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1.
《Limnologica》2015
We examined the distribution of submerged and emergent macrophyte species and the entire macrophyte community within and between five lake types (highland reservoirs, alkali lakes, large shallow lakes, small to medium sized shallow lakes, marshes) in the Pannon Ecoregion, Hungary. The lowest submerged, emergent and total species richness was found in alkali lakes. The highest submerged macrophyte richness was in small to medium sized lakes, while the highest emergent macrophyte species richness was in reservoirs, small to medium sized lakes, and marshes. The values of within-lake type beta diversity were generally lower than the values of alpha diversity, especially for submerged macrophytes, indicating between site homogeneity in species composition within the lake types. Emergent macrophyte communities contributed the most to within and between lake type diversity and total (gamma) diversity. Canonical correspondence analyses showed that the main environmental variables which influenced the distribution of submerged macrophytes were conductivity, Secchi transparency and water nitrogen contents. For emergent macrophytes conductivity, lake width, altitude and water depth proved to be the most influential variables. Our results contribute to the knowledge of large-scale distribution of macrophytes in the Pannon Ecoregion and to the identification of conservation value of lakes using macrophytes. The results support the importance of small lakes and artificial lakes in the conservation of macrophyte diversity compared to large and natural lakes in the Pannon Ecoregion. 相似文献
2.
水深是影响浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的主要因素之一.莲座型苦草（Vallisneria natans）和冠层型穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）是我国长江中下游浅水湖泊中常见的沉水植物种类，二者在形态特征上具有较大的差异.在自然水体中，水深变化对这两种植物的生长以及竞争格局的影响还有待研究.本文设计了3个水深梯度（水深0.5、1.5、2.5 m），探讨混栽条件下苦草和穗花狐尾藻生长和竞争格局对水深变化的响应.结果显示在实验系统内，中水深（1.5 m）处理组对两种植物的生长均最有利，表现为两种植物的相对生长率和生物量均最高.低水深（0.5 m）处理组苦草的生物量和相对生长率均显著低于高水深（2.5 m）处理组；穗花狐尾藻则相反，高水深对其生长的抑制作用更大.2种沉水植物在高水深胁迫时均表现出地上部分（叶长或茎长）增加，地下部分（根长）减少的形态响应特征.此外，随着水深由高到低，苦草与穗花狐尾藻生物量之比逐渐减小，表明苦草在两种植物中的竞争优势逐渐降低.研究表明湖泊水深变化不仅能够影响沉水植物的丰度，同时还可能会影响沉水植物的群落结构，而在我国浅水湖泊的生态修复实践中，在通过水位调控恢复沉水植物时，调控范围应考虑目标植物（如苦草）的光合特征. 相似文献
3.
近几十年来,在入湖营养盐增加,水质持续下降,藻类生物量逐年升高及水位大幅波动下,洱海沉水植物群落演替速度加剧.2016年7月调查显示：洱海沉水植被退化严重,物种数量显著低于近期（2011年）历史水平,分布面积较有记录的历史最高水平（1980s）下降超过70%,优势物种由1960s的海菜花（Ottelia acuminata）、蓖齿眼子菜（Stuckenia pectinata）和大茨藻（Najas marina）等转变为微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）以及苦草（Vallisneria natans）.沉水植物群落在浅水区（0~2.5 m）主要遭受了浮叶植物细果野菱（Trapa maximowiezii）过度生长带来的生境胁迫,在中等水深区（2.5~4 m）面临微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻的过度生长导致的群落结构的单一化影响,而在深水区（>4 m）面临着面积萎缩的风险,这些严重抑制了沉水植物清水稳态效应的发挥.通过对比洱海典型湖湾洱滨村水域沉水植物群落结构在恢复与优化前后的变化,发现洱滨村水域各水深区间沉水植物群落各项多样性指标与恢复物种的丰度均显著提升.因此,我们总结提出了针对洱海典型富营养湖湾沉水植被恢复和管理的建议和对策,以期为后续进一步开展洱海生态系统恢复相关工作提供依据. 相似文献
4.
水深梯度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)克隆生长与觅食行为的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解水深梯度对苦草克隆生长与觅食行为的影响,通过大型原位浮台实验,将苦草幼苗盆栽后悬挂在不同水深(1.0、2.5、4.0、5.5、7.0 m)下培养,比较其生物量、无性系分株数、出芽数、株高、最大根长和匍匐茎总长的变化,并且评估了植株生物量对这些性状的影响.研究结果表明,随水深的增加苦草的生物量、无性系分株数、出芽数、最大根长、匍匐茎总长均显著降低,而株高随水深梯度呈先增加后降低的趋势.植株生物量仅对出芽数没有显著影响.水深梯度与植株生物量的交互作用仅对无性系分株数和匍匐茎总长有显著影响,而对其他性状没有显著影响,说明这两个性状对水深的响应受到个体发育的影响. 相似文献
5.
抚仙湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构与空间分布 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
云南抚仙湖是我国典型的高原深水湖泊,为揭示湖中浮游甲壳动物对生态系统变化的响应,研究了其群落结构与空间分布特征.2005年6-7月在抚仙湖共采集浮游甲壳动物8种,平均密度为27.6ind./L,优势类群为桡足类.桡足类优势种为舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus Shen et Tai),枝角类优势种为角突网纹涵(Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars)和象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.).浮游甲壳动物主要分布在0-30m水层,密度随水深增加而下降;0-10m水层,枝角类和无节幼体占优势,大于10m水层,桡足类占优势.浮游甲壳动物密度南区大于北区(P<0.01),而沿岸区与湖心区之间、沉水植物区与非沉水植物区之间无显著性差异(P>0.05).相关分析表明:浮游甲壳动物密度的垂直分布与藻类密度和水体理化凼子相关关系显著,而水平分布与藻类密度和水体理化因子相关关系不显著.与20世纪80年代相比,抚仙湖浮游甲壳动物优势种发生了演替,西南荡镖水蚤(Neutrodiaptomus mariadviagae mariadviagae (Brohm))消失,被舌状叶镖水蚤代替,可能与太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensi Chen)引入有关;浮游甲壳动物密度表现出增加趋势,但仍处于较低水平,与水体营养水平的提高及太湖新银鱼的捕食压力有关. 相似文献
6.
沉水植物是维持浅水湖泊清水稳态以及湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键生物类群.近年来,气候变化和人类活动的双重作用造成湖泊水文情势的明显改变,对沉水植物的生长、繁殖和演替有着较大的影响.本文选取2个水位波动幅度与2个波动频率(逐渐改变水位),以恒定水位作为对照,研究湿地中具有重要生态功能的沉水植物刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)的生物量及地上和地下营养器官形态结构对水位波动的响应.结果表明,相对于恒定水位,波动水位(低幅度低频率、低幅度高频率、高幅度低频率、高幅度高频率)对刺苦草的总生物量和获取限制资源相关器官有显著影响.相比于对照组,水位波动能够显著降低刺苦草分株数、叶片数、根数、根长、匍匐茎数、总匍匐茎长以及叶、根、地上和地下生物量,但会显著增加其株高和比叶面积.不同波动频率(低频率和高频率)和幅度(低幅度和高幅度)对光合器官的形态特征都没有显著影响,但叶和地上部分的生物量积累均受到波动幅度的显著影响.水位波动幅度显著改变了刺苦草的根数和根长,而波动频率的影响不显著.因此,对浅水湖泊受损刺苦草群落进行重建时,应避免较大幅度的水位波动,从而有利于增强植株快速恢复的能力. 相似文献
7.
8.
洱海苦草(Vallisneria natans)水深分布和叶片C、N、P化学计量学对不同水深的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖泊水深是影响沉水植物生长、繁殖与分布的重要环境因子,水深增加改变了水下光照、风浪和底泥特性等,因而可能导致沉水植物的生理生化指标发生相应变化.本研究通过对云南洱海沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)随水深分布的情况进行调查,并分析了定植于不同水深的苦草叶片碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量及其比率,以阐明水深变化对苦草叶片生态化学计量学的影响.结果表明洱海苦草定植的水深范围为0.5~5.6 m,在1.5~2.4 m处达到最大频度,在2.5~3.4 m处达到最大相对生物量,这表明苦草在洱海中的最适生长深度在1.5~3.4 m范围内;苦草叶片C、N和P含量平均值分别为356.10、26.13和3.54 mg/g,C:N、C:P和N:P的平均值分别为14.38、113.46和7.85;苦草叶片C含量、C:N和C:P均随水深增加而降低,N和P含量则随水深增加而升高,N:P在0.5~1.4 m较高,其余水深梯度之间则没有显著差异.总体上,苦草叶片C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征显著地受到了湖泊水深的影响.另外,本研究还发现水深的增加使得苦草叶片N、P含量发生聚敛,这导致其N、P之间的耦合性变弱. 相似文献
9.
Heterogeneous characteristics of streambed saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Touchet River,south eastern Washington,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Randal Leek Joan Q. Wu Li Wang Timothy P. Hanrahan Michael E. Barber Hanxue Qiu 《水文研究》2009,23(8):1236-1246
Traditionally a streambed is treated as a layer of uniform thickness and low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) in surface‐ and ground‐water studies. Recent findings have shown a high level of spatial heterogeneity within a streambed and such heterogeneity directly affects surface‐ and ground‐water exchange and can have ecological implications for biogeochemical transformations, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and reproduction of gravel spawning fish. In this study a detailed field investigation of K was conducted in two selected sites in Touchet River, a typical salmon spawning stream in arid south eastern Washington, USA. In‐stream slug tests were conducted to determine K following the Bouwer and Rice method. For the upper and lower sites, each 50 m long and 9 m wide and roughly 20 m apart, a sampling grid of 5 m longitudinally and 3 m transversely was used. The slug tests were performed for each horizontal coordinate at 0·3–0·45, 0·6–0·75, 0·9–1·05 and 1·2–1·35 m depth intervals unless a shallower impenetrable obstruction was encountered. Additionally, water levels were measured to obtain vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) between each two adjacent depth intervals. Results indicated that K ranged over three orders of magnitude at both the upper and lower sites and differed between the two sites. At the upper site, K did not differ significantly among different depth intervals based on nonparametric statistical tests for mean, median, and empirical cumulative distribution, but the spatial pattern of K varied among different depth intervals. At the lower site, K for the 0·3–0·45 m depth interval differed statistically from those at other depth intervals, and no similar spatial pattern was found among different depth intervals. Zones of upward and downward water flow based on VHG also varied among different depth intervals, reflecting the complexities of the water flow regime. Detailed characterization of the streambed as attempted in this study should be helpful in providing information on spatial variations of streambed hydraulic properties as well as surface‐ and ground‐water interaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Determining hydrological regimes in an agriculturally used tropical inland valley wetland in Central Uganda using soil moisture,groundwater, and digital elevation data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Geofrey Gabiri Bernd Diekkrüger Constanze Leemhuis Sonja Burghof Kristian Näschen Immaculate Asiimwe Yazidhi Bamutaze 《水文研究》2018,32(3):349-362
Inadequate knowledge exists on the distribution of soil moisture and shallow groundwater in intensively cultivated inland valley wetlands in tropical environments, which are required for determining the hydrological regime. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture along 4 hydrological positions segmented as riparian zone, valley bottom, fringe, and valley slope in an agriculturally used inland valley wetland in Central Uganda. The determined hydrological regimes of the defined hydrological positions are based on soil moisture deficit calculated from the depth to the groundwater table. For that, the accuracy and reliability of satellite‐derived surface models, SRTM‐30m and TanDEM‐X‐12m, for mapping microscale topography and hydrological regimes are evaluated against a 5‐m digital elevation model (DEM) derived from field measurements. Soil moisture and depth to groundwater table were measured using frequency domain reflectometry sensors and piezometers installed along the hydrological positions, respectively. Results showed that spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture increased significantly (p < .05) towards the riparian zone; however, no significant difference was observed between the valley bottom and riparian zone. The distribution of soil hydrological regimes, saturated, near‐saturated, and nonsaturated regimes does not correlate with the hydrological positions. This is due to high spatial and temporal variability in depth to groundwater and soil moisture content across the valley. Precipitation strongly controlled the temporal variability, whereas microscale topography, soil properties, distance from the stream, anthropogenic factors, and land use controlled the spatial variability in the inland valley. TanDEM‐X DEM reasonably mapped the microscale topography and thus soil hydrological regimes relative to the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM. The findings of the study contribute to improved understanding of the distribution of hydrological regimes in an inland valley wetland, which is required for a better agricultural water management planning. 相似文献
11.
《Limnologica》2021
Since 2008, water level differences between Upper and Lower Lake Constance have increased after they decreased significantly in the 20th century. Questioning the causes leads to the hypothesis that the significant changes in the submerged macrophyte vegetation due to eutrophication and subsequent oligotrophication have played an essential role over the past decades. To clarify whether macrophyte vegetation is the cause of the changed water levels, the spatial distribution of Swiss pondweed Potamogeton helveticus (syn. Stuckenia helvetica) and the other submerged macrophytes was mapped in 2017. Swiss pondweed, in particular plays a key role as a perennial plant type in flow channels. Shoot densities and lengths of this species were recorded by diving. The investigations were supplemented by hydrodynamic modeling of the effects of macrophyte flow resistance on lake water level relationships.The results show that P. helveticus has indeed increased significantly over the past decade. The species colonizes the bottom of flow channels in the Seerhein up to 6 m deep with up to 1000 shoots per square meter and a length of up to 5 m, whereas in the previous decades it only occurred at the edges of flow channels as small stands with shoot lengths of less than 1 m. In the shallow water zones outside the flow channels, stoneworts in particular have spread in the Seerhein over the past decade. The hydrodynamic modeling supports the hypothesis that aquatic plants are the cause of the changed lake water level conditions and illustrate the related changes in the flow velocity field. 相似文献
12.
五里湖富营养化过程中水生生物及生态环境的演变 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
五里湖是太湖西北部一个小型浅水湖湾,是无锡市的饮用水源和主要风景游览区。50年代时,该湖基本保持着原始状态,全湖以大型水生植物占优势。湖水清澈见底,水质为中营养水平,溶氧接近饱和,对外来的N、P污染冲击具有很强的缓冲能力。底泥的氧化程度较高,磷和有机物含量仅为0.023％和0.75％。浮游藻类受到了大型水生植物的强烈抑制,年均数量为26.7×10~4个/L,以硅藻和隐藻为主;从春季至秋季,随着大型水生植物的增长,浮游藻类数量大幅度减少。浮游动物多达190种,年均数量为5660ind./L。大型底栖动物较多,以日本沼虾和螺、蚌类为主。鱼类资源十分丰富,63种鱼中以凶猛性鱼类占优势,并有较多的底栖性鱼类。 自50年代以来,大约有1/2的湖面被围垦,沿岸带生态条件被破坏,失去了最适合于大型水生植物生长的浅水区。加之60年代后期在全湖放养草鱼,水生植被遭到彻底毁灭。外源污染加剧,引起了水质的严重富营养化。围垦和修建水闸隔断了五里湖与太湖间的通道,限制了两个水体间的水流交换,妨碍了污染物的稀释扩散,使得来自无锡市区的污水成了五里湖的主要补给水源,加速了富营养化的进程。五里湖水质已达重富营养水平,透明度小于0.5m,缺氧较为严重。营养物在底泥中大量积累,TP和TOC含量分别增高了4.17倍和1.87倍。在春末 相似文献
13.
Chendi Zhang Mengzhen Xu Marwan A. Hassan Shawn M. Chartrand Zhaoyin Wang Zewei Ma 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(2):280-294
Exceptional flood events with a return period of about 50 years can be destructive to step-pool channel segments. However, field investigations and flume experiments have not examined the hydraulic and morphological feedbacks of step-pool morphology during unsteady hydrographs of exceptional flood events. We performed a series of flume experiments with a manually constructed step model, perturbed with three hydrographs that varied in the rate of water supply change. The bed texture, topography, flow regimes, surface flow field and water depth were characterized and measured as the flow rate was increased during the experiments. A distinct pool feature emerged downstream of the manually constructed step when the flow rate exceeded the threshold scaled to the peaks of ordinary flood events in well-graded mountain streams. The pool feature was modified in several different ways with flow rate increase. The bed surface steadily coarsened, micro-bedforms developed and became more pronounced, the bed topography became more spatially complex based on analysis using the Hurst exponent, and last, pool depth steadily increased. Pool modification was also linked to the flow regime: the impinging jet regime led to grain size segmentation in the pool while the jump regime contributed to decelerating flow velocity. The steeper rising limb of hydrograph led to a less developed pool feature, with smaller sized micro-bedforms in the pool bottom to outlet, and higher discharge threshold for distinct coarsening and scouring in the pool. The estimated energy dissipation within the step-pool unit decreased as a power function from low to high flow, quantified as the ratio hc/HS, where hc is the critical water depth and HS is scour depth. Our results highlight the interaction between morphology, hydraulics, and energy dissipation of step-pool unit and the crucial role of hydrograph shape on the interaction during flow increase © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Controlling factors for the occurrence of littoral macrophyte species were investigated in Lipno Reservoir (area: 46.5 km2; zmean: 6.6 m; zmax: 22 m; water residence time: 0.6 yr), a dam impoundment with moderately fluctuating water level (amplitude up to 4 m) which is used for hydropower and downstream flow augmentation. The options of supporting littoral macrophyte growth for improving the reservoir's ecological potential were evaluated according to the European Water Framework Directive's definitions. Macrophytes were examined at 115 sites, each 50 m long, along the whole reservoir perimeter at regular 1 km intervals. Sites were surveyed for their phytocoenology, shore morphometry, pedological characteristics of substrate, transparency of water, and anthropogenic impacts. Most of the sites were characterised by a wide eulittoral zone with a tenuous cover of terrestrial hydrophilic, amphibious, and/or emergent macrophytes and a low proportion of silt, clay, and organic fractions in the substrate. Infralittoral submerged and floating-leaved macrophytes were restricted to a few sites within the mouths of the main and side tributaries where transparency was maintained by clear inflow water independent of reservoir pool fluctuations. Water transparency was low (1-2 m) compared to annual changes of water level (2 to >3 m). Multivariate statistical analysis (DCA, CCA) confirmed relationships between the occurrence of macrophyte species and morphological and substrate characteristics of the shore. Improvement of macrophyte cover and establishment of vital infralittoral zones requires improvements in water transparency and changes in reservoir operation, i.e., limiting the range of water level fluctuation to less than ca. 1 m. 相似文献
15.
鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤含水量和地下水位年内变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湿地植被空间分布受多个水分因子共同影响,为了探求鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地不同植被类型下地下水、土壤水的变化特征,本文选择鄱阳湖吴城湿地保护区内一个长约1.2 km的典型洲滩湿地为实验区,建立了气象-土壤-水文联合观测系统.对观测的气象、水文要素进行分析发现:(1)洲滩湿地地下水位年内呈单峰变化,季节性差异显著,最大埋深可达10 m,出现在1月份,丰水期8月份地下水位最高时可出露地表,且地下水位与湖泊水位变化具有高度一致性;(2)由远湖区高地至近湖区低地,不同植被带中地下水平均埋深变化为藜蒿带(4.76 m)芦苇带(2.87 m)灰化薹草带(1.61 m).地下水埋深小于50 cm的持续时间分别为:藜蒿带27 d、芦苇带112 d、灰化薹草带170 d;(3)土壤平均含水量沿不同植被带梯度变化为:藜蒿带最小(15.9%),芦苇样带(40.7%)和灰化薹草样带(43.7%)较大.土壤含水量年内变幅为:藜蒿带最大(2.5%~55.2%),芦苇带和灰化薹草带相对较小,分别为22.1%~48.1%和28.4%~54.1%;(4)不同植被带土壤含水量季节变化规律不同,藜蒿带土壤含水量年内呈单峰型,仅夏季土壤含水量较高,其余季节均在10%左右,而芦苇带和灰化薹草样带春、夏、秋季均维持较高含水量(42%以上),仅冬季水分含量较低. 相似文献
16.
香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究─Ⅲ.净化污水的机理 总被引：40，自引：3，他引：37
通过香蒲Ｔｙｐｈａ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｏｌｉａ和灯心草Ｊｕｎｃｕｓ ｅｆｆｕｓｕｓ人工湿地微生物分布状况的调查,水生植物生长状况的观察,研究了介质、水生植物和微生物三者净化污水的作者,探讨了人工湿地对污水中污染物质的去除机制。研究表明,人工湿地对污水的氮、磷的化学耗氧量的去除作用是介质、水生植物和微生物综合作用的结果,粘性土壤和花岗石介质更利用于污水中磷的去除。 相似文献
17.
为探究富营养化浅水湖泊季节性冰盖污染物分布规律,于2013-2014年冰封期,钻取乌梁素海湖泊冰盖冰芯试样,观测冰厚并对冰芯晶体结构、气泡含量、污染物浓度(总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr))进行分析.结果表明:冰盖可分为4层,中间2层冰晶体粒径较大且气泡含量较少,为冰盖热力生长区.冰盖以柱状晶体居多,粒径随深度增加而增加,气泡含量随冰盖密度增加而减少.冰盖结构特征与污染物分布具有相关关系,冰芯密度及气泡分布与总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr)相关关系分别为0.8965、0.8718、0.8184,并建立多元回归模型揭示冰封期湖泊水质特征,为季节性湖泊冰盖研究及冰封期湖泊水资源规划和管理提供理论依据. 相似文献
18.
基于越冬水鸟生境模拟的拟建鄱阳湖水利枢纽生态控制水位探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
长江及鄱阳湖水系上游水库群运用后鄱阳湖枯季水文节律出现新的变化,为应对新的枯水情势,鄱阳湖水利枢纽作为一个选项被提出,如何确定其适宜的调控水位才能维持鄱阳湖湿地生态系统健康是其中的重点与难点.本文选择鹤类、小天鹅、鸿雁等食植物块茎水鸟作为鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的指示物种,基于EFDC水动力学模型和生境适宜度曲线构建了鄱阳湖越冬水鸟生境数值模拟模型;从食物资源与取食可及性两个方面,分苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长期和水鸟越冬期两个时段,以水深作为关键生境因子,对近10年鄱阳湖苦草及水鸟取食潜在生境面积变化进行了连续模拟;揭示了鄱阳湖苦草及水鸟取食潜在生境面积随水位的变化规律并构建了定量响应函数:苦草潜在生境面积随水位呈单峰型变化,在星子站水位为14.8 m时达到最大,约为1703 km2;越冬水鸟取食潜在生境面积随水位呈三段式变化,最大和最小面积分别约为564和476 km2,相应星子站水位分别为11.73和9.56 m.在此基础上,针对拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程,基于不同调度分期内生境保护目标的差异确定了符合天然水位波动特征的生态水位动态调控方案:下闸蓄水期内水位宜控制在16 m以下,后续根据越冬水鸟迁入情况逐步下降以增加取食生境面积,在12月次年1月的越冬水鸟数量峰值期水位宜控制在12.5 m以下,后续根据来水情况逐步过渡至江湖连通期的自然状态.成果从保护越冬水鸟食物资源与取食可及性两个方面提出了鄱阳湖水利枢纽生态水位的动态调控阈值,为江湖新水沙条件下鄱阳湖湿地生态系统保育提供了量化依据. 相似文献
19.
水位洪枯变化对菜子湖江湖过渡带鱼类物种和功能多样性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
水位的洪枯变化通过江湖连通影响泛滥平原湖泊鱼类的组成和分布，因而江湖过渡带是反映泛滥平原生态系统鱼类交流和多样性变动的关键区域.尽管如此，针对江湖过渡带鱼类群落随水位洪枯变化的研究十分匮乏.本研究以菜子湖江湖过渡带为例，分别在洪水和枯水期选取包括静水和流水生境的样点对鱼类群落进行系统的调查采样，探讨水位洪枯变化对菜子湖江湖过渡带鱼类物种和功能多样性的影响.共采集到鱼类6目12科37属52种，其中，洪水期和枯水期物种数差异显著，分别采集到鱼类50和42种，而静水生境和流水生境物种数差异不明显，分别采集到鱼类47和48种.与洪水期相比，枯水期山溪河流性鱼类的物种数、重量、尾数和优势度百分比分别减少了7.3%、6.3%、14.4%和12.0%；与静水生境相比，流水生境山溪河流性鱼类的物种数、重量、尾数和优势度百分比分别增加了5.3%、14.6%、18.0%和22.3%.SIMPER分析结果显示，麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、蛇鮈（Saurogobio dabryi）、（Hemiculter leucisculus）、鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）、短颌鲚（Coilia brachygnathus）、似鳊（Pseudobrama simoni）、翘嘴鲌（Culter ilishaeformis）、达氏鲌（Culter dabryi）、光唇蛇鮈（Saurogobio gymnocheilus）和无须鱊（Acheilognathus gracilis）是引起水位洪枯变化以及不同生境类型鱼类群落结构差异的主要物种.优势度分析结果表明枯水期和静水生境的优势种鱼类相似，重要值较高的优势种鱼类为鲤、鲫、和似鳊；而洪水期和流水生境的优势种鱼类同样相似，重要值较高的优势种鱼类为麦穗鱼、蛇鮈、光唇蛇鮈和短颌鲚.通过双因素方差分析解析了水位洪枯变化和不同生境类型对鱼类物种和功能多样性的影响.发现洪枯水位变化仅对物种多样性指数中的物种数（Richness）产生显著差异，而对功能多样性的3个指数（功能丰富度指数（FRic）、功能离散指数（FDiv）和功能分散指数（FDis））均有显著影响.洪水期鱼类的Richness、FRic、FDiv和FDis指数均显著高于枯水期.同时，静水生境条件下的FRic指数要显著高于流水生境.本研究发现，与传统的物种多样性相比，基于功能性状的功能多样性对水位的洪枯变动更为敏感，河流周期性洪泛是泛滥平原生态系统中鱼类功能补充的重要方式. 相似文献
20.
苦草(Vallisneria natans)为我国常见的沉水植物之一,目前对水生态修复工程后苦草种群生长策略尚缺乏深入了解.以水生态修复工程1年后的苦草种群为研究对象,探讨水深对苦草叶片、匍匐茎、块茎等形态特征和苦草株数、匍匐茎数以及生物量等种群参数的影响,并分析水深胁迫下苦草的生长策略.结果表明,随着水深增加,尽管苦草单位面积株数和单位面积匍匐茎数均显著降低,但叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片厚度、叶面积、匍匐茎长度、匍匐茎粗和块茎粗随水深显著增加,因而,苦草地上生物量也显著增加.其中,叶片长度和叶面积变异较大,对水深变化敏感,而叶片宽度、叶片厚度、匍匐茎长度、匍匐茎粗和块茎粗变异不大,对水深变化敏感程度低.在低光照胁迫下,苦草在亲株生长和子株输出之间存在权衡,一方面通过增加叶片投资保障亲株的资源利用效率,一方面通过降低亲株密度保障子株生长发育,从而实现种群空间生态位扩展和持续更新.在水生态修复工程中,考虑苦草的种群更新能力和施工的可操作性,在透明度为1.0~1.5m的条件下,苦草的适宜种植水深为0.5~1.0 m. 相似文献