共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Bihong Fu Xinglin Lei Khaled Hessami Yoshiki Ninomiya Takashi Azuma Hisao Kondo 《Journal of Geodynamics》2007,44(3-5):160-172
The December 26, 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake. 相似文献
2.
通过建立三维数值模型，对隐伏正断层在均匀错动和倾斜错动方式下土体的破裂过程进行研究。利用应力罗德参数和等效塑性应变分别对断层错动过程中上覆土体的应力状态和破坏形式进行分析，并提出土体破裂的判别方法。通过对数值模拟结果的分析得到以下结论:① 在断层错动过程中，下盘一侧受断层错动影响的上覆土体的应力状态经压剪→纯剪→拉剪逐渐变化，而上盘一侧上覆土体的应力状态变化较为复杂，经压剪→纯剪→拉剪→纯剪→压剪重复变化；② 在断层均匀错动过程中，断层下盘一侧土体的破裂率先出现在地表拉剪区内，随错动量的增大，破裂带向两侧、向深部扩展；同时，下盘一侧土体的底部产生破坏，并斜向上扩展，逐渐与顶部破裂相连；③ 在断层倾斜错动过程中，地表破裂出现的位置和上覆土体的厚度有关。对于厚度较大的土体，正断层倾斜错动能够在地表形成与断层走向有一定夹角、且与断层长度相比长度很短的地表破裂或地裂缝，而数值模拟可对正断层错动导致的地表破裂的模式加以补充，为研究地裂缝的形成机理和分布形式提供依据。 相似文献
3.
Fault induced permanent ground deformations—an experimental comparison of wet and dry soil and implications for buried structures 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Fault surface ruptures constitute a great risk to human lives, buildings and infrastructure. Despite this few building codes contain risk reducing provisions. Experiments provided results for establishing design rules in terms of possible dislocation and failure strains. Dry and wet soil behave substantially different. A brief discussion on counteracting effects of the wet soil on the interaction between a buried structure and the surrounding ground is included. 相似文献
4.
Daniele Norbiato Marco Borga Ralf Merz Günther Blschl Alberto Carton 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):312-325
Analyses of event runoff coefficients provide essential insight on catchment response, particularly if a range of catchments and a range of events are compared by a single indicator. In this study we examine the effect of climate, geology, land use, flood types and initial soil moisture conditions on the distribution functions of the event runoff coefficients for a set of 14 mountainous catchments located in the eastern Italian Alps, ranging in size from 7.3 to 608.4 km2. Runoff coefficients were computed from hourly precipitation, runoff data and estimates of snowmelt. A total of 535 events were analysed over the period 1989–2004. We classified each basin using a “permeability index” which was inferred from a geologic map and ranged from “low” to “high permeability”. A continuous soil moisture accounting model was applied to each catchment to classify ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ initial soil moisture conditions. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of runoff coefficients is highly correlated with mean annual precipitation, with the mean runoff coefficient increasing with mean annual precipitation. Geology, through the ‘permeability index’, is another important control on runoff coefficients for catchments with mean annual precipitation less than 1200 mm. Land use, as indexed by the SCS curve number, influences runoff coefficient distribution to a lesser degree. An analysis of the runoff coefficients by flood type indicates that runoff coefficients increase with event snowmelt. Results show that there exists an intermediate region of subsurface water storage capacity, as indexed by a flow–duration curve-based index, which maximises the impact of initial wetness conditions on the runoff coefficient. This means that the difference between runoff coefficients characterised by wet and dry initial conditions is negligible both for basins with very large storage capacity and for basins with small storage capacity. For basins with intermediate storage capacities, the impact of the initial wetness conditions may be relatively large. 相似文献
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The interaction between normal or reverse fault ruptures and shallow foundations resting on a homogeneous undrained soil layer is investigated. After performing a thorough set of non‐linear finite element simulations, three simple kinematic mechanisms are proposed to predict the conditions for the fault rupture to be diverted by the foundation. The results obtained by both numerical and analytical approaches are in good agreement, and support the adequacy of the proposed mechanisms. A relationship is established for assessing the minimum foundation bearing load needed for diversion of the fault rupture trace, either normal or reverse. This relationship is proved to be independent of the fault type and dip angle, so that it can be applied easily for engineering applications, even in the absence of specific tectonic information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Earthquake fault ruptures may emerge at the ground surface causing large differential movements. When fault ruptures emerge
at or adjacent to the position of existing foundations, significant damage can be caused. However, the study of recent faulting
events revealed that in some circumstances the fault-rupture emergence is deflected by the presence of buildings leaving the
buildings intact. A centrifuge modelling study has been conducted to investigate how normal faults interact with strip foundations
which run parallel to the strike direction. The study confirms that fault rupture may be deviated by the presence of the foundation
so that the foundation is protected from the most serious differential movements. However, whilst the fault propagates to
the soil surface the foundation has to withstand initial movements before the final fault rupture emergence mechanism is activated.
The centrifuge results suggest that it is the bearing pressure of the foundation which causes the deviation of the fault rather
than the kinematic restraint of the foundation. The interaction between the earthquake fault and the shallow foundation depends
on the foundation bearing pressure, foundation width, soil depth and position of the fault relative to the foundation and
these aspects should be considered in design. Results from the tests are used to validate a series of finite element analyses
as reported in an accompanying paper. 相似文献
7.
J. M. Schmidt 《Annales Geophysicae》1995,13(5):475-493
This work follows the paper titled “Spatial transport and spectral transfer of solar wind turbulence composed of Alfvén waves and convective structures I: The theoretical model”, and deals with the detailed physics and numerical solution of a two-component solar wind model, consisting of small-scale Alfvén waves and convected structures. In particular, we present numerical results which qualitatively reflect many of the observed features of the radial and spectral evolution of the turbulent energies, the residual energy, the cross-helicity and Alfvén-ratio in high-speed solar wind streams. These features are the following: the formation of a characteristic “inclined eye”, which evolves between the energy spectra displayed over the frequency axis and tends to close in the radial development of the spectra, a steepening of all spectra towards Kolmogorov-like f-5/3 spectra, the development of the normalized cross-helicity towards a constant not much less than one and the formation of a “trough” form of the Alfvén ratio with a z-shaped left boundary, By weighting special terms in the equations differently, we can also cast light on the physical role of parametric conversion model terms, wave-structure scattering model terms, nonlinear terms, spherical expansion terms and their effects on the radial evolution of turbulent energies in high-speed solar wind streams. 相似文献
8.
许多震例表明，地震可以形成共轭破裂，地震震源处，其温度和压力与地壳浅处及地表不同，温，压越高，共轭破裂角越大。随着深度的变浅（温，压减小），地震共轭破裂角减小，地震烈度共轭角也减小，本文用数学力学方法和岩石力学实验结果，探讨了海城地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化。 相似文献
9.
G. Gudehus R. O. Cudmani A. B. Libreros-Bertini M. M. Bühler 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(4):319-342
The concept of in-plane and anti-plane shaking is introduced with a rigid block on a plane surface with Coulomb friction. Using a hypoplastic constitutive relation to model the mechanical behaviour of the soil, numerical solutions for a rigid block on a thin dry or saturated soil layer are obtained. The coupled nature of dynamic problems involving granular materials is shown, i.e. the motion of the block changes the soil state—skeleton stresses and density—which in turn affects the block motion. Motions of the block as well as soil response can be more realistically calculated by the new model. The same constitutive equation is applied to the numerical simulation of the propagation of plane waves in homogeneous and layered level soil deposits induced by a wave coming from below. Experiments with a novel laminar shake box as well as real seismic records from well-documented sites during strong earthquakes are used to verify the adequacy of the hypoplasticity-based numerical model for the prediction of soil response during strong earthquakes. The response of a homogeneous earth dam subjected to in-plane and anti-plane shaking is investigated numerically. In-plane and anti-plane shaking is shown to cause nearly the same spreading of a sand dam under drained conditions, whereas under undrained conditions anti-plane shaking causes stronger spreading of the dam. The dynamic behaviour of a breakwater founded on rockfill and soft clay during the 1995 Kobe earthquake is back-calculated to show the good performance of the proposed numerical model also with a structure. Section 9 deals with buildings on mattresses of densified cohesionless soils or fine-grained soils with granular columns, slopes with ‘hidden’ dams and structures on piles traversing clayey slopes to show the suitability of hypoplasticity-based models for the earthquake-resistant design and safety assessment of geotechnical systems. 相似文献
10.
Rupture model of the 2013 M_W 6.6 Lushan (China) earthquake constrained by a new GPS data set and its effects on potential seismic hazard 
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下载免费PDF全文 Vertical records are critically important when determining the rupture model of an earthquake, especially a thrust earthquake. Due to the relatively low fitness level of near-field vertical displacements, the precision of previous rupture models is relatively low, and the seismic hazard evaluated thereafter should be further updated. In this study, we applied three-component displacement records from GPS stations in and around the source region of the 2013 MW6.6 Lushan earthquake to re-investigate the rupture model.To improve the resolution of the rupture model, records from both continuous and campaign GPS stations were gathered, and secular deformations of the GPS movements were removed from the records of the campaign stations to ensure their reliability. The rupture model was derived by the steepest descent method(SDM), which is based on a layered velocity structure. The peak slip value was about 0.75 m, with a seismic moment release of 9.89 × 10~(18) N·m, which was equivalent to an M_W6.6 event. The inferred fault geometry coincided well with the aftershock distribution of the Lushan earthquake. Unlike previous rupture models, a secondary slip asperity existed at a shallow depth and even touched the ground surface. Based on the distribution of the co-seismic ruptures of the Lushan and Wenchuan earthquakes, post-seismic relaxation of the Wenchuan earthquake, and tectonic loading process, we proposed that the seismic hazard is quite high and still needs special attention in the seismic gap between the two earthquakes. 相似文献
11.
北京时间2022年1月8日,青海省门源县发生了MS6.9地震,震中位于冷龙岭断裂西端与托莱山断裂过渡区。地震发生后,文章利用亚米级分辨率的高分7号卫星影像对本次地震产生的地震破裂带进行详细解译,并与野外调查结果进行对比,获得此次地震地表破裂带分布及组合特征。结果显示,此次地震形成两条破裂带,长度分别约21 km和5 km,分别沿冷龙岭断裂西段和托莱山断裂东段展布。地震破裂带由一系列雁列式地震裂缝、挤压鼓包及拉张凹陷组成,破裂带组合特征反映出发震断裂明显的左旋走滑特征,但利用影像并未识别出同震位错等定量数据。在此基础上,文章对比冷龙岭断裂东段存在的历史地震破裂带,讨论了冷龙岭断裂未来地震危险性问题。 相似文献
12.
Footings under seismic loading: Analysis and design issues with emphasis on bridge foundations 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
George Mylonakis Sissy Nikolaou George Gazetas 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(9):824-853
The paper provides state-of-the-art information on the following aspects of seismic analysis and design of spread footings supporting bridge piers: (1) obtaining the dynamic stiffness (“springs” and “dashpots”) of the foundation; (2) computing the kinematic response; (3) determining the conditions under which foundation–soil compliance must be incorporated in dynamic structural analysis; (4) assessing the importance of properly modeling the effect of embedment; (5) elucidating the conditions under which the effect of radiation damping is significant; (6) comparing the relative importance between kinematic and inertial response. The paper compiles an extensive set of graphs and tables for stiffness and damping in all modes of vibration (swaying, rocking, torsion), for a variety of soil conditions and foundation geometries. Simplified expressions for computing kinematic response (both in translation and rotation) are provided. Special issues such as presence of rock at shallow depths, the contribution of foundation sidewalls, soil inhomogeneity and inelasticity, are also discussed. The paper concludes with parametric studies on the seismic response of bridge bents on embedded footings in layered soil. Results are presented (in frequency and time domains) for accelerations and displacements of bridge and footing, while potential errors from some frequently employed simplifications are illustrated. 相似文献
13.
E. I. Debol’skaya V. K. Debol’skii O. Ya. Maslikova A. V. Ermakov 《Water Resources》2008,35(6):635-641
The effect of ice cover on bed deformations in the lower pools of hydraulic structures was examined by using data of laboratory and numerical experiments. Data of numerical experiments were used to parameterize bed deformations as a function of the release volume and duration, the length of ice hole, ice roughness coefficient, soil particle size, porosity, and density. The results of numerical experiments were compared with data of field and laboratory measurements. 相似文献
14.
Jing Liu-Zeng Wenqian Yao Xiaoli Liu Yanxiu Shao Wenxin Wang Longfei Han Yan Wang Xianyang Zeng Jinyang Li Zijun Wang Zhijun Liu Hongwei Tu 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(2):100140
The 22 May 2021 MW 7.4 Madoi, Qinghai, China earthquake presented a rare opportunity to apply the modern unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography method in extreme altitude and weather conditions to image surface ruptures and near-field effects of earthquake-related surface deformations in the remote Tibet. High-resolution aerial photographs were acquired in the days immediately following the mainshock. The complex surface rupture patterns associated with this event were covered comprehensively at 3–6 cm resolution. This effort represents the first time that an earthquake rupture in the interior of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has been fully and systematically captured by such high-resolution imagery, with an unprecedented level of detail, over its entire length. The dataset has proven valuable in documenting subtle and transient rupture features, such as the significant mole-tracks and opening fissures, which were ubiquitous coseismically but degraded during the subsequent summer storm season. Such high-quality imagery also helps to document with high fidelity the fractures of the surface rupture zone (supplements of this paper), the pattern related to how the faults ruptured to the ground surface, and the distribution of off-fault damage. In combination with other ground-based mapping efforts, the data will be analyzed in the following months to better understand the mechanics of earthquake rupture related to the fault zone rheology, rupture dynamics, and frictional properties along with the fault interface. 相似文献
15.
Deamplification of strong motion and the increase of the effective period of soil deposits are typical nonlinear effects; we seek them in SMART1-array data by applying the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique. The recordings, from four soil and one rock stations, represent 23 earthquakes (ML 4.9–7.0); PGA varies between 20–260 cm/s2. For each station, mean HVSR curves are calculated for two PGA ranges: <75 cm/s2 and >100 cm/s2 (weak and strong motion). At the soil stations, the “weak” (linear) and “strong” (nonlinear) responses are significantly different. Below 1–1.8 Hz, the nonlinear response exceeds the linear one. Above 2 Hz, the nonlinear response drops below the linear one and above 4–6 Hz below unity (deamplification). From 10 to 16 Hz, the two responses converge. One soil site shows significant negative correlation between resonance frequency and ground acceleration. Such behaviour agrees with other empirical studies and theoretical predictions. Our results imply that the HVSR technique is sensitive to ground-motion intensity and can be used to detect and study nonlinear site response. 相似文献
16.
由于2010年玉树地震(Ms=7.1)产生了超剪切地震破裂,所以地震灾害特别严重.国内外地球科学家对该地震产生超剪切破裂过程的物理机制一直非常关注,但至今没有给出满意的解答.为此,文中根据玉树地震发震断层的实际几何构建有限单元数值模型,模型中的断层由2个断层段构成,它们之间有约10°的夹角,形成断层拐折.模拟结果表明,玉树地震的破裂由2个子事件组成;当破裂在震源所在的断层上成核后,先在第一个断层段上传播,其速度为亚剪切波速度;当破裂一旦越过断层拐折,在第二个断层段上传播时,破裂速度就立即转变为超剪切波速度.计算结果显示,当断层发生超剪切破裂时,断层上的位错幅度、破裂产生的地震波速度及加速度都会显著增大,从而造成地震灾害大大增加,这很可能是玉树地震的震害特别严重的重要原因.从模拟实验中还看到,若是模型中的断层没有发生拐折,在模型的其他参数都保持不变的情况下,破裂速度不会发生变化.但是,若初始应力场的方位与断层之间的夹角发生变化,这时断裂系统中尽管存在断层拐折,也不是一定能产生超剪切破裂.只有当初始应力方位与断层之间的夹角以及断层走向变化的偏角二者之间的关系恰到好处时,断层拐折才有可能促使断层破裂由亚剪切转化为超剪切破裂.所以,玉树地震之所以能产生超剪切地震破裂,恰恰是发震断层几何与初始应力场方位之间的关系达到某种"最佳状态"的结果.这也可能是天然地震中超剪切破裂事件稀少的原因之一.因此,研究超剪切地震破裂过程的动力学机制,对于深入研究地震震源过程、地震灾害评估等有着非常重要的科学意义. 相似文献
17.
Francesco Soldovieri Giancarlo Prisco Raffaele Persico 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2009,67(4):288-295
In this paper we deal with an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the soil starting from GPR surface data collected on a buried “cooperative” target, meant as an object buried on purpose and whose extent is known a-priori. This target is exploited in order to achieve, from its image obtained from a suitable GPR data processing, an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the embedding soil. GPR data processing is based on a linear microwave tomographic approach funded on the Born Approximation. Using this Born approach on two-dimensional inversion tests, we investigate the effect of the soil's electrical conductivity and permittivity on this indirect measure and demonstrate that the electrical field scattered by a spot-like buried object permits an accurate estimation of the soil permittivity even when no information of the soil conductivity is available. 相似文献
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Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam,China 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment, which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams. In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures, fault geometry, regional stress fields, constitutive parameters of the fault friction law, and many other factors control the slip rate, morphology, and dislocation of the rupture, thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters. The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential M > 7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault (LBMF) and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault (MB-YJF) in the Xiluodu dam (XLD) region. Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur. We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane, and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range. Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation, a more destructive, high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF. 相似文献