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1.
2006年"碧利斯"台风登陆中国大陆后,在湖南、广东和江西三省交界附近地区造成明显暴雨增幅,造成十分严重的灾害,影响巨大.本文利用高分辨率数值模拟资料,从微观云物理过程角度出发,研究了"碧利斯"暴雨增幅发生前和增幅强降水发生时段云微物理特征的差异,探讨了登陆台风暴雨增幅云微物理方面的可能成因,结果指出:暴雨增幅前后,强降水区云微物理特征存在明显不同,与降水强度的明显增强相伴,云中各种水凝物含量也明显增加,其中云冰、雪和霰等固态水凝物的增加尤为显著,冰相过程对地面降水的贡献明显加大,降水云系发展旺盛、高大;云微物理转化率的对比分析发现,暴雨增幅时段,由水汽凝结过程显著增强所带来的云水的增加,主要通过两个途径作用于暴雨增幅:一是通过云中雨水对云水的碰并收集,促进雨水含量显著增加,进而增强地面降水;二是通过云中雪粒子对云水的碰并造成雪粒子含量增加,增加的雪粒子又被云中霰粒子碰并收集造成霰含量增长,进而由霰粒子融化为雨水,并最终作用于地面降水的增幅.文中最后通过分析总结给出了"碧利斯"暴雨增幅云微物理成因示意图. 相似文献
2.
《地球物理学进展》2020,(2)
以青藏高原地区(25°N—40°N,70°E—105°E)为研究区域,基于积雪深度与微波辐射计18.7 GHz水平极化通道和36.5 GHz水平极化通道的亮温差(Tb_(18H)-Tb_(36H))具有良好的线性相关性,得出了适用于FY-3B/MWRI(Microwave Radiation Imager)亮温数据反演青藏高原地区雪深的新算法.利用FY-3B/MWRI一级亮温数据,通过新的半经验算法反演了青藏高原地区的积雪深度,进而运用AMSR2(the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2)的二级雪深产品验证了反演结果.结果表明:针对青藏高原地区,新算法相对于全球积雪深度算法具有更小的平均相对误差以及更小的均方根误差,在该研究区域具有更好的适用性.今后可以结合该地区的地表类型分类,对积雪深度反演算法进行更加细致化的拟合,以期提高反演精度,为青藏高原地球物理参数的遥感反演提供支持. 相似文献
3.
继搭载在TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星上的降水雷达PR(Precipitation Radar)之后,GPM(Global Precipitation Measurement)核心观测平台搭载了全球首个双频降水雷达DPR(Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar),其对降雪的探测能力备受人们关注.本文基于GPM双频降水雷达的探测数据,以三次降水过程(包含降雪、积层混合性降雨和冬季层状云降雨)为例,利用Ku和Ka双波段三个参量(即测量双频比DFRm垂直廓线斜率、回波顶高、垂直方向上Ku波段最大反射率因子)计算的降雪指数SI(Snow Index)来识别地面降水相态.结果表明,若不使用辅助信息(0℃等温线高度等),利用SI原计算公式能很好地区分夏季降雨和降雪,但较难区分冬季降雨和降雪.为了提高冬季降雨和降雪的分辨效果,改进了反射率因子的质量控制方法,用最小二乘法计算DFRm垂直廓线的斜率,结果显示改进后地面降雪识别结果与地面自动站观测结果有较好的一致性. 相似文献
4.
作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,全极化微波辐射计不仅可以提供海面风速产品,还可以提供海面风向产品.以往利用全极化微波辐射计观测亮温进行海面风场反演仅在晴空条件下进行,本文通过对观测亮温结合台风区域海面风场的分布特征进行分析,验证了全极化微波辐射计具有在台风等恶劣天气条件下进行海面风场观测的能力.基于敏感性分析实验,确定使用6.8 GHz和10.7 GHz等低频通道组合可进行台风区域内海面风场反演.其中,海面风速反演使用基于统计的多元线性回归算法,同时对海面温度、大气水汽含量、云中液态水含量及降水强度等物理量进行反演计算,为海面风向反演做准备.海面风向反演使用物理统计法进行,借鉴散射计风向反演使用的最大似然估计法.通过在全极化辐射传输前向模型中加入降水对大气透过率的影响、设计第三和第四Stokes通道亮温环境影响修正函数,在实现台风区域内海面风向反演的同时减小了反演误差.通过对“云娜”台风境内海面风场进行数值计算,验证了本文反演算法的可行性,并对反演误差的空间分布特征进行了分析.将2004年各台风过程的海面风场反演结果与散射计风场产品进行对比,海面风速和海面风向反演的均方根误差分别为1.64 m·s-1和18.02°. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原表层土壤湿度遥感反演及其空间分布和多年变化趋势分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
青藏高原地区高精度的长时间序列的土壤水分数据对亚洲季风和全球大气循环研究有着极大的影响,但目前青藏高原地区地面站点稀少,已严重影响青藏高原气候变化研究．本文基于双通道土壤水分反演算法和AMSR-E卫星数据反演青藏高原地区2003—2010年表层土壤水分,并分析青藏高原地区土壤水分空间分布的季节性变化及多年变化趋势的空间分布．与地面站点土壤水分比较,新算法反演的土壤水分产品精度在地面站点区域,优于AMSR-E官方产品．通过对青藏高原年平均土壤水分空间分布和月平均土壤水分空间分布的季节性变化进行分析,结果表明二者与青藏高原降雨分布和水汽输送路径一致．基于此产品对青藏地区的多年土壤水分变化趋势空间分布进行了分析,通过与同一时期青藏高原气象站点的降水量数据的变化趋势比较,发现土壤水分变化趋势和降水量的变化趋势在空间分布上比较吻合． 相似文献
6.
FY3B-MWRI中国区域雪深反演算法改进 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于2002～2009年全国753个国家基本气象站观测的地面雪深和温度资料,以及同期的高级微波扫描辐射计(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS,AMSR-E)亮温数据,利用不同频率亮温对雪深的敏感性差异,建立了中国区域雪深半经验统计反演算法.经2006年地面台站观测雪深验证,其反演均方根误差为5.6 cm.具体反演思路如下:根据全国1 km网格土地利用覆盖度数据,结合中国区域的下垫面微波辐射特征,划分成森林、农田、草地和裸地四种主要地物类型;首先建立这四种主要地物类型相对较纯像元下的雪深反演算法,然后利用线性混合像元分解技术,建立微波像元下高精度的雪深反演算法.将本算法分别应用于风云三号B星搭载的微波成像仪(Fengyun-3B/Mcirwoave Radiation Imagery,FY3BMWRI)和AMSR-E数据,进行了2010～2011年冬季雪盖制图,与相应时段的MODIS日积雪产品(MYD10C1)相比,尽管两者数据源有所不同,本算法估算雪盖的精度均达到84%以上.此外,利用本算法和FY3B-MWRI数据在北半球进行了雪当量估算测试,与AMSR-E标准雪当量产品进行了比较,发现二者结果较为一致.但在中国地区,AMSR-E雪当量值明显高于FY3B-MWRI估算值,这与目前已有AMSR-E雪当量产品的验证结果较为一致,FY3B-MWRI雪深估算值与站点观测值更为吻合.该算法已被作为国家卫星气象中心FY3B-MWRI雪深产品的业务化算法. 相似文献
7.
利用RAMS数值模式,研究了巨凝结核数浓度改变对半干旱地区春季冰雹云降水特征的影响,研究显示巨核浓度改变对冰雹云中微物理过程及地面降水都有重要影响.累积带对冰雹生成有重要贡献.巨核数浓度增加时,冰雹云中冰雹混合比含量及其云中水平覆盖面积增加;云中过冷雨水和大云滴生成的过冷云水增加,冻结作用增强;地面降雨量增加但降雹量减少;总的地面累积降水量增加但累积冰相降水量减小.对降水的作用在污染云中要比清洁云中明显.地面流场分布随着巨核数浓度的改变而不同.在不同背景气溶胶下,春季冰雹云的判别指标不同于夏季冰雹云. 相似文献
8.
随着人类活动和气候变化影响的加剧,降雨特征变化引发的洪水问题日益突出,探讨其时空演变特征对保障高度城镇化地区洪涝安全有较大理论和实际意义.本研究以高度城镇化的太湖平原地区为例,选取降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨集中程度和降雨峰值程度为降雨类型特征指标,以高分辨率短历时加权集合降水资料MSWEP （multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation）为基础探讨了快速城市化发展下（1979—2016年）不同降雨历时-强度-类型的时空演变规律及其演变机制.研究结果表明：①研究区的降雨频次呈现出强度小、历时短、雨量集中于中期和高峰型降雨发生的频次高的特征;同时历时较短、集中于前期和后期的降雨频次趋于增加,而历时较长、集中于中期且中峰型降雨的频次趋于减少.②城镇化对降雨雨型的影响分析发现,高城镇化水平地区较低城镇化水平地区的降雨量更大,其中降雨强度大于25 mm/d的大雨和暴雨事件更易发生;并且更倾向于发生前期型和高峰型的极端分布降雨.随着城镇化发展研究区更易于遭受因降雨量过于集中而导致的雨涝灾害. 相似文献
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卫星被动微波遥感土壤湿度,是准确分析大空间尺度上陆表水分变化信息的有效手段.美国航天局(NASA)发布的基于AMSR-E观测亮温资料的全球土壤湿度反演产品,在蒙古干旱区的实际精度并不令人满意.本文基于对地表微波辐射传输中地表粗糙度和植被层影响的简化处理方法,采用AMSR-E的6.9 GHz,10.7 GHz和18.7 GHz之V极化亮温资料,应用多频率反演算法,并以国际能量和水循环协同观测计划(The Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project)即CEOP实验在蒙古国东部荒漠地区的地面实验资料作为先验知识,获取被动微波遥感模型的优化参数,以期获得蒙古干旱区精度更高的土壤湿度遥感估算结果.分析表明,本文方法反演的白天和夜间土壤湿度结果与地面验证值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)接近0.030 cm3/cm3, 证明所用方法在不需要其他辅助资料或参数帮助下,可较精确地反演干旱区表层土壤湿度信息,能够全天候、动态监测大空间尺度的土壤湿度变化,可为干旱区气候变化研究及陆面过程模拟和数据同化研究提供高精度的表层土壤湿度初始场资料. 相似文献
10.
以青藏高原地区为研究区域,利用FY-3B/MWRI(Microwave Radiation Imager)一级亮温数据和NCEP(the National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL(Final)全球业务分析资料,通过简化的微波辐射传输方程反演了晴空大气条件下的地表微波发射率.进而根据IGBP(International Geosphere-Biosphere Program)陆表覆盖分类数据,进一步分析了青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的频谱和空间分布特征,并分析了反演误差的来源.结果表明:青藏高原地区微波地表发射率的空间分布、频谱特征都与地表覆盖类型分布特征高度吻合,呈现出西北部地表发射率极化差异大,东南部极化异差小的分布特征.本研究中地表发射率的反演误差主要来自降水像元判别方案、再分析资料的时空匹配.还需要进一步研究定量误差,以期提高反演精度,进而建立长时间序列的地表发射率数据库,为青藏高原地球物理参数的遥感反演提供数据支持. 相似文献
11.
The cloud-microphysical cause of torrential rainfall amplification associated with Bilis (0604) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
After its landfall in China’s mainland in 2006, Typhoon Bilis brought about torrential rainfall amplification at the edge of Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hunan provinces, causing severe disasters. From a cloud-microphysical perspective, we discuss the differences of cloud-microphysical processes before and during the precipitation amplification and possible causes of the rainfall amplification by using high-resolution simulation data. The results show that the cloud-microphysical characteristics during the above two periods are significantly different. With the distinct increase in the rainfall intensity, the cloud hydrometeor contents increase markedly, especially those of the ice-phase hydrometeors including ice, snow and graupel, contributing more to the surface rainfall. The clouds develop highly and vigorously. Comparisons of conversion rates of the cloud hydrometeors between the above two periods show that the distinct increases in the cloud water content caused by the distinct enhancement of the water vapor condensation rate contribute to the surface rainfall mainly in two ways. First, the rain water content increases significantly by accretion of cloud water by rain water, which thus contributes to the surface rainfall. Second, the accretion of cloud water by snow increases significantly the content of snow, which is then converted to graupel by accretion of snow by graupel. And then the graupel melts into rain water, which subsequently contributes to the surface rainfall amplification. In summary, a flow chart is given to clarify the cloud-microphysical cause of the torrential rainfall amplification associated with Bilis. 相似文献
12.
2007年3月3-5日和2013年11月24-25日，受江淮气旋北上影响，我国北方大部地区遭遇罕见暴风雪天气，2次暴雪过程有很多相似之处.利用常规观测、CloudSat卫星云廓线雷达的探测资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料，分析了这2次暴雪过程江淮气旋云系结构和微物理特征.结果表明：（1）北上江淮气旋的冷锋云系较窄，以深厚对流云为主，回波核心在2~7 km，其结构在气旋发展的不同阶段变化不大；（2）逗点头云系范围宽广，在气旋的不同发展阶段，结构和强度有显著差异.气旋初始锋面波动和锋面断裂阶段，逗点头云系有两个降水区：北部为由多个单体组成的大范围层状云区，强回波从地表向上伸展，上空有高空对流泡，建立了播撒云-供水云机制，有利于下部冰晶粒子长大；南部有对流云柱发展.逗点头西部的冷输送带云系主要集中在6 km以下，强度弱，冰粒子含量少；（3）气旋暖锋后弯阶段，干侵入加强，冷锋后部的无云区或少云区范围扩大，逗点头云系南北范围收缩、变窄，云系的高度、强度和含水量减弱，冷锋云系也减弱；（4）气旋冷锋云系和逗点头南部的对流云柱以降雨为主，位于高纬度陆地上的逗点头云系以降雪为主，当逗点头云系处于海上有对流不稳定发展，以降雨为主.冷锋云系北部和逗点头云系南部均有由层积云或高积云组成的低云，以毛毛雨为主.冷锋云系和逗点头云系北部100-200 km的范围为随高度和距离逐渐变薄的高层云，无降水对应. 相似文献
13.
F. Holwerda R. Burkard W. Eugster F. N. Scatena A. G. C. A. Meesters L. A. Bruijnzeel 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2669-2692
The deposition of fog to a wind‐exposed 3 m tall Puerto Rican cloud forest at 1010 m elevation was studied using the water budget and eddy covariance methods. Fog deposition was calculated from the water budget as throughfall plus stemflow plus interception loss minus rainfall corrected for wind‐induced loss and effect of slope. The eddy covariance method was used to calculate the turbulent liquid cloud water flux from instantaneous turbulent deviations of the surface‐normal wind component and cloud liquid water content as measured at 4 m above the forest canopy. Fog deposition rates according to the water budget under rain‐free conditions (0·11 ± 0·05 mm h?1) and rainy conditions (0·24 ± 0·13 mm h?1) were about three to six times the eddy‐covariance‐based estimate (0·04 ± 0·002 mm h?1). Under rain‐free conditions, water‐budget‐based fog deposition rates were positively correlated with horizontal fluxes of liquid cloud water (as calculated from wind speed and liquid water content data). Under rainy conditions, the correlation became very poor, presumably because of errors in the corrected rainfall amounts and very high spatial variability in throughfall. It was demonstrated that the turbulent liquid cloud water fluxes as measured at 4 m above the forest could be only ～40% of the fluxes at the canopy level itself due to condensation of moisture in air moving upslope. Other factors, which may have contributed to the discrepancy in results obtained with the two methods, were related to effects of footprint mismatch and methodological problems with rainfall measurements under the prevailing windy conditions. Best estimates of annual fog deposition amounted to ～770 mm year?1 for the summit cloud forest just below the ridge top (according to the water budget method) and ～785 mm year?1 for the cloud forest on the lower windward slope (using the eddy‐covariance‐based deposition rate corrected for estimated vertical flux divergence). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Effects of rainfall intensity fluctuations on infiltration and runoff: rainfall simulation on dryland soils,Fowlers Gap,Australia 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
David Dunkerley 《水文研究》2012,26(15):2211-2224
Small plots and a dripper rainfall simulator were used to explore the significance of the intensity fluctuations (‘event profile’) within simulated rainfall events on infiltration and runoff from bare, crusted dryland soils. Rainfall was applied at mean rain rates of 10 mm/h. Fourteen simulated rainfall events each involved more than 5000 changes of intensity and included multipeak events with a 25‐mm/h peak of intensity early in the event or late in the event and an event that included a temporary cessation of rain. These are all event profiles commonly seen in natural rain but rarely addressed in rainfall simulation. A rectangular event profile of constant intensity, as commonly used in rainfall simulation experiments, was also adopted for comparative purposes. Results demonstrate that event profile exerts an important effect on infiltration and runoff for these soils and rainfall event profiles. ‘Uniform’ events of unvarying intensity yielded the lowest total runoff, the lowest peak runoff rate and the lowest runoff ratio (0.13). These parameters increased for ‘early peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.24) and reached maxima for ‘late peak’ profiles (runoff ratio 0.50). Differences in runoff ratio and peak runoff rate between the ‘uniform’ event profile and those of varying intensity were all statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01. Compared with ‘uniform’ runs, the varying intensity runs yielded larger runoff ratios and peak runoff rates, exceeding those of the ‘uniform’ events by 85%–570%. These results suggest that for small‐plot studies of infiltration and erosion, the continued use of constant rainfall intensity simulations may be sacrificing important information and misrepresenting the mechanisms involved in runoff generation. The implications of these findings for the ecohydrology of the research site, an area of contour‐aligned banded vegetation in which runoff and runon are of critical importance, are highlighted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Alexa R. Van Eaton James D. Muirhead Colin J. N. Wilson Corrado Cimarelli 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(9):1963-1984
Key processes influencing the aggregation of volcanic ash and hydrometeors are examined with an experimental method employing vibratory pan aggregation. Mechanisms of aggregation in the presence of hail and ice pellets, liquid water (≤30?wt%), and mixed water phases are investigated at temperatures of 18 and ?20?°C. The experimentally generated aggregates, examined in hand sample, impregnated thin sections, SEM imagery, and X-ray microtomography, closely match natural examples from phreatomagmatic phases of the 27?ka Oruanui and 2010 Eyjafjallaj?kull eruptions. Laser diffraction particle size analysis of parent ash and aggregates is also used to calculate the first experimentally derived aggregation coefficients that account for changing liquid water contents and subzero temperatures. These indicate that dry conditions (<5–10?wt% liquid) promote strongly size selective collection of sub-63?μm particles into aggregates (given by aggregation coefficients >1). In contrast, liquid-saturated conditions (>15–20?wt% liquid) promote less size selective processes. Crystalline ice was also capable of preferentially selecting volcanic ash <31?μm under liquid-free conditions in a two-stage process of electrostatic attraction followed by ice sintering. However, this did not accumulate more than a monolayer of ash at the ice surface. These quantitative relationships may be used to predict the timescales and characteristics of aggregation, such as aggregate size spectra, densities, and constituent particle size characteristics, when the initial size distribution and water content of a volcanic cloud are known. The presence of an irregularly shaped, millimeter-scale vacuole at the center of natural aggregates was also replicated during interaction of ash and melting ice pellets, followed by sublimation. Fine-grained rims were formed by adding moist aggregates to a dry mixture of sub-31?μm ash, which adhered by electrostatic forces and sparse liquid bridges. From this, we infer that the fine-grained outer layers of natural aggregates reflect recycled exposure of moist aggregates to regions of volcanic clouds that are relatively dry and dominated by <31?μm ash. 相似文献
17.
Mark E. Hervig Larry L. Gordley James M. Russell Scott M. Bailey 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(3-4):331-339
This work examines the first season of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) observations from the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE). SOFIE observations of temperature, water vapor, and PMC frequency, mass density, particle shape, and size distribution are used to characterize the seasonal evolution and altitude dependence of mesospheric ice and the surrounding environment. SOFIE indicates that ice is nearly always present during summer, and that the ice layer is continuous from about 81 km altitude to the mesopause and above. Ice particles are observed to be more aspherical above and below the extinction peak altitude, suggesting a relationship between particle shape and mass density. The smallest particles are observed near the top of the ice layer while the largest particles exist at low concentrations near cloud base. A strong correlation was found between water vapor and particle size with small particles existing when H2O is low. This relationship holds when examining variability in altitude, and variability over time at one altitude. 相似文献
18.
A large sample of radar data from the period May–August 1976 was analyzed to provide information on the total areal coverage of precipitation echoes at 1-km steps in altitude ranging from 2 km up to 10 km. A transformation based on known statistics of surface rainfall rate was employed to express this information in terms of the probability of certain reflectivities being exceeded at a randomly chosen point at a given altitude. The same data base was used to construct a family of average vertical profiles of precipitation reflectivity. The profiles were conditioned by the reflectivity value at the lowest level (2 km), thus providing a basis for estimating the reflectivity aloft, given the low level or surface rainfall rate. Analyses of this kind have been reported for other geographical locations and for a variety of applications, such as hydrology, rain effects on earth-space radio propagation, and precipitation modeling. Similarities in the results from these two quite different analysis procedures, possibly not hitherto recognized, were found in the present study. 相似文献
19.
The infrared‐microwave rainfall algorithm (IMRA) was developed for retrieving spatial rainfall from infrared (IR) brightness temperatures (TBs) of satellite sensors to provide supplementary information to the rainfall field, and to decrease the traditional dependency on limited rain gauge data that are point measurements. In IMRA, a SLOPE technique (ST) was developed for discriminating rain/no‐rain pixels through IR image cloud‐top temperature gradient, and 243K as the IR threshold temperature for minimum detectable rainfall rate. IMRA also allows for the adjustment of rainfall derived from IR‐TB using microwave (MW) TBs. In this study, IMRA rainfall estimates were assessed on hourly and daily basis for different spatial scales (4, 12, 20, and 100 km) using NCEP stage IV gauge‐adjusted radar rainfall data, and daily rain gauge data. IMRA was assessed in terms of the accuracy of the rainfall estimates and the basin streamflow simulated by the hydrologic model, Sacramento soil moisture accounting (SAC‐SMA), driven by the rainfall data. The results show that the ST option of IMRA gave accurate satellite rainfall estimates for both light and heavy rainfall systems while the Hessian technique only gave accurate estimates for the convective systems. At daily time step, there was no improvement in IR‐satellite rainfall estimates adjusted with MW TBs. The basin‐scale streamflow simulated by SAC‐SMA driven by satellite rainfall data was marginally better than when SAC‐SMA was driven by rain gauge data, and was similar to the case using radar data, reflecting the potential applications of satellite rainfall in basin‐scale hydrologic modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Dr. Roscoe R. Braham Jr. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1956,35(1):126-138
Summary Over the past several years, the University of Chicago has conducted a program of research into the physics and chemistry of cumulus cloud precipitation. From these measurements it has been possible to isolate the sublimation-coalescence mechanism (Bergeron process) from the condensation-coalescence mechanism and to estimate the relative role of each process in the formation of rain n cumulus clouds. It is found that size of cloud capable of raining is a strong function of geography, that the environment of the cloud is very important in determining the probability of rain and that liquid water content is one of the most important within-cloud parameters.An essential part of the research concerned cloud treatment. Definite, positive treatment effects were demonstrated for rain initiation through coalescence using water spray. No effects were detectable from dry ice seeding of subcooled clouds, although any such effects may have been obscured by sample size (27 cloud pairs).Text of paper presented before Physical Society and Royal Meteorological Society Joint Conference on Cloud Physics, London, England, Jan. 4–5, 1956. The research reported in this paper has been sponsored by the Geophysics Research. Directorate of the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Research and Development Command under Contract Nos. AF 19 (604)-618 and AF 19 (604)-1388. 相似文献