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1.
基于聚类分析方法的砾岩油藏储层类型划分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
砾岩油藏由于近物源、多水系和快速多变的沉积环境导致储层岩性复杂多变以及非均质性严重等特点,储层类型的精细划分成为该类油藏二次调整开发的重点和难点.本文以克拉玛依油田六中区克下组砾岩油藏为研究对象,选取密闭取心井岩心分析的物性参数、压汞驱替参数以及微观孔隙结构参数共计12项作为砾岩油藏储层类型划分的参数组合,对比研究了基于划分、基于层次、基于模型和基于密度的4种聚类算法建立的储层划分标准,结果表明基于划分的k-means算法建立的聚类标准最符合实际油藏的地质特征和储层类型的划分精度,内部度量的紧凑性、有效性和分辨性都优于其他三种算法,并且分析了Ⅴ类储层与岩性的对应关系,发现砾岩油藏储层类型受岩性控制的机制非常复杂,岩性相同的储层类型可能呈现出不同的物性和渗流性,而岩性不同的储层类型又可能表现为相同的物性和渗流性,其根本原因是储层非均质性造成的.储层类型与砾岩岩性的有效结合为该区精细开发方案的设计和水淹层的定量评价提供了技术支持. 相似文献
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利用GDS循环三轴仪进行一系列饱和砂砾土不排水动三轴液化试验,研究其在循环荷载作用下的液化特性,分析含砾量对饱和砂砾土动强度和动孔压的影响规律。研究表明:含砾量对砂砾土液化性能影响较大,随着含砾量的增加砂砾土抗液化强度呈单调增加趋势;随循环周次的增加孔隙水压力不断升高,增长速率与所施加的循环应力幅值有关,同一固结压力下,振次比相同时循环动应力幅值越大动孔压比越大;破坏振次对动孔压增长模式存在影响,破坏振次较小时砂砾土动孔压增长模式呈双曲线型发展,破坏振次较大时砂砾土的动孔压增长模式可用反正弦函数来表示,且含砾量越大循环荷载引起的孔隙水压力越高;含砾量对砂砾土液化特性的影响可从砂砾土的微细观结构特征得到阐释,并借助其粒间状态参量进行分析。 相似文献
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WANG Xiaoqiong XU Jianguo ZHAO Chenxu LIU Tongyuan GE Hongkui SHEN Yinghao WU Shan YU Jiayao HUANG Rongyan 《中国地震研究》2020,34(2):167-186
The premise of hydraulic fracturing is to have an accurate and detailed understanding of the rock mechanical properties and fracture propagation law of shale reservoirs. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical properties of the shale oil reservoir in the south of Songliao Basin is carried out. Based on the experiments and the in-situ stress analysis, the fracture propagation law of three types of shale reservoirs is obtained, and the suggestions for fracturing are put forward. The results have shown that the fracture propagation of pure shale and low mature reservoir is easy to open along the bedding plane under compression loading, which is greatly influenced by the bedding. Sand-bearing shale is slightly better, the fractures of which are not easy to open along the bedding plane. The mechanical experimental results show that all the samples have the characteristics of low compressive strength, low Young''s modulus and strong anisotropy, indicating that the shale oil reservoir is certain plastic, which is related to its high clay mineral content and controlled by the bedding development. Compared with pure shale and low mature shale, the sand-bearing shale has less clay content and less developed bedding, which maybe the main reason for its slightly better brittleness. Overall, the expansion of hydraulic fracture is controlled by in-situ stress and bedding. Because of the development of bedding, it is easy to form horizontal fractures. Thus it is not suitable for horizontal well fracturing. Because of the high content of clay minerals, the applicability of conventional slick hydraulic fracturing fluid is poor. It is suggested to use vertical well or directional well to carry out volume fracturing. In this way, the effect of bedding can be effectively used to open and connect the bedding and form a larger fracture network. 相似文献
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长期以来人们认为 ,广泛分布于滇西澜沧江两岸的芒怀组底部岩层是一套具底砾岩性质的正常沉积的砂砾岩。近年来经笔者在雅口地区的调查和综合对比研究 ,发现该岩层实为一套火山碎屑岩。雅口一带的芒怀组底部属一套碰撞型富钾英安 -流纹质火山碎屑岩和熔岩 ,由下向上含有砾径不等的棱角状花岗质集块和角砾 ,其特征显示为快速破碎、原地堆积、表生固结的形成过程。底部与雅口中细粒二长花岗岩岩体直接接触 ,接触面呈较平缓的波状起伏 ,界线清楚 ;火山岩中集块和角砾的成分与该岩体岩性一致 ;岩体内部发育有与芒怀组火山岩成分相当的隐爆角砾岩及次火山脉岩。因此 ,芒怀组底部与雅口岩体的接触关系应该是火山喷出不整合 ,岩体本身受火山破震作用的影响成为火山通道之一。区域对比分析认为 :芒怀组与下伏地层之间的接触关系也应为火山喷出不整合。该认识将对进一步深化滇西的基础地质研究具有积极意义 相似文献
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The present experimental investigation focuses on the characteristics of near bed turbulence in a fully rough, uniform open-channel
flow over a gravel-type bed. Due to bed topography small scale heterogeneity, the flow is not uniform locally in the near
bed region and a double averaging methodology is applied over a length scale much larger than the gravel size. The double-averaged
Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) budget derived in the context of the present flow over a gravel bed differs from the TKE budget
written for flow over a vegetation canopy. The non-constant shape of the roughness function measured in our gravel bed leads
to an additional bed-induced production term which is null for vertical roughness elements, such as simplified vegetation
elements.
The experimental estimation of the terms of the TKE budget reveals that the maximum turbulent activity takes place away from
the reference plane, near the roughness crests. However, within the interface sublayer the work of the bed induced velocity
fluctuations against the Reynolds stress is of the same magnitude as the main turbulence production term. Consequently, the
characteristics of the TKE budget have similarities with uniform flows over canopies and strongly differ from uniform flows
over smooth and transitionally rough flows over sedimentlike beds. 相似文献
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Channelization of the lowermost part of Vedder River in 1922 initiated a natural experiment relevant to the unresolved question of how abrupt gravel–sand transitions develop along rivers. The new channel (Vedder Canal) had a fine bed and a much lower slope than the gravel‐bed river immediately upstream. Changes in morphology and sedimentology as gravel advanced into and along the Canal are documented using air photos, historical surveys, and fieldwork. The channel aggraded and steepened until stabilized by occasional gravel extraction in recent decades. The deposited material fines progressively along the Canal but the gravel front has retained an abrupt appearance because it has advanced by the sequential development of discrete gravel tops on initially sandy alternate bars. Near the gravel front the bed is highly bimodal and there is a sharper drop in the extent of gravel‐framework surface facies than in bulk gravel content. Ahead of the front, gravel is restricted to thin ribbons which often become buried by migrating sand. Calculations show that even though the gravel bed at the head of the Canal is almost unimodal, size‐selective transport during floods can account for the strong bimodality farther downstream. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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FU KaiDao FANG XiaoMin GAO JunPing HAN WenXia & LI LiLi MOE National Laboratory of Western China''''s Environmental Systems & College of Resource Environment Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(1):81-91
The widely distributed thick gravel deposits along the rim of the Tibetan Plateau have been long thought to be the product of rapid tectonic uplift of the plateau. However, this has been challenged by recent works that suggest these thick gravels may be the result of climate change. In this paper we carried out a detailed field measurement of gravel grain sizes from the Jiuquan and Gobi Gravel Beds in the top of the Laojunmiao section in the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of Qilian Mts. (northern Tibetan Plateau). The results suggest that the grain sizes of the Jiuquan and Gobi Gravel Beds over the last 0.8 Ma are characterized by nine coarse-fine cycles having strong 100-ka and 41-ka periodicities that correlate well with the loess-paleosol monsoon record and isotopic global climatic record from deep sea sediments as well as by a long trend of coarsening in gravel grain size. The coarse gravel layers were formed during the warm-humid interglaciations while the fine layers correspond to the cold-dry glaciations. Because the paleoclimate in NW China began to get dramatically drier after the mid-Pleistocene, we think the persistent coarsening of gravel grain size was most probably caused by the rapid uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, and that the orbital scale cyclic variations in gravel grain size were driven by orbital forcing factors that were superimposed on the tectonically-forced long-term coarsening trend in gravel size. These findings also shed new light on the interaction results of climate and tectonics in relation to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
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华北型煤田采场底板隐伏强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水以其隐蔽性强,突水速度快,水量大,破坏性强,危害严重的特点已成为影响煤矿安全生产的重大隐患.但是,受奥陶系灰岩承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的岩溶陷落柱突水机理、突水过程和突水力学规律的研究尚不够系统和完善.本文以陷落柱上覆岩层层状介质假设和剪切破坏理论方法为出发点,建立了不同水平截面形状类型的强导(含)水岩溶陷落柱突水力学模型,并确立了奥灰承压水与采动应力共同作用诱发强导(含)水陷落柱突水的临界条件,并提出了突水危险性系数对陷落柱突水危险性进行定性和定量的评价.理论推导和数值分析表明,奥灰承压水和采动应力耦合作用下的强导(含)水陷落柱突水与其水平截面形状、隔水层厚度、岩石物理性质有关.当采场环境确定后,陷落柱水平截面形状则是决定其突水的关键因素,而且陷落柱水平截面形状是圆形时最容易发生突水. 相似文献
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砂砾岩储层测井评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
砂砾岩储层岩性复杂、非均质性强,储层间非渗透性隔层类型多,储层基质孔隙度有时很低,从而使测井资料准确划分有效储层有很大的难度;砂砾岩体储层母岩类型变化大,岩石骨架参数很难确定,电阻率测量受岩石骨架、粘土含量和孔隙结构影响严重,反映储层孔隙流体性质的信息弱,使储层流体性质难以判断,油、气、干层界限的电性特征极不明显.通过核磁共振和井壁微电阻扫描成像测井,可以直观观察到岩石成分和粒径的变化,通过T2谱分布直观显示核磁测量井段的孔径分布,计算出各种类型孔隙度和渗透率参数,为砂砾岩有效划分储层和测井评价提供了可靠的依据. 相似文献
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An experimental study on erodibility of intertidal sediments in the Yellow River delta 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xiang-mei MENG Yong-gang JIA Hong-xian SHAN Zhong-nian YANG Jie-wen ZHENG 《国际泥沙研究》2012,27(2):240-249
The erodibility of intertidal sediments is an important factor affecting coastal erosion.In July and October 2008,in situ measurement of erodibility of the surficial sediment were conducted using a recirculating flume at 20 tidal flat experiment sites along the seashore of the Yellow River delta.At the same time,the characteristics of sand ripples and biogenic features on the tidal flat were observed and the physical-mechanical sediment properties such as bulk density,water content,grain size distribution,plasticity,penetration resistance,shear strength and compressibility,were measured.By field measurement,it is obtained that the critical erosion shear stress of the surficial sediment on the tidal flat varies between 0.088 Pa and 0.254 Pa.The factors influencing sediment erodibility are complicated because of physical and biological reworking after the sediment deposited.There’s a positive correlation between shear strength and critical erosion shear stress.The burrowing crabs’ activities changed the sediment microtopography and made the sediment have greater roughness,and that is one possible reason for the higher erodibility.The formation of scour pits on the tidal flat correlates with the heterogeneous erodibility of the surficial sediment. 相似文献
11.
山西地堑系又名汾渭地堑系,是新生代发育的小型大陆裂谷带,它有着大陆裂谷带的主要特征.本文根据裂谷和地堑是断裂带发展和控制结果的观测事实,应用断裂力学方法研究了山西地堑形成的力学机制.本文提出一个三维力学模式,分析了由断裂带扩展形成地堑的力学过程,并计算了山西地堑的 Z 形图案中的剪切段与拉伸段之间的夹角,该角度的大小与区域应力场方向、原始断裂带深度和长度的比值,以及断裂带周围介质的力学性质等因素有关,同时还发现,拉张区的总体方向总是指向区域主压应力作用方向.因此,可以根据拉张区的总体方向来确定区域主压应力方向;反之,也可以根据区域主压应力方向来判断拉张段的取向.本文同时分析了由地震资料得到的结果并进行了比较.此外,我们还应用本文提出的方法研究了国际上一些有名的地堑,如莱茵地堑、贝加尔湖地堑和北美洲西部的利奥格兰特裂谷等,这些地堑系的拉张区和剪切区的空间分布特征,也能得到较好地解释. 相似文献
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When fine sediments are present in gravel streambeds (gravel‐framework beds), the gravel can be more easily removed from its original position, compared with gravel in a streambed without fine sediment but otherwise under the same hydraulic conditions. In this study, the effect of the presence of sand on the initiation of gravel motion in gravel riverbeds was investigated using flume experiments. The relationship between the critical Shields stress for gravel motion initiation and the fraction of sand in the bed was determined experimentally. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) When the fraction of sand in the bed is smaller than about 0.4, the critical Shields stress for the initiation of gravel motion decreases with increasing fraction of sand. The critical Shields stress increases, however, with increasing fraction of sand when it is larger than about 0.4. (2) The difference between the value of the critical Shields stress predicted by the Egiazaroff equation and the value obtained from the experimental data becomes maximum at about 0.4 of the fraction of sand. Here an empirical relation between the critical Shields stress and the fraction of sand is proposed so as to consider the effects of the ratio of the characteristic gravel size to the mean size of the bed material on the critical Shields stress. (3) Gravel in armored beds can be more easily mobilized by supplying sand as part of a sediment augmentation scheme. The sand fraction in the subsurface layer of the bed appears to reduce the friction angle of exposed particles. Sediment augmentation using sand has been recently demonstrated to be a viable alternative for mobilizing gravel for the restoration of gravel‐bed rivers downstream of dams. The quantitative evaluation obtained through the experiments reported here may be useful for the design of augmentation schemes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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余震活动机理研究综述 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
从介质和应力的不均匀性、力学加载、流体侵入及应力腐蚀、速率-状态依从等几方面对余震活动机理研究进行综述.已有的研究表明,介质和应力的不均匀性是余震产生的基本前提.瞬时蠕变和余滑观点能够从力学的角度解释震后极短时间内余震的快速衰减,而应力松弛过程更有利于解释长时期的余震活动特征.流体侵入及应力腐蚀在一定条件下控制着余震的演化过程.受主震应力扰动影响的断层间的相互作用,始终存在于余震的活动过程之中.各类模型和理论解释都在努力寻求与G-R关系和修改的大森公式这两个统计地震学基本关系的一致性. 相似文献
16.
The effect of clay mineral content on the dynamic response of reconstituted fine grained soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fine grained soils with considerable amount of silt may exhibit sand-like or clay-like behavior depending on several factors such as the amount of fines and clay content, as well as the consistency limits, other variables being kept unchanged. This unpredictable behavior makes silts highly problematic, especially under seismic conditions. This paper describes the laboratory behavior of low plasticity Adapazari silt, known to be highly sensitive to cyclic loading. In the first phase of the basic study reported herein, Adapazari silt was mixed with different percentages of bentonite and kaolin and the behavior of these reconstituted mixtures was investigated in cyclic triaxial and dynamic simple shear tests. The purpose was to identify basic index properties and their threshold values to delineate sand- and clay-like behavior. Such a distinction may make it possible to complement field penetration resistance with appropriate adjustment factors to evaluate the pore pressure development potential, thus the risk of ground failure during an earthquake. The results show that there is a range of liquid limit and plasticity index values above which cyclic failure is significantly mitigated. It can now be stated that silts of intermediate and high plasticity may be deemed of relatively low potential for ground failure during seismic loading. 相似文献
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针对砾岩储层的砂、砾、泥三重孔隙结构特征,本文分析砾岩孔隙区域、砂岩孔隙区域以及泥岩孔隙区域相互之间的孔隙流体流动机制,将静态的砾岩骨架本构方程与动态的孔隙流体运动方程联立,提出了复杂砾岩储层的弹性波传播理论方程.采用实测砾岩储层参数,在算例中与双重孔隙介质理论进行对比分析,验证了本文理论方程的合理性;基于三重孔隙介质模型,分析不同储层环境下纵波的传播特征,结果显示:随流体黏滞系数增大,在衰减-频率轴坐标系中,砾与砂、砂与泥孔隙区域间局域流导致的两个衰减峰向低频端移动,而Biot全局流导致的衰减峰向高频端移动;嵌入体尺寸及背景相介质渗透率的变化,主要影响纵波速度频散曲线沿频率轴左、右平移,不影响波速低频、高频极限幅值;嵌入体含量及孔隙度的变化改变了岩石干骨架的弹性、密度参数,不仅影响速度频散曲线沿频率轴平移,而且影响其上、下限幅值;砾包砂包泥三重孔隙介质模型所预测的衰减曲线中,低频段"第一个衰减峰"主要由砾岩孔隙区域与砂岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,中间频段"第二个衰减峰"主要由砂岩孔隙区域与泥岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,超声频段"第三个衰减峰"由Biot全局流导致.对慢纵波传播特征的分析显示,砂岩骨架(局部孔隙度较大)内部的宏观孔隙流体流动造成的耗散明显强于砾岩与泥岩骨架. 相似文献
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T. Reuschlé 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1998,152(4):641-665
—Fracture in a heterogeneous solid is simulated on a triangular network of bonds which figure the potential cracks of the medium. Heterogeneity is introduced by assuming a statistical strength distribution for the bonds. External stresses are applied to the network and the evolution of the bond population is analyzed when the stresses are increased. Bond-breaking is controlled by the crack-exten sion force which takes into account crack interactions by using an iterative procedure. Crack propaga tion leads to the coalescence of broken bonds crack clusters are formed. By using this kind of approach which combines fracture mechanics and network modelling, we are able to simulate the rupture of a rock specimen under various loading conditions without heavy computation. We discuss physical properties of the rupture process by examining the rupture stress and the geometric properties of the macroscopic fracture and their dependence on loading conditions and heterogeneity. Analysis of the geometric characteristics shows that the number of broken bonds can be fitted by a power law of the lattice size, the exponent depending on the loading conditions. Furthermore, an approximate computation of the mechanical response of the network demonstrates that the threshold secant modulus may be a more legitimate choice for a damage parameter in terms of system size independence. 相似文献
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