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地球生物学是地球科学与生命科学的交叉学科,其核心任务是探讨生物与环境的相互作用和协同演化.在分析国际地球生物学的研究进展、中国科学院学部地球生物学前沿论坛成果以及本专辑代表性论文的基础上,本文简要评述了重大地质突变期的地球生物学、地质微生物与全球环境变化以及极端环境地球生物学这三大主题的主要研究进展和存在的科学问题.在重大地质突变期的地球生物学方面,人们已经认识到生命的起源、辐射、灭绝和复苏等重大生命事件的发生与地球深部过程以及受其影响的海-陆-气环境过程密切相关;但对于地质历史时期生物与环境是如何协同演化的,其具体的机制和动力学过程是什么,还知之甚少.在地质微生物与全球环境变化方面,各类地质微生物功能群不仅灵敏地响应地质环境的变化,而且通过元素循环和矿物转变对地质环境产生重要影响;但人们对不同地质微生物功能群是如何通过协同作用而改变地质环境的,还了解得很少.在极端环境地球生物学方面,人们从深海、冰川冻土、地下水、洞穴和热泉等极端环境中发现和分离出一些重要的微生物,并开展了许多生物学的研究;但真正能上升到极端环境地球生物学的研究很少,极端环境微生物的地球化学功能还远未查明.地球生物学将大大拓展生物过程研究的时空范畴,在资源领域和全球变化领域有广阔的应用前景.地球生物学需要多学科的协同研究,包括加强地质微生物的研究,加强生物地球化学循环的数据库建设和定量化模型研究,加强各类典型地质环境条件的研究,加强生物过程与物理化学过程的耦合研究. 相似文献
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地球物理信号能量(密度)多维分形及应用 总被引：1，自引：11，他引：1
地球物理信号代表的地质地球物理过程在多种尺度上和尺度之间表现为自相似性（self-affinity)或尺度无关性（Scale Invariant)，称为地球物理信号的分形性质，多个分形地球物理信号叠加在一起表现为多维分形特征，研究多维分形地球物理信号的能量或能量密度特征，可以进行时间或空间地球物理信号的校正、奇异性研究分析，或进行不同地球物理动力学过程的分解，本文描述了地球物理时间（空间）信号的多维分形过程和功率谱密度（能量密度）与波数以及重磁场能谱密度及面积（能量）与能谱密度的多维分形关系，并用地球物理测井与重磁资料作了试算。 相似文献
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Geophysical Signatures of Microbial Activity at Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites: A Review 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Microorganisms participate in a variety of geologic processes that alter the chemical and physical properties of their environment.
Understanding the geophysical signatures of microbial activity in the environment has resulted in the development of a new
sub-discipline in geophysics called “biogeophysics”. This review focuses primarily on literature pertaining to biogeophysical
signatures of sites contaminated by light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL), as these sites provide ideal laboratories for
investigating microbial-geophysical relationships. We discuss the spatial distribution and partitioning of LNAPL into different
phases because the physical, chemical, and biological alteration of LNAPL and the subsequent impact to the contaminated environment
is in large part due to its distribution. We examine the geophysical responses at contaminated sites over short time frames
of weeks to several years when the alteration of the LNAPL by microbial activity has not occurred to a significant extent,
and over the long-term of several years to decades, when significant microbial degradation of the LNAPL has occurred. A review
of the literature suggests that microbial processes profoundly alter the contaminated environment causing marked changes in
the petrophysical properties, mineralogy, solute concentration of pore fluids, and temperature. A variety of geophysical techniques
such as electrical resistivity, induced polarization, electromagnetic induction, ground penetrating radar, and self potential
are capable of defining the contaminated zones because of the new physical properties imparted by microbial processes. The
changes in the physical properties of the contaminated environment vary spatially because microbial processes are controlled
by the spatial distribution of the contaminant. Geophysical studies must consider the spatial variations in the physical properties
during survey design, data analysis, and interpretation. Geophysical data interpretation from surveys conducted at LNAPL-contaminated
sites without a microbial and geochemical context may lead to ambiguous conclusions. 相似文献
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Characterizing hydrological processes in a semiarid rangeland watershed: A hydrogeophysical approach
Austin M. Carey Ginger B. Paige Bradley J. Carr W. Steven Holbrook Scott N. Miller 《水文研究》2019,33(5):759-774
The complex ecohydrological processes of rangelands can be studied through the framework of ecological sites (ESs) or hillslope‐scale soil–vegetation complexes. High‐quality hydrologic field investigations are needed to quantitatively link ES characteristics to hydrologic function. Geophysical tools are useful in this context because they provide valuable information about the subsurface at appropriate spatial scales. We conducted 20 field experiments in which we deployed time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), variable intensity rainfall simulation, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), and seismic refraction, on hillslope plots at five different ESs within the Upper Crow Creek Watershed in south‐east Wyoming. Surface runoff was measured using a precalibrated flume. Infiltration data from the rainfall simulations, coupled with site‐specific resistivity–water content relationships and ERT datasets, were used to spatially and temporally track the progression of the wetting front. First‐order constraints on subsurface structure were made at each ES using the geophysical methods. Sites ranged from infiltrating 100% of applied rainfall to infiltrating less than 60%. Analysis of covariance results indicated significant differences in the rate of wetting front progression, ranging from 0.346 m min?1/2 for sites with a subsurface dominated by saprolitic material to 0.156 m min?1/2 for sites with a well‐developed soil profile. There was broad agreement in subsurface structure between the geophysical methods with GPR typically providing the most detail. Joint interpretation of the geophysics showed that subsurface features such as soil layer thickness and the location of subsurface obstructions such as granite corestones and material boundaries had a large effect on the rate of infiltration and subsurface flow processes. These features identified through the geophysics varied significantly by ES. By linking surface hydrologic information from the rainfall simulations with subsurface information provided by the geophysics, we can characterize the ES‐specific hydrologic response. Both surface and subsurface flow processes differed among sites and are directly linked to measured characteristics. 相似文献
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D. A. Robinson A. Binley N. Crook F. D. Day‐Lewis T. P. A. Ferré V. J. S. Grauch R. Knight M. Knoll V. Lakshmi R. Miller J. Nyquist L. Pellerin K. Singha L. Slater 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3604-3635
We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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概略介绍了国外勘查地球物理工作的现状和某些发展趋势,其中着重介绍利用地球物理方法进行区域地质调查和地壳、上地幔调查、寻找深部隐伏矿床、计算矿产储量和研究环境地质问题.还提到勘查地球物理方法技术的重大进展.在介绍现状的同时,力图指出勘查地球物理的一些新的应用领域、新的方法技术和发展思路. 相似文献
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Electrical responses of the subsurface can be used to identify geologic strata, locate anomalies, detect and delineate contamination,
among many other applications. All these applications depend on the spatial variations of electrical properties in the subsurface
and the resulting flow pattern of electric current. Due to the heterogeneity of the subsurface and complex boundary conditions,
three-dimensional electric current flow problems are not easy to analyze, in particular when the response is frequency- and/or
time-dependent. In this paper, a method of electric circuit analogy is proposed to simulate the electrical responses of geomaterials
using the circuit simulator SPICE. The technique will allow simulation of more complex electrical conduction behavior of geomaterials
without much extra effort. The excellent agreement between simulated results and analytical solutions developed for surface
geophysical techniques establishes the viability of the method. Limitations of the approach and potential solutions to relax
these limitations, and other potential applications of the technique in geosciences are also discussed. 相似文献
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Timothy C. Johnson Roelof J. Versteeg Frederick D. Day‐Lewis William Major John W. Lane Jr. 《Ground water》2015,53(6):920-932
Biostimulation is increasingly used to accelerate microbial remediation of recalcitrant groundwater contaminants. Effective application of biostimulation requires successful emplacement of amendment in the contaminant target zone. Verification of remediation performance requires postemplacement assessment and contaminant monitoring. Sampling‐based approaches are expensive and provide low‐density spatial and temporal information. Time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an effective geophysical method for determining temporal changes in subsurface electrical conductivity. Because remedial amendments and biostimulation‐related biogeochemical processes often change subsurface electrical conductivity, ERT can complement and enhance sampling‐based approaches for assessing emplacement and monitoring biostimulation‐based remediation. Field studies demonstrating the ability of time‐lapse ERT to monitor amendment emplacement and behavior were performed during a biostimulation remediation effort conducted at the Department of Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office (DRMO) Yard, in Brandywine, Maryland, United States. Geochemical fluid sampling was used to calibrate a petrophysical relation in order to predict groundwater indicators of amendment distribution. The petrophysical relations were field validated by comparing predictions to sequestered fluid sample results, thus demonstrating the potential of electrical geophysics for quantitative assessment of amendment‐related geochemical properties. Crosshole radar zero‐offset profile and borehole geophysical logging were also performed to augment the data set and validate interpretation. In addition to delineating amendment transport in the first 10 months after emplacement, the time‐lapse ERT results show later changes in bulk electrical properties interpreted as mineral precipitation. Results support the use of more cost‐effective surface‐based ERT in conjunction with limited field sampling to improve spatial and temporal monitoring of amendment emplacement and remediation performance. 相似文献
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Electrical resistivity imaging of hydrologic flow through surface coal mine valley fills with comparison to other landforms 
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下载免费PDF全文 Surface coal mining has altered land cover, near‐surface geologic structure, and hydrologic processes of large areas in central Appalachia, USA. These alterations are associated with changes in water quality such as elevated total‐dissolved solids, which is usually measured via its surrogate, specific conductance (SC). The SC of valley fill effluent streams is a function of fill construction methods, materials, and age; yet hydrologic studies that relate these variables to water quality are sparse due to the difficulty of conducting traditional hydrologic studies in mined landscapes. We used electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to visualize the subsurface geologic structure and hydrologic flow paths within a valley fill. ERI is a noninvasive geophysical technique that maps spatiotemporal changes in resistivity of the subsurface. We paired ERI with artificial rainfall experiments to track infiltrated water as it moved through the valley fill. Results indicate that ERI can be used to identify subsurface geologic structure and track advancing wetting fronts or preferential flow paths. Our results suggest that the upper portion of the fill contains significant fines, whereas the deeper profile is primarily large rocks and void spaces. Water tended to pond on the surface of compacted areas until it reached preferential flow paths, where it appeared to infiltrate quickly down to >15 m depth in 75 min. ERI applications can improve understanding of how fill construction techniques influence subsurface water movement, and in turn may aid in the development of valley fill construction methods to reduce water quality effects. 相似文献
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Electrical geophysical methods, including electrical resistivity, time‐domain induced polarization, and complex resistivity, have become commonly used to image the near subsurface. Here, we outline their utility for time‐lapse imaging of hydrological, geochemical, and biogeochemical processes, focusing on new instrumentation, processing, and analysis techniques specific to monitoring. We review data collection procedures, parameters measured, and petrophysical relationships and then outline the state of the science with respect to inversion methodologies, including coupled inversion. We conclude by highlighting recent research focused on innovative applications of time‐lapse imaging in hydrology, biology, ecology, and geochemistry, among other areas of interest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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CT技术在地球物理主要应用中分为电磁波CT和弹性波CT,基于射线追踪理论的弹性波层析成像技术是重要的工程物探方法之一,在工程质量检测、工程勘察等领域得到了广泛的应用。该研究经过实践总结了一整套较为高效的后处理流程,开发了数据预处理软件,使得后处理工作量得到降低,给其他研究人员提供一种处理思路和方法。 相似文献
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随着找矿勘探工作程度的不断深入,许多露天的和近地表的金属矿产资源已基本上被查明,在地表浅部(第一深度空间:0~500 m深度)找到大型或超大型金属矿床的难度将必越来越大,而金属矿产资源的短缺已在日益加剧.为了缓解当今的资源危机,必须进行深部找矿勘探(第二深度空间:500~2000 m深度).这是因为在地壳深部具有良好的成矿环境和找矿潜力,地球物理勘探技术的发展与成效已使得深部找矿成为可能.本文通过分析和讨论国内外典型金属矿产资源找矿过程的实践表明:地球物理勘探方法发挥着重要作用,因为它具有大探测深度、高精度和高分辨率的特点,可为深部金属矿勘查提供有效信息,是第二深度空间找矿勘探的有力手段.近年来,国内外的实践表明,深部矿产资源的地球物理勘探取得了尚在不断取得重要成效. 相似文献