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模拟断层泥的摩擦实验对地震的成核及断层带变形组构的研究具有重要意义。文中对辉长岩摩擦实验中的断层泥变形组构及形成机理进行了研究 ,以期从实验室角度来理解地壳深部断层活动的性质和特点。断层泥剪切组构中的边界剪切带 ,R1,Y剪切面比较发育 ,T裂隙次之 ;R2 ,P ,X剪切面不发育。R1面与边界面的夹角较小 ,平均在 1 1°左右 ,为单剪变形过程中达到破裂极限状态时形成的 1组库仑破裂面。分析表明R1面密度随正应力的增加而明显增高。而在相同的正应力下 ,随温度的增高 ,R1面的密度也有增加的趋势。当温度高于 5 0 0℃时 ,断层带内的斜长石出现塑性变形特征 ,R1剪切面与矿物的压性面理组成典型的S -C组构 相似文献
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断层泥的再生显微结构特征及其地震地质意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
三轴剪切摩擦实验后的断层泥与天然断层泥的再生显微结构特征研究表明，断层泥的显微结构特征与断层滑动方式之间有一定的关系，稳滑使断层泥变形均匀，产生低角度剪切（＜１４°）、布丁构造和颗粒碎裂流动。粘滑使断层泥局部发生强烈变形、高角度剪切（＞１４°）和碎粒出现随机裂纹等。断层泥的再生显微结构特征可用作鉴别古地震的存在 相似文献
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文中总结了基岩断层带黏滑与蠕滑的地质标志与岩石力学实验证据,分析了控制黏滑与蠕滑的物理机制。断层带内的矿物组成、矿物变形机制、流体作用和断层带变形方式等是控制黏滑与蠕滑的主要因素。富含黏土矿物的断层泥具有速度强化型摩擦滑动,控制着断层蠕滑,而以方解石、石英、长石及辉石等造岩矿物为主的断层泥在大陆浅源地震的震源深度条件下具备黏滑条件。脆性破裂伴随的扩容过程是断层黏滑的必要条件,而压实、碎裂和塑性剪切变形形成的叶理和小褶皱对应于蠕滑。在流体作用下,压溶使孔隙和微裂隙愈合,有利于断层强度的恢复和断层闭锁,既是断层发生不稳定滑动的根源,也是断层带局部存在高压流体的条件,而在流体作用下的退变质反应与水解反应生成黏土矿物和层状及环状硅酸盐矿物,不仅降低了断层带的强度,还导致断层向蠕滑转变。断层带内均匀分布多个剪切面和较宽的变形带对应于蠕滑,局部化的R剪切及Y剪切、窄变形带和摩擦镜面对应于黏滑。 相似文献
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断层泥是研究活动断裂带运动性质和活动习性的重要介质。以往，对断层泥的研究主要借助偏光显微镜和低真空扫描电镜进行，观察到的现象有限。借助高真空扫描电镜从纳微米尺度对断层泥进行更精细化的研究，其方法是对野外断层泥进行定向原状样品采集，通过室内样品自然风干、微样制作、表面镀金和扫描电镜观察，从纳微米尺度研究a-b组构面和a-c组构面的各种变形现象。此方法可以帮助确定断层的运动性质、断层滑动面的新老关系，并可鉴别粘滑过程与蠕滑过程；同时，还可以对工程场地中发现的黏土滑动面进行鉴别，区分地震断层和非地震断层。 相似文献
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《地震地质》2013,(4)
汶川2008年M S8.0大地震同震地表破裂带中,近地表断层滑动面内多处分布了薄层断层泥。选取位于地表垂直位移量较大地段的北川沙坝探槽中的断层泥为研究对象,使用立体镜、光学显微镜和X光衍射等对断层泥微结构特征及其矿物成分进行详细的分析。结果表明:汶川地震地表破裂带的断层泥中发育Y-剪切、R1-剪切(与Y-剪切的交角14°)、R2-剪切、P-剪切以及张裂隙和书斜式构造等局部化脆性变形的特征显微构造。此外,断层泥中还有发育良好的P-叶理,碎屑颗粒的拉长和不对称拖尾构造等类似于散布的韧性变形特征。但是,它们仅局限在2条平行的Y-剪切之间发育,应当是断层同一滑动事件的产物。显微构造特征揭示了汶川地震破裂带的逆冲滑动性质,强烈变形的断层泥带较窄,仅约3mm,表明同震滑动明显地局限在一个窄的滑动带内。断层泥的石英和长石含量小于围岩,而黏土矿物含量高于围岩,说明来自围岩的长石和石英由于同震断层滑动摩擦使其部分转变为黏土矿物或黏土粒级的物质。断层泥中的伊利石含量高于围岩,伊利石/蒙脱石混层则低于围岩,这种黏土矿物组成成分的差异,可能是由于地震同震断层滑动摩擦增温(不排除溶液化学作用的参与),使部分伊利石/蒙脱石混层转化为伊利石。这些研究结果为探讨断层滑动性质提供了一种判定标准。 相似文献
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香山-天景山断裂断层泥显微构造特征及其地质意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对香山-天景山断裂11个断层泥和3个断层角砾岩的显微结构详细观察发现, 断层泥可分为颗粒流动条带状断层泥、叶理化断层泥和块状断层泥三类. 进一步对断层泥和断层角砾岩中的残存碎屑形态优选方位(简称SPO)进行了测定. 结果表明, 叶理化断层泥SPO与剪切带边界斜交, 类似于P叶理; 颗粒流动条带状断层泥SPO基本平行于剪切带边界; 断层角砾岩和块状断层泥的SPO具有随机性. 该断裂断层泥分布在三角形分类图的不同区域, 明显地显示出其运动方式的不同. 这些研究结果为探讨断裂运动方式提供了一种判定标准. 相似文献
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在2008年汶川5.12大地震同震主地表破裂带—北川-映秀破裂带中,多处断层滑动面上可见到具有强烈变形特征的薄层断层泥.在地表垂直位移量较大的西南段和东北段,选取八角庙、和尚坪和沙坝探槽中的断层泥为研究对象,利用立体镜和扫描电镜对断层泥的组构特征和Y剪切面上的微-纳米级颗粒进行形态和结构研究.观测研究结果显示,汶川5.12大地震的同震断层泥发育有明显的Y和R剪切和平直擦痕.断层滑动摩擦面磨损、研磨、粉末化则是汶川同震断层泥中微-纳米级颗粒形成的主要途径.地震断层滑动会产生摩擦热,但并不排除热分解在断层泥滑动面上纳米粒子形成过程中的重要作用.断层摩擦滑动面上普遍存有微-纳米单体及其复合体两类颗粒,微-纳米颗粒形态有球状、蚕虫状、饼状和块状等.其主要结构是散布状和堆积状结构,但也有少量条带状和层状结构,而结构单元之间常有空隙,显现松散接触.在条带状和层状结构中,仅有异化的单体颗粒,而在散布状和堆积状结构中除了主要是由单体颗粒异化形成的蚕虫状,块状和圆饼状形态的复体颗粒外,还有未变形的单体球状颗粒.Y剪切面上微-纳米颗粒的散布状、堆积状、条带状和层状结构都是在相同的地震快速变形过程中极端不平衡条件下形成的.条带状和层状结构是塑性变形,而散布状和堆积状则是脆性变形,不连续的动态摩擦(断层粘滑)是松散结构形成的主要机制.汶川地震同震断层滑动面微-纳米级颗粒的结构是地震断层滑动留下的地质形迹(不是假玄武玻璃),是地震断层滑动的记录,它可作为判定古地震断层的一种标准. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2017,(3)
利用青藏高原东北缘及周缘地区1999—2007年和2009—2014年2个时段的GPS水平运动速度场做约束,反演获取了海原-六盘山断裂带的闭锁程度和滑动速率亏损的时空分布演化。结果表明,海原断裂带以左旋走滑亏损为主,六盘山断裂北段以逆冲倾滑速率亏损为主,南段则以正向倾滑为主。其中,毛毛山断裂和老虎断裂西段在2个时段的闭锁深度都达到25km,最大左旋滑动亏损为6mm/a。老虎山东段和海原断裂(狭义)闭锁程度低,主要处于蠕滑状态。六盘山断裂2个时段的闭锁深度可达35km,最大逆冲滑动速率亏损为2mm/a。汶川地震后,六盘山断裂上逆冲滑动速率亏损高值区由中段迁移至北段且范围减小,南段则变成正倾滑速率亏损。毛毛山、老虎山西段和六盘山断裂的地震危险性要明显高于海原-六盘山断裂带其他断层段。 相似文献
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THE DIFFERENCE OF DEPOSITION RATE IN THE BOREHOLES AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN NANKOU-SUNHE FAULT AND HUANGZHUANG-GAOLIYING FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO FAULT ACTIVITY IN THE BEIJING AREA 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHANG Lei BAI Ling-yan ZHAO Yong ZHANG Xiao-liang YANG Tian-shui CAI Xiang-min HE Fu-bing 《地震地质》2017,39(5):1048-1065
Beijing plain area has been always characterized by the tectonic subsidence movement since the Pliocene. Influenced and affected by the extensional tectonic environment, tensional normal faulting occurred on the buried NE-trending faults in this area, forming the "two uplifts and one sag" tectonic pattern. Since Quaternary, the Neocathaysian stress field caused the NW-directed tensional shear faulting, and two groups of active faults are developed. The NE-trending active faults include three major faults, namely, from west to east, the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault, Shunyi Fault and Xiadian Fault. The NW-trending active faults include the Nankou-Sunke Fault, which strikes in the direction of NW320°~330°, with a total length of about 50km in the Beijing area. The northwestern segment of the fault dips SW, forming a NW-directed collapse zone, which controls the NW-directed Machikou Quaternary depression. The thickness of the Quaternary is more than 600 meters; the southeastern segment of the fault dips NE, with a small vertical throw between the two walls of the fault. Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is a discontinuous buried active fault, a boundary line between the Beijing sag and Xishan tectonic uplift. In the Beijing area, it has a total length of 110km, striking NE, dipping SE, with a dip angle of about 50~80 degrees. It is a normal fault, with the maximum fault throw of more than 1 000m since the Tertiary. The fault was formed in the last phase of Yanshan movement and controls the Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary sediments.There are four holes drilled at the junction between Nankou-Sunhe Fault and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault in Beijing area. The geographic coordinates of ZK17 is 40°5'51"N, 116°25'40"E, the hole depth is 416.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK18 is 40°5'16"N, 116°25'32"E, the hole depth is 247.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK19 is 40°5'32"N, 116°26'51"E, the hole depth is 500.9 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK20 is 40°4'27"N, 116°26'30"E, the hole depth is 308.2 meters. The total number of paleomagnetism samples is 687, and 460 of them are selected for thermal demagnetization. Based on the magnetostratigraphic study and analysis on the characteristics of sedimentary rock assemblage and shallow dating data, Quaternary stratigraphic framework of drilling profiles is established. As the sedimentation rate of strata has a good response to the activity of the basin-controlling fault, we discussed the activity of target fault during the Quaternary by studying variations of deposition rate. The results show that the fault block in the junction between the Nankou-Sunhe Fault and the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is characteristic of obvious differential subsidence. The average deposition rate difference of fault-controlled stratum reflects the control of the neotectonic movement on the sediment distribution of different tectonic units. The activity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault shows the strong-weak alternating pattern from the early Pleistocene to Holocene. In the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is stronger than Nankou-Sunhe Fault. After the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault is stronger than Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault. The activity of the two faults tends to consistent till the Holocene. 相似文献
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The Sanweishan fault is located in the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau. It is a branch of the Altyn Tagh fault zone which extends to the northwest. A detailed study on Late Quaternary activity characteristics of the Sanwei Shan Fault can help understanding the strain distribution of the Altyn Tagh fault zone and regional seismic activity and northward growth of the Tibetan plateau. Previous research on this fault is insufficient and its activity is a controversial issue. Based on satellite images interpretation, field investigations and geological mapping, this study attempts to characterize this feature, especially its activity during Late Quaternary. Trench excavation and sample dating permit to address this issue, including determination of paleoseismic events along this fault.
The results show that the Sanweishan fault is a large-scale active structure. It starts from the Shuangta reservoir in the east, extending southward by Shigongkouzi, Lucaogou, and Shugouzi, terminates south of Xishuigou, with a length of 175km. The fault trends in NEE, dipping SE at angles 50°~70°. It is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip with a component of thrust and local normal faulting. According to the geometry, the fault can be divided into three segments, i.e. Shuangta-Shigongkouzi, Shigongkouzi-Shugouzi and Shugouzi-Xishuigou from east to west, looking like a left-or right-step pattern. Plenty of offset fault landforms appear along the Sanweishan Fault, including ridges, left-lateral strike-slip gullies, fault scarps, and fault grooves. The trench study at the middle and eastern segments of the fault shows its activity during Late Pleistocene, evidenced by displaced strata of this epoch. Identification marks of the paleoearthquakes and sample dating reveal one paleoearthquake that occurred at(40.3±5.2)~(42.1±3.9) ka. 相似文献
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作者通过对区域地质调查资料的分析研究和实地考察,对金沙江断裂带的展布范围进行了划分,认为金沙江断裂带是川西规模巨大的断裂带,从地震活动、断裂地貌特征、水系扭曲、第四纪地层形变和温泉沿断裂分布等表明它是一个活动断裂带。通过对历史地震实地访问调查,获得了1923年巴塘6.5级地震的震害情况,并发现了这次地震在地表所产生的地裂缝,从而确定了这次地震的宏观震中位置,探讨了地震与断裂的关系。无疑对金沙江断裂带活动性的认识、地震预报和地震烈度区划工作具有现实意义。 相似文献
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HOLOCENE LEFT-LATERAL SLIP RATE OF THE LENGLONGLING FAULT,NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The Lenglongling Fault(LLLF) is a major active left-lateral strike-slip fault along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Fault slip rate is of great significance for researching the dynamics of tectonic deformation in NE Tibetan plateau and understanding the activity and seismic risk of the fault. However, slip rate of the LLLF, which remains controversial, is limited within~3~24mm/a, a relatively broad range. Taking Niutougou site(37.440 2°N, 102.094 0°E)and Chailong site(37.447 3°N, 102.063 0°E) in the upstream of Talihua gully in Menyuan County, Qinghai Province as the research objects, where faulted landform is typical, we analyzed the displacement evolution model and measured the slip amounts by back-slip of the faulted landform using high-resolution DEM from Terrestrial LiDAR and high-precision satellite images of Google Earth, and by collecting and testing samples from stratigraphic pit excavated in the faulted landform surface and stripping fresh stratigraphic section, we determined the abandonment age of the surface. Holocene slip rate obtained from Niutougou site and Chailong site is(6.4±0.7)mm/a and(6.6±0.3)mm/a, respectively, which have a good consistency. Taking into account the error range of the slip rate, the left-lateral slip rate of the LLLF is(6.6±0.8)mm/a since Holocene, which is between the previons results from geological method, also within the slip rate range of 4.2~8mm/a from InSAR, but slightly larger than that from GPS((4.0±1.0)mm/a). Late Quaternary slip rate of Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, which displays an arc-shape distribution, turns to be the largest in LLLF region. The most intensive uplift in the LLLF region of the NE Tibetan plateau confirms the important role of the LLLF in accommodating the eastward component of movement of Tibetan plateau relative to the Gobi-Ala Shan block from one side. 相似文献
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合浦-北流断裂起于北部湾海域,经合浦、博白后继续向NE延伸,断裂总长度为400余千米,断裂总体走向为40°～60°,分东、西2支,其中西支自南流江下游合浦盆地西南段一直向NE延伸。文中主要采用地质地貌、地震探测、钻探以及年代学方法,对合浦-北流断裂西支合浦盆地段的活动性进行判定,结果表明:合浦-北流断裂西支合浦盆地段最后1次活动应发生在早更新世中晚期,错距约为10m,断裂被中更新世中、晚期地层覆盖,即中更新世中、晚期以来,断裂的活动趋于减弱或停止 相似文献
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Mylonite,cataclasite and especially fault rocks subjected to both mylonitization and cata-clasis widely developed along the Kangding-Moxi fault zone.A mylonite zone has formed as a result of ductile shearing in early stage.In later stage brittle fracturing has occurred along this mylonite zone,accompanied by the formation of the present Kangding-Moxi fault zone.Later on,ductile shearing and multiperiods of brittle fracturing occurred along the fault zone.Differential stress magnitude d 相似文献
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The southeast section of Zhongdian-Daju Fault is located in the northern part of Haba and Yulong Snow Mountain, belonging to the southwestern boundary of the secondary block in northwestern Sichuan, an important boundary fault striking 310°~320° on the whole. The nature of the fault, the age of its activity and the slip rate are of great significance for the analysis of the secondary block movement in the northwestern Sichuan and the intersection relationship with the eastern piedmont fault of Yulong Mountains.
Based on the 1 ︰ 5 million-scale active fault geological mapping, this paper studies in detail the stratigraphic landform, scarp landform, surface rupture, typical fault profile and river terrace along the fault. Based on the research results, we divide the southeastern section of Zhongdian-Daju Fault into two sub-segments, the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment and the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, according to the geometric structure, fault landforms and fault activity.
(1)Fault scarp:In the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment, the fault parallelly controls the two sides of the Haba fault depression. It cuts the late Pleistocene moraine deposits, forming a fault scarp of about 4.5km long and(14±2)m high. The continuity of the scarp is very good, and it is also very obvious in the remote sensing image. In the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, a scarp with a height of about 2m is formed, and an optical luminescence dating sample is collected from the upper part of the gravel layer on the second-order terrace to obtain an age of(22±2.2)ka.
(2)Horizontal dislocation:In the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment, through the analysis of the development of outwash fans in the area and the measurement and induction of the gully dislocations, it is considered that there are at least three stages of outwash fans developed in the area and there may be four phases of faulting. That is, the earliest-stage outwash fan and gully are horizontally dislocated about 1km; the second-stage outwash fan and gully are horizontally dislocated about 47m, and the vertical dislocation is about(14±2)m; the gully in the third stage outwash fan is horizontally dislocated twice, the first dislocation formed a beheaded gully with a dislocation of 22m, and the second formed a beheaded gully with a dislocation of 8.5m. It is further proved that the fault has strong activity since the Holocene in the Majiacun to Daju area. In the Daju-Dadong sub-segment, there are no obvious horizontal dislocations in the alluvial deposits since the Holocene. Only 3~4 gullies are found to be offset right-laterally in the ridges east of Wenhe Village, with the maximum dislocation of 210m, which may be the older phase dislocation.
(3)Surface rupture:In the northwest direction of Dabazi Village on the T3 terrace in the basin between Majiacun and Daju, an earthquake surface rupture zone is found, extending in the NW direction. The rupture zone left clear traces on the about 1m-thick, hard T3 terrace surface formed by calcification of sand gravels, and the overburden either upwarps and bulges, or ruptures, generates ground fissures, or forms small pull-apart "depressions" locally. However, the rupture zone is not large in size, about 350m long, 60m wide at the widest point, and 0.3~1.5m high. It is partially en-echelon or obliquely arranged, dominated by compressive ruptures. Through observation, the possibility of artificial transformation is ruled out for these upwarping bulges, ruptures or ground fissures. The fault section is found in the southeast direction of the rupture zone. The slickensides at the section show that the fault is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a small amount of thrust. In the eastern sub-segment, only intermittently distributed surface ruptures are found in the northern part of the village, and the scale is small.
In summary, through the field geological survey, it is found that the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment is a Holocene active segment. Though the Daju-Dadong sub-segment also offset the late Pleistocene to Holocene strata, it is considered that its Holocene activity is weak in terms of either the dislocation amount or the slip rate of this segment.
By analyzing the geological and geomorphological evidences, such as fault scarps, horizontal dislocation and surface ruptures along the fault, it is considered that the Majiacun-Daju sub-segment is a right-lateral strike-slip fault with a normal faulting component, and its vertical slip rate since the late Pleistocene is(0.4~0.8)mm/a, the horizontal slip rate is 1.5~2.4mm/a. The Daju-Dadong sub-segment is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip with a normal faulting component, and its vertical slip rate since the late Late Cenozoic is 0.1mm/a.
The formation of the NW-trending surface rupture zone found in the Daju Basin is very young, where there are only two major earthquakes, namely, the MS6.4 1966 Zhongdian earthquake and the 1996 Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake, and both earthquakes produced NW-oriented surface rupture zones. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the rupture zone is a product of the 1966 Zhongdian MS6.4 earthquake or the 1996 Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake. 相似文献
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