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滇池流域水生态功能一二级分区研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
水生态功能分区是流域水资源管理、水环境保护、水生态恢复的基础,尤其是与人类活动紧密相连而又矛盾重重的湖泊流域,其水生态功能分区是实现流域可持续发展的必要条件,而如何科学合理地对湖泊流域进行水生态功能分区,成为流域综合管理过程中亟需解决的问题.以滇池流域为例,立足于滇池流域水生态系统存在的问题,确定了流域一、二级水生态功能区的主导功能;以水文完整性为基础,分别针对一、二级分区划分子流域单元;以生态功能区划的生态系统服务功能、尺度效应、地域分异规律等相关理论为基础,识别影响滇池流域水生态功能的关键因子,构建滇池流域一、二级水生态功能区的指标体系;对多指标进行空间叠加聚类,并根据滇池流域的水量水质特征对分区边界进行微调,将滇池流域划分为5个一级区和10个二级区;同时采用着生藻、水丝蚓的生物密度对分区结果进行合理性评价;在此基础上,对水生态功能分区存在的问题进行探讨. 相似文献
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山东东昌湖生态功能区划及保护与建设 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
东昌湖生态功能保护区水、大气、土壤、噪声等都存在不同程度的污染,并以大气中TSP含量较高及东昌湖富营养化等污染较为严重.黄河水为东昌湖的主要补给水源,地方政府以发展旅游业为宗旨对东昌湖加强了建设和保护.根据该区的特点及生态功能区划的原则和方法,将本区划分为5个次级功能区,即水源涵养区、城市生态森林建设区、生态农业观光游览区、综合生态农业区及商业、居民、文教区等.本文对各个次级功能区提出了建设和保护规划,并对全区的发展提出了建议. 相似文献
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流域是自然形成的水动力系统,流域管理是以水资源为中心的科学管理管理"是用法律、规范、条例、办法等来实现的,而流域是复杂的系统,具有整体性、动态性、耗散性, 同时它是人类赖以生存的资源环境.因此流域管理就应该顺应河流流水的动态变化.长江流域的管理是一项系统工程,应坚持以综合管理为根本、以科学预测为基础、以降低熵值为目标、以环境安全为核心.即在坚持整体综合全面统筹的前提下,其治理和开发必须以科学预测为基础,尤其是洪涝灾害的治理应该有中长期的灾害预测作为启动治理工程的根据;同时管理的目标是降低系统熵值以加大系统稳定性和有序性;还有长江流域管理的核心任务是流域环境安全,以保证流域经济、社会和生态的可持续发展. 相似文献
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洞庭湖生态功能区划分与管理对策 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
生态环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础条件,保护具有重要生态服务功能地区的生态环境质量,寻求经济发展与生态环境保护协调的实施方案,是落实区域经济社会可持续发展战略的重大举措。洞庭湖位居长江中游荆江南岸,具有调节长江中游洪水、沉泄泥沙和繁衍生物多样性等的重要生态服务功能,在维系长江江湖水系和水域生态平衡方面发挥了巨大作用。本文针对洞庭湖国家级生态功能保护区建设的需要和要求,通过制定洞庭湖生态功能区划分的原则,对洞庭湖区不同区位的生态功能进行划分,并对不同分区提出了生态环境保护和恢复的对策。 相似文献
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本文首先运用频度分析法构建湖泊生态系统健康评价指标体系;其次,应用变异系数法与信息熵权法相结合的组合赋权法计算指标权重;在此基础上提出了基于生态—社会服务功能协调发展度的湖泊生态系统健康评价方法,并给出从湖泊综合发展水平和湖泊协调发展度两方面度量湖泊生态系统健康水平的等级划分标准.应用此评价方法,以白洋淀生态系统为研究对象,开展其健康状况及协调发展状况的模型实证研究.结果显示:白洋淀生态系统综合发展水平处于不健康病态萎缩状态,湖泊协调发展度属于临界协调发展.该方法综合考虑了生态完整性和社会服务功能两个方面的协调性和发展性进行湖泊健康评价,从协调、发展的角度为湖泊管理建设提供建议.同时研究表明协调发展度湖泊健康评价法具有计算简单、适用性强的特点,同样适用于其他湖泊健康评价. 相似文献
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通过航片判读,湖泊成因和流域社会经济环境的分析,利用自然地域区块为基础,应用图件叠加法,Ｑ值评价法,环境发展－治理的评价法及质聚类评价法等综合分析,将鉴湖水域划分为四个环境功能区,所划分的功能区成功地应用于鉴湖环境容量和水质规划,并被绍兴环保局在管理上推广应用。 相似文献
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博斯腾湖最低生态水位计算 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
随着城市化和工业化进程加快,无锡等太湖周边城市的土地利用方式发生了巨大变化,特别是建设用地蔓延,侵占了湖滨带生态保护区,使湖泊生态系统的功能和健康受到威胁,太湖水体污染严重.以生态-经济为导向的土地开发适宜性分区,就是通过对不同地区的土地开发方式和强度的管制,使土地利用的空间结构与健康太湖的保护目标相适应.这样的分区强调因地制宜地将评价区域划分为不同开发强度类型的地区,鼓励资源环境容量大的地区承担高强度的社会经济活动,同时限制生态敏感区域的开发强度.论文在借鉴已有区划方法的基础上,讨论了评价单元的划分、评价指标选择与处理等技术方法,并以无锡市为例,将其划分为优先开发区域、适度开发区域、控制开发区域、适度保护区域以及绝对保护区域等五大类型区,提出各类型分区管制的相应政策保障. 相似文献
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河川是一个复杂的生态系统,河川主支干道即为系统中的主要动脉,各种物质循环、能量流动、物种讯息传输,均依赖河川水系为之.但因人类迁入活动及过度利用水资源,干扰了水的自然循环,土壤与微生物的自然演化,生物的迁徙与演替平衡等.且目前河川治理大多以取水、防洪为优先,忽略了景观生态原则在河川中的作用,致使城市与水环境关系日益疏离,物种的栖息地逐渐被破坏.本研究以台湾北部淡水河流域为例,探讨河川流域中之景观生态功能,并将景观生态原则纳入流域治理的综合目标之一,研拟可持续发展的策略. 相似文献
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生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
所有地震时空、强度对人及人类破坏的复杂性可以贯穿到各个层次的生态系统中体现出来,这样地震给人类带来的空间和时间的全面灾害即可用生态系统地震灾害来进行描述。以人类为核心,按照构成生态系统的主体和环境因子的不同,可将生态系统由内向外、逐层包容地划分成社会生态系统、环境生态系统和自然生态系统三个层次类型。在社会生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用居于主导的地位,在环境生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用居于协调的位置,在自然生态系统震害中,人类的能动作用处于服从的地位。整体上来看,生态系统震害具有四个一般特征,即连发性、群发性、长程关联性和影响长期性。蕴震体及地球岩石部分本身就具有自组织、自适应和自相似即自复制类生命体特征,因而具有网络性。因而从生态系统角度研究可以发现,地震灾害与多种灾害之间构成了一个整体的联系,这就是生态系统震害的深层机制,称之为网络性机制。地震灾害的宏观过程是地震作用于人类生存的生态环境(天然生态环境和人工生态环境)从而危及人与社会并形成灾害,震害是由多种相互关联的要素所构成的复杂系统。 相似文献
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目前,我国湖泊富营养化及蓝藻水华问题十分突出,国家高度重视湖泊的生态环境保护.自“九五”以来,国家就投入太湖、巢湖、滇池“老三湖”等重污染湖泊的治理,但成本巨大,且历经近30年才初见成效.按照湖泊污染程度,湖泊治理与保护可分为“污染治理型”“防治结合型”“生态保育型”3大类.“老三湖”的治理是典型的“先污染、后治理”的模式,水质较好湖泊主要属于生态保育型湖泊,因此,“老三湖”治理模式不适用于水质较好湖泊的保护.本文系统总结了我国水质较好湖泊优先保护理念的形成和水质较好湖泊专项实施的历程.根据水质较好湖泊的特点,及其生态系统退化与修复的一般过程,提出了水质较好湖泊保护的基本思路.从热力学角度,阐明了氮磷营养盐输入湖泊生态系统中是熵增过程,也是湖泊生态系统退化的根本原因,湖泊氮磷污染负荷源头控制是关键.湖泊流域生态安全格局是确保湖泊生态系统健康的基础,从景观生态学角度,阐明了优化湖泊流域水土资源利用、优化发展模式是减轻湖泊环境压力的重要途径.在浅水湖泊生态系统,以沉水植物占优势的“清水态”和以浮游植物占优势的“浊水态”转换过程不是沿着同一条途径,存在上临界阈值和下临界阈值,水生态修复过程表现出一种迟滞的现象.从湖泊水生态系统稳态转换理论角度,阐明了湖泊生态修复工程应在湖泊生态系统发生退化转变之前实施,才能获得较高的环境效益.通过国家财政专项对81个水质较好湖泊的支持,既能促进湖泊流域经济社会发展,又能确保湖泊水环境质量变好,湖泊水生态系统逐步改善.建议加强不同类型湖泊保护模式的总结,深入对水质较好湖泊生态系统演替理论和保护技术研究,支撑国家系统开展水质较好湖泊保护. 相似文献
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水生态系统是人类赖以生存的基础,近年来气候变化和水资源开发、水体污染、过度捕捞等人类活动导致水生态系统严重受损,水生态系统的保护和修复已成为全球面临的重大挑战。科学合理的水生态评价方法是实现水生态系统稳定、健康和可持续管理的基本保障,也是目前我国各相关管理部门高度重视的关键问题,多个部门围绕水生态评价展开了积极探索与实践。本文系统回顾了水生态评价方法的发展历程并阐释了水生态评价的内涵,梳理了常用的水生态评价方法,明晰了各方法的基本理念和应用场景,分析了各方法的优点和不足,提出了基于生态完整性的水生态健康评价方法,最后对目前我国水生态评价需进一步完善的工作进行了展望。本文以期与相关领域研究者和管理者在水生态评价理论和方法方面进行探讨,为我国水生态考核工作提供理论支持。 相似文献
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Laurel Saito Bill Christian Jennifer Diffley Holly Richter Melissa M. Rohde Scott A. Morrison 《Ground water》2021,59(3):322-333
Groundwater is a critical resource not only for human communities but also for many terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic ecosystems and species. Yet groundwater planning and management decisions frequently ignore or inadequately address the needs of these natural systems. As a consequence, ecosystems dependent on groundwater have been threatened, degraded, or eliminated, especially in arid regions. There is growing acknowledgment that governmental protections for these ecological resources are necessary, but current legal, regulatory and voluntary provisions are often inadequate. Groundwater management premised on “safe yield,” which aims to balance human withdrawals with natural recharge rates, typically provides little to no consideration for water needed by ecosystems. Alternatively, the “sustainable yield” concept aims to integrate social, economic and environmental needs for groundwater, but the complexity of groundwater systems creates substantial uncertainty about the impact that current or future groundwater withdrawals will have on ecosystems. Regardless of the legal or regulatory framework, guidance is needed to help ensure environmental water needs will be met, especially in the face of pressure to increase human uses of groundwater resources. In this paper, we describe minimum provisions for planning, managing, and monitoring groundwater that collectively can lower the risk of harm to groundwater-dependent ecosystems and species, with a special emphasis on arid systems, where ecosystems and species may be especially reliant upon and sensitive to groundwater dynamics. 相似文献
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《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,(Z2)
The eddy covariance technique has emerged as an important tool to directly measure carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere after a long history of fundamental research and technological developments. With the realization of regional networks of flux measurements in North American, European, Asia, Brazil, Australia and Africa, a global-scale network of micrometeorological flux measurement (FLUXNET) was established in 1998. FLUXNET has made great progresses in investigating the environmental mechanisms controlling carbon and water cycles, quantifying spatial-temporal patterns of carbon budget and seeking the "missing carbon sink" in global terrestrial ecosystems in the past ten years. The global-scale flux measurement also built a platform for international communication in the fields of resource, ecology and environment sciences. With the continuous development of flux research, FLUXNET will introduce and explore new techniques to extend the application fields of flux measurement and to answer questions in the fields of bio-geography, eco-hydrology, meteorology, climate change, remote sensing and modeling with eddy covariance flux data. As an important part of FLUXNET, ChinaFLUX has made significant progresses in the past three years on the methodology and technique of eddy covariance flux measurement, on the responses of CO2 and H2O exchange between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere to environmental change, and on flux modeling development. Results showed that the major forests on the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) were all carbon sinks during 2003 to 2005, and the alpine meadows on the Tibet Plateau were also small carbon sinks. However, the reserved natural grassland, Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, was a carbon source. On a regional scale, temperature and precipitation are the primary climatic factors that determined the carbon balance in major terrestrial ecosystems in China. Finally, the current research emphasis and future directions of ChinaFLUX were presented. By combining flux network and terrestrial transect, ChinaFLUX will develop integrated research with multi-scale, multi-process, multi-subject observations, placing emphasis on the mechanism and coupling relationships between water, carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. 相似文献
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快速有效的生物监测指标对于评估、保护、管理和恢复淡水生态系统至关重要.传统评估方法主要利用指示生物或类群的出现率和多度信息,但是忽略了水体环境中“生物”与“生物”,以及“生物”与“环境”间相互作用的复杂关系,而这些相互作用对淡水生态系统的生物多样性、生态系统服务功能以及生态系统对环境变化的响应有着深刻影响.生物共现网络是群落水平物种互作的结构模型,通过物种在群落出现及丰度数据,描述了物种间潜在的相互作用、群落的基本结构,反映群落在生态系统的功能和结构特性.生物共现网络展示了淡水生态系统中所有生物体之间潜在的相互作用关系,其拓扑结构特性可与特定的生态系统状态相关联,能够揭示生态系统的组织规律及其功能,可作为早期的、灵敏的生物指标,是一种很有应用前景的评估淡水生态系统状态和稳定性的工具. 相似文献
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Mapping groundwater‐dependent ecosystems using remote sensing measures of vegetation and moisture dynamics 
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下载免费PDF全文 Olga V. Barron Irina Emelyanova Thomas G. Van Niel Daniel Pollock Geoff Hodgson 《水文研究》2014,28(2):372-385
Protection of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems (GDEs) is an important criterion in sustainable groundwater management, particularly when human water consumption is in competition with environmental water demands; however, the delineation of GDEs is commonly a challenging task. The Groundwater‐dependent Ecosystem Mapping (GEM) method proposed here is based on interpretation of the land surface response to the drying process derived from combined changes in two multispectral indices, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index and the Normalised Difference Wetness Index, both derived from Landsat imagery. The GEM method predicts three land cover classes used for delineation of potential GDEs: vegetation with permanent access to groundwater; vegetation with diminishing access to groundwater; and water bodies that can persist through a prolonged dry period. The method was applied to a study site in the Ellen Brook region of Western Australia, where a number of GDEs associated with localised groundwater, diffuse discharge zones, and riparian vegetation were known. The estimated accuracy of the method indicated a good agreement between the predicted and known GDEs; Producer's accuracy was calculated as up to 91% for some areas. The method is most applicable for mapping GDEs in regions with a distinct drying period. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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何为生态文明的自然本原?它就是良性的生态循环.生态文明的自然基础是一系列生态系统的良性循环——森林生态系统、草地生态系统、农业生态系统、湖泊生态系统、河流生态系统、海洋生态系统……等等,而良性循环的标志有二:1)为人类提供清洁的水源、新鲜的空气、优质的农-牧-渔产品、舒心的休闲景观等,这些是我们身心健康的前提,没有它们的支撑,人类文明的大厦将难以为继;2)为珍稀濒危以及土著物种提供良好的栖息之地,维持良好的生态平衡关系,增加生态系统对外界干扰的可塑性. 相似文献
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A New Coastal Marine Ecosystem Model Study Coupled with Hydrodynamics and Tidal Flat Ecosystem Effect 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Akio Sohma Yasuyuki Sekiguchi Hiroshi Yamada Tatsuaki Sato Kisaburo Nakata 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,43(7-12):187-208
A new coastal marine ecosystem model was developed, which was composed of pelagic and benthic ecosystems, and was applied to Mikawa Bay, Japan. This model deals with variations of biochemical and physical interactions among dissolved oxygen and C–N–P species (composition formed out of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus elements) so that it resolves the flux dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen elements. The physical and biochemical mechanism figured in this model is constructed for the purpose of simulating the estuarine lower trophic ecosystem, in areas where the sea was too deep for light to reach the sea-bottom. As a result of coupling the benthic with pelagic system, the effect of process of sedimentation and nutrient diffusion back to the pelagic system could be indicated. In addition, by implementing the tidal flat ecosystem model's calculation result, the integrated model can include the effect of water purification in tidal flats where the light can reach the sea-bottom, and where sea-weed, sea grass and benthic algae exist. In this study, the model indicates that oxygen-depleted water exists at the sea-bottom especially in summer mainly caused by an increase of oxygen consumption in the benthic system and a decrease of the vertical mixing water process. Furthermore, by comparing the case – with the tidal flat ecosystem model and the case without it, the effect of water purification of tidal flat estuaries was indicated. From the viewpoint of a short time scale, the tidal flat has the potential to restrict red tide (rapid increase of phytoplankton), and from the viewpoint of a long time scale, it restricts the sedimentation of detritus. Restricting the sedimentation prevents oxygen-depleted water occurring in the coastal marine system of Mikawa Bay. 相似文献
20.
江河源区生态系统服务价值评估初探——以江西东江源区为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用生态学、生态经济学、福利经济学方法和前人的研究成果,在研究江河源区生态系统价值评估流程和评估方法的基础上,以江西东江源区为研究案例,初步估算出东江源区生态系统服务功能经济总价值为81.0亿元,约为东江源区2004年国内生产总值(GDP)的4.11倍,单位面积生态系统服务功能价值为23121元/hm2,并对估算结果进行了分析. 相似文献