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本研究提出一种计算同震垂线偏差变化的方法,给出关于四种独立震源的格林函数,并将其应用于重力卫星GRACE观测数据的解析研究.
方法:针对球形地球模型,依据目前为止作者提出的球形地球位错理论的基本研究思路,计算四种独立震源产生的位错Love数并组成相应的格林函数. 相似文献
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本文提出一种利用大地测量观测技术反演地震位错Love数及格林函数的理论和方法.首先根据地震位错理论建立理论同震变化和大地测量观测值之间的关系式;其次,以2011年Tohoku-Oki地震(M_W9.0)为例,反演体现局部构造特征的地震位错Love数和格林函数.结果表明:反演得到的位错Love数与PREM模型下的位错Love数随深度和阶数变化不同,反映出局部三维地球模型的构造差异,由此计算的同震变化跟实际大地测量观测值的吻合度提高了～60%～～80%.通过大地测量观测数据反演的地震位错Love数能体现局部地球真实的构造信息,为该地区地震研究提供更加精确的地震位错格林函数. 相似文献
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利用积分方程方法以及半空间并矢格林函数的快速算法对埋地目标体矢量电磁散射进行正演计算。首先,利用半空间电磁并矢格林函数建立起埋地目标体的体积分方程。然后通过将空间偏导转移至格林函数谱域积分的积分号之外,并采用离散复镜像方法来近似余下的零阶索末菲积分,进一步得到并矢格林函数各个分量的闭合形式。由于避免了对索末菲积分的繁琐数值计算,使得生成反应矩阵和计算散射场时由半空间并矢格林函数计算带来的瓶颈问题得到较好的克服,因而极大地提高了埋地目标体电磁响应正演计算效率,同时也能保证足够的精度。 相似文献
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地震发生时产生的同震位移、应变以及应力变化,特别是同震应力的变化,在地震触发等问题的研究中有着重要的意义.本文进一步发展了基于均匀弹性水平层状介质,利用广义反射透射系数矩阵和离散波数计算同震位移的方法,使之可以计算相应的应变、应力以及同震库仑应力变化.可适用于多种情况,接收点可以位于地表以及地表以下,震源类型可以是剪切位错源以及拉张位错源.通过与半无限介质的解析解相比较,结果一致,验证了方法的可靠性以及计算精度,可以用于计算地震之后库仑应力变化,为判断余震分布提供参考.在计算同震位移时,使用了梯形积分与Filon积分相结合的积分方式,即提高了同震位移计算的速度,又保证了计算精度,有利于反演问题研究. 相似文献
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基于黏弹性球体位错理论, 联合陆地和海底同震GPS数据以及日本本岛330个陆地GPS站点5~10年的震后数据, 反演了日本MW9.0地震的断层滑动模型, 提升了断层滑动分布在细节上的合理性。 首先, 基于日本本岛330个陆地GPS站点震前2年和震后10年的连续观测数据, 获取了日本MW9.0地震震后5~10年的年平均位移, 该时段的位移几乎完全由地幔黏弹性松弛效应引起; 接着, 利用黏弹性球体位错理论对震后5~10年的位移进行反复拟合, 确定了日本MW9.0地震震源及周边地区的地幔黏滞性系数最优解(9.0×1018 Pa·s)。 然后, 联合同震和震后位移数据, 引入黏弹性位错格林函数, 反演了2011年日本MW9.0地震的断层滑动分布。 结果表明, 该地震同震破裂的最大值达到了62.72 m, 同震滑动的总地震矩为4.48×1022 Nm, 相应的矩震级为MW9.03。 由于黏弹性松弛效应引起的震后位移中包含了同震破裂的信息, 基于黏弹性球体地震位错理论, 联合同震和震后位移数据反演断层同震破裂, 有效提高了日本MW9.0地震断层滑动分布的可靠性。 最后, 本文提出的反演方法为同震观测结果缺乏的大地震震后科考提供了理论支撑: 在大地震发生之后, 即使在同震期间没有足够的观测数据, 也可以在震后通过对震源区的加密观测积累的震后数据, 使用本文提出的反演方法优化同震断层滑动模型。 相似文献
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本文利用球体位错理论和黏弹性球体位错理论,基于USGS发布的尼泊尔地震断层滑动模型,分别计算该地震造成的同震水平和垂直位移场,两种位错理论计算结果高度吻合,且都与实测GPS同震位移在空间分布和量级上具有较好的一致性,表明了两种位错理论的可靠性和实用性.为了更好的比较和分析这两种位错模型,分别模拟尼泊尔地震同震水平和垂直位移场,两种位错模型模拟结果均验证了尼泊尔地震主要以逆冲滑动为主,该次地震造成的水平位移较大,地震造成的南北方向上的水平位移最突出,且集中在加德满都附近区域;但模拟结果也存在差异,在近场两组结果水平位移和垂直位移差异占同震信号的不足3%,在远场两组结果的水平位移差异占信号的5%～9%左右,而垂直位移差异占信号的比例普遍在10%以上,显示出地球的黏滞性对近场水平同震位移和垂直同震位移影响较小,对远场水平位移影响有限,但是对垂直位移影响较大,即表明在计算远场同震位移时应该考虑地球黏滞性的影响. 相似文献
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本文提出一个新算法,用来高精度计算三维不均匀地球模型中地震位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化.具体地说,我们首先把实际三维不均匀地球分解成球对称地球模型和对应的横向不均匀增量,分别进行计算,二者对应的计算结果分别称为球对称解和三维响应.由于球对称解可直接利用球对称地球模型位错理论计算得到,本文的目标是计算三维响应即地球的横向不均匀结构对同震重力变化的影响.然后,我们把三维响应再分为震源的响应和地球横向不均匀结构的响应,它们可分别借助对震源函数的扰动以及对平衡方程式的变分求解.本文推导出六个特殊点源位错引起的地表以及空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式(一个垂直走滑位错,两个相互垂直的倾滑位错,三个开裂位错),对这些公式进行适当组合就可以计算任意位置任意类型位错产生的同震重力变化,对应的计算公式同步给出.接着,依据36阶P波速度模型,我们利用岩石试验经验关系式推导出三维S波速度模型,密度模型,位场模型以及重力模型.最后,利用上述三维模型,本文计算出三种典型类型的点源位错产生的同震重力变化,结果显示三维响应与位错类型,震源深度都有关系,其最大响应占球对称解的0.5%左右,且在所有影响因素中S波速度模型影响最大.数值结果同时表明,三维响应中震源的响应与地球横向不均匀构造的响应处于同一量级.本文给出的地表和空间固定点同震重力变化计算公式可分别高精度解析地表重力和卫星重力观测数据(GRACE、GOCE等),提高大地测量数据理论解析水平. 相似文献
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S. M. Molodenskii M. S. Molodenskii T. A. Begitova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):648-659
Constructing detailed models for postseismic and coseismic deformations of the Earth’s surface has become particularly important because of the recently established possibility to continuously monitor the tectonic stresses in the source zones based on the data on the time variations in the tidal tilt amplitudes. Below, a new method is suggested for solving the inverse problem about the coseismic and postseismic deformations in the real non-ideally elastic, radially and horizontally heterogeneous, self-gravitating Earth with a hydrostatic distribution of the initial stresses from the satellite data on the ground surface displacements. The solution of this problem is based on decomposing the parameters determining the geometry of the fault surface and the distribution of the dislocation vector on this surface and elastic modules in the source in the orthogonal bases. The suggested approach includes four steps: 1. Calculating (by the perturbation method) the variations in Green’s function for the radial and tangential ground surface displacements with small 3D variations in the mechanical parameters and geometry of the source area (i.e., calculating the functional derivatives of the three components of Green’s function on the surface from the distributions of the elastic moduli and creep function within the volume of the source area and Burgers’ vector on the surface of the dislocations); 2. Successive orthogonalization of the functional derivatives; 3. Passing from the decompositions of the residuals between the observed and modeled surface displacements in the system of nonorthogonalized functional derivatives to their decomposition in the system of orthogonalized derivatives; finding the corrections to the distributions of the sought parameters from the coefficients of their decompositions in the orthogonalized basis; and 4. Analyzing the ambiguity of the inverse problem solution by constructing the orthogonal complement to the obtained basis. The described approach has the following advantages over the method of steepest descent which was used in our previous works: 1. Application of the perturbation method significantly reduces the volume of the computations in the real problems of coseismic and postseismic deformations (by three to four orders of magnitude when the data from a few dozens of observation points are used); 2. In contrast to the method of steepest descent, the suggested method always provides stable results. This means that adding the new satellite data does not alter the previously calculated coefficients in the low-order harmonics of the distributions of the sought parameters in the orthogonalized basis; this only changes the coefficients of the increasingly higher harmonics which determine the smallscale details in the sought distributions. 3. In contrast to the method of steepest descent, the suggested method is not only capable of constructing stable partial solutions of the inverse problem but also estimating the ambiguity of these solutions. The ambiguity is represented in terms of the superposition of the known functions contained in the orthogonal complement and, hence, with the growth of the amount of the analyzed data it is determined by the linear combination of the increasingly higher harmonics. In the second part of the paper, we present the results of the model numerical computations of Green’s function for the elastic displacements of the ground surface, which correspond to the case of the arbitrary geometry of the dislocation surface and arbitrary orientation of the dislocation vector for the real model of the radially heterogeneous gravitating Earth with the hydrostatic distribution of the initial stresses. The numerical calculations of the creep function in the upper mantle for the coseismic deformations and the ambiguity of the models of postseismic deformations in the vicinity of the source of the Great Tohoku earthquake (Japan) of March 11, 2011 are illustrated by the examples. 相似文献
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本研究通过对重力卫星GRACE观测数据的处理,采用去相关加300 km半径的高斯平滑,成功地提取了2010智利Mw8.8地震所产生的重力变化信号,最大变化幅度达到7 μGal,并且与位错理论计算结果具有较好的一致性.这是继GRACE检测出2004苏门答腊M9.3地震重力变化后的又一个卫星观测地震的例证,说明GRACE具有检测出M<9.0量级地震的能力,为利用GRACE研究地震以及其更广泛的应用提供了可靠的依据. 相似文献
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S. M. Molodenskii M. S. Molodenskii T. A. Begitova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):660-673
In the first part of the paper, a new method was developed for solving the inverse problem of coseismic and postseismic deformations in the real (imperfectly elastic, radially and horizontally heterogeneous, self-gravitating) Earth with hydrostatic initial stresses from highly accurate modern satellite data. The method is based on the decomposition of the sought parameters in the orthogonalized basis. The method was suggested for estimating the ambiguity of the solution of the inverse problem for coseismic and postseismic deformations. For obtaining this estimate, the orthogonal complement is constructed to the n-dimensional space spanned by the system of functional derivatives of the residuals in the system of n observed and model data on the coseismic and postseismic displacements at a variety of sites on the ground surface with small variations in the models. Below, we present the results of the numerical modeling of the elastic displacements of the ground surface, which were based on calculating Green’s functions of the real Earth for the plane dislocation surface and different orientations of the displacement vector as described in part I of the paper. The calculations were conducted for the model of a horizontally homogeneous but radially heterogeneous selfgravitating Earth with hydrostatic initial stresses and the mantle rheology described by the Lomnitz logarithmic creep function according to (M. Molodenskii, 2014). We compare our results with the previous numerical calculations (Okado, 1985; 1992) for the simplest model of a perfectly elastic nongravitating homogeneous Earth. It is shown that with the source depths starting from the first hundreds of kilometers and with magnitudes of about 8.0 and higher, the discrepancies significantly exceed the errors of the observations and should therefore be taken into account. We present the examples of the numerical calculations of the creep function of the crust and upper mantle for the coseismic deformations. We also demonstrate the results of estimating the ambiguity of the models of postseismic deformations in the vicinity of the source of the Great Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011, which were obtained by the method of orthogonalization described in the first part of the paper. 相似文献
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Based on the perturbation method, we present a new method to study the effects of Earth’s laterally inhomogeneous structures on coseismic gravity changes caused by dislocations within a 3-D heterogeneous spherical earth model. We describe this method by six independent dislocations: A vertical strike-slip, two vertical dip-slips perpendicular to each other, and three tensile openings on three perpendicular planes. We derived the calculation formulae for the six independent dislocations. A combination of the six independent dislocations is useful to compute the effects on coseismic gravity changes resulting from an arbitrary seismic source at an arbitrary position. 相似文献
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本文设计的地震信息服务系统,通过对地震信息、多监测台网分布、城镇空间分布和人口热力数据进行充分整合,基于可视化技术Echarts实现了国家、省、市三级地震信息活动大屏可视化、地震震情信息和历史地震统计等功能,并通过Kafka分布式数据处理技术,优化整合现有地震信息数据资源,提升信息服务实效性和可靠性;系统部署在公有云计算平台,用户无需部署系统就可获取相关数据,提供了更便捷的地震信息服务,为政府和应急管理部门提供高效、标准的地震信息服务,提升面向地震灾害的公共服务能力。 相似文献
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利用中国大陆GPS连续观测站资料, 获取了2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震造成的连续站同震位移。 计算结果表明, 位于我国东部尤其是东北地区的台站在水平方向都有明显的同震位移, 且离震中越近同震位移量越大, 其中绥阳站的水平同震位移量最大, 达到33 mm。 通过对时间序列分析发现, 有明显同震位移的连续站, 震前水平方向的运动速度都有放缓的趋势, 可能是一种形变前兆现象。 这些GPS观测到的同震位移及震前运动速度异常, 对于进一步研究前兆地壳运动、 地震动力学特征以及精化中国大陆地壳运动速度场都有重要意义。 相似文献
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基于星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术(DInSAR)和4期ENVISAT/ASAR雷达数据,获得了不同时间基线的三个同震干涉形变场和两个震后干涉形变场,并对这五个在时段上互有重叠的形变场进行了综合分析.结果表明,玉树地震同震形变场为围绕发震断层NW展布的椭圆形干涉条纹,覆盖范围约89 km×59 km.断层运动性质为左旋走滑.两盘最大视线向相对形变量至少达45 cm,最大形变出现在结古镇附近.时间基线不同的同震形变场总体上基本一致,但两盘最大相对形变量和局部形变存在差异.震后时间较长的干涉对反映的最大形变量反而减小;在震后时间较短的干涉对上于结古镇西南侧观测到的局部形变,在震后时间较长的干涉对上却没有出现.分析认为在形变量最大的结古镇附近可能出现了震后快速弹性回弹,导致随震后时间延续,形变量反而减小的现象.玉树地震震后形变主要出现在断层附近、震后不久的时段内,形变量在8 cm以下,具有与同震方向一致和相反的两种震后形变方式.在结古镇西南观测到一个与同震形变相反的局部沉降,应为震后弹性回弹.在微观震中处的断层附近观测到与同震方向一致的震后形变,可能是震后余滑.通过对地震前后不同时间基线的多个干涉对的联合对比分析,可以在一定程度上区分同震形变与震后形变,更好地研究地震引起的变形过程,特别是地震断层附近短期震后形变场的演化过程,为进一步研究断层带的岩性特征、物理力学及运动特性提供约束. 相似文献
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2004年苏门答腊大地震后,不同作者根据地震波和/或GPS观测,提出了不同的断层错动模型.在利用同震位移观测资料反演断层滑动模型时,由于使用半无限空间均匀介质模型或半无限空间分层介质模型,一般只能利用近场位移GPS观测约束,无法利用远场资料,这些模型有时差别颇大,如何区别这些模型的优劣是一个仍尚未解决的问题.本文采用等效体力有限元方法,在考虑地球球形和分层的条件下,对四个不同作者提供的2004年苏门答腊地震的断层滑动模型计算全球同震位移.由于采用了球形模型,所以不仅可以把四个模型的近场位移计算结果与GPS数据进行对比,而且可以把远场位移计算结果与GPS数据进行对比.我们发现,垂直位移对断层滑动模型的依赖性小于水平位移.四个模型计算的近场位移与GPS位移符合程度均较好,但是四个模型计算的远场位移与GPS位移符合情况有很大不同,其中Chlieh等（2007）模型在近场与远场符合程度均很好,是四个模型中最好的.另外还探讨了断层反演数据资料、断层几何模型以及地球模型对计算结果的影响.对于特大地震,全球同震位移观测与计算值吻合程度的好坏是衡量断层滑动模型的合理性的一个重要依据. 相似文献
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The 17 August 1999
zmit earthquake significantly deformed the earth's crust in the Marmara Region, especially in the Gölcük–Sapanca Zone, Turkey. It broke a 150-km long segment of the northern branch of North Anatolian Fault Zone. The geodetically determined moment magnitude was Mw=7.5. Global Positioning System (GPS) sites, which are a small subset of the Marmara Continuous GPS Network (MAGNET), and survey sites in the region were studied to estimate coseismic and postseismic deformations, using different methodologies with linear, quadratic and exponential kinematic models. Six GPS epochs for these sites, which were carried out before and after the 17 August 1999
zmit earthquake, were used to define the kinematic models. The quadratic deformation model was also applied to determine the time-dependent crustal movement parameters (velocity and acceleration) of the sites, using the Kalman filter technique. In order to show the differences between the models, the estimated deformation fields on the last epoch were compared. In all models, as expected, the faults near the sites show large coseismic displacements with fault parallel direction, whereas the far sites show small coseismic displacements due to the effects of the
zmit earthquake. Each kinematic model, fitted to the epochs after the earthquake, shows different behaviour. While the linear model shows insufficient results, the nonlinear models (quadratic and exponential) give the best fitted to the postseismic deformations. As a result of Kalman filter analysis, the fault near-sites shows significant velocities with fault parallel direction, whereas the far sites have insignificant velocities. All stations have insignificant accelerations in the last epoch. 相似文献