to copper concentrations in April. During this short study we demonstrated that copper concentrations from the AMD discharge can negatively affect both primary productivity and the standing stock of primary producers in Howe Sound. 相似文献
18.
This paper presents study of non-linear dynamics of acoustic emission (AE) generated in coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption.
Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats. Experimental facilities used in high pressure sorption of CO2 and/or CH4 on coal comprised a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring systems. Tests were conducted on medium-rank
coal obtained from the Upper Silesia Basin.
Several approaches to the treatment of experimental results are proposed in order to detect and characterize deterministic
chaos: (1) analysis of fractal/multifractal character of AE energy rate, using fractal generalised dimensions D
q
(q); (2) analysis of temporal changes of AE energy rate and its fractal correlation dimension D
2; and (3) evaluation of attractor dimension within the reconstructed phase space from experimental time series.
It was shown that AE generated during CO2 sorption on medium-rank coal is a more heterogeneous and lower dimensional process in comparison with AE induced by CO2 desorption. Yet, the AE associated with desorption of CO2 exhibits higher heterogeneity than the AE generated during desorption of CH4.
There are certain similarities between changes of D2 during desorption of CO2 as well desorption of CH4. However, dynamics of these changes and character of time distributions of D2 differ, depending on a sorbate. We do not know the precise reason for observed differences, but we presume that the carbon-dioxide
molecules dissimilarity to methane molecules can account for them. 相似文献
19.
Ali Olad Ali Reza Amani‐Ghadim Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji Mohammad Hosein Rasoulifard 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(4):401-408
The removal of Alphazurine FG (AF) dye from water by an electrocoagulation process has been studied. The effect of some operational parameters, such as anode material, current density, initial dye concentration, pH of solution, conductivity, and inter‐electrode distance, on the removal efficiency was investigated. Iron and aluminum were used as anodes in the electrocoagulation cell. It was found that the efficiency of the iron anode was better than that of the aluminum anode for AF removal. The factors that affected the removal efficiency were the current density and the initial dye concentration. The removal efficiency increased from about 35% at 25 A m–2 to about 97% at 100 A m–2, during 4 min of electrocoagulation. The results exhibited pseudo‐first‐order kinetics for AF removal by electrocoagulation. In addition, a mathematical model was successfully established for predicting the removal efficiency. A comparison between the model results and experimental data gave a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9925), which indicates that the model is able to predict the removal efficiency of AF. 相似文献
20.
Coal measures (coal bearing rock strata) can contain large reserves of methane. These reserves are being exploited at a rapidly increasing rate in many parts of the world. To extract coal seam gas, thousands of wells are drilled at relatively small spacing to depressurize coal seams to induce desorption and allow subsequent capture of the gas. To manage this process effectively, the effect of coal bed methane (CBM) extraction on regional aquifer systems must be properly understood and managed. Groundwater modeling is an integral part of this management process. However, modeling of CBM impacts presents some unique challenges, as processes that are operative at two very different scales must be adequately represented in the models. The impacts of large‐scale gas extraction may be felt over a large area, yet despite the significant upscaling that accompanies construction of a regional model, near‐well conditions and processes cannot be ignored. These include the highly heterogeneous nature of many coal measures, and the dual‐phase flow of water and gas that is induced by coal seam depressurization. To understand these challenges, a fine‐scale model was constructed incorporating a detailed representation of lithological heterogeneity to ensure that near‐well processes and conditions could be examined. The detail of this heterogeneity was at a level not previously employed in models built to assess groundwater impacts arising from CBM extraction. A dual‐phase reservoir simulator was used to examine depressurization and water desaturation processes in the vicinity of an extractive wellfield within this fine‐scale model. A single‐phase simulator was then employed so that depressurization errors incurred by neglecting near‐well, dual‐phase flow could be explored. Two models with fewer lithological details were then constructed in order to examine the nature of depressurization errors incurred by upscaling and to assess the interaction of the upscaling process with the requirement for adequate representation of near‐source, dual‐phase processes. 相似文献