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峡谷分层型水源水库表层沉积物溶解性有机物光谱特征 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
结合三维荧光光谱技术（EEMs）与紫外吸收光谱（UV-vis），并利用平行因子分析（PARAFAC）的方法，对金盆水库表层沉积物中溶解性有机质（DOM）光谱的空间分布特征及来源进行分析，并探讨沉积物DOM的荧光组分与可溶性有机氮（SON）、可溶性无机氮（SIN）之间的相关性.结果表明，金盆水库表层沉积物DOM由3类荧光组分组成，分别是类富里酸C1（235 nm，315 nm/430 nm）、类色氨酸C2（220 nm，275 nm/330 nm）和类胡敏酸C3（265 nm/520 nm），各组分荧光强度占总荧光强度百分比的平均值分别为43.15%、31.54%和25.31%.表层沉积物DOM浓度在空间上呈现从上游到主库区先减少后增加的趋势.光谱斜率S275-295、S350-400和光谱斜率比SR反映出各采样点陆源与内源占比的差异性.荧光指数、自生源指标和腐殖化指标都表明金盆水库沉积物DOM的来源具有内源与陆源双重特征.相关性分析表明，表层沉积物DOM各组分与SON和SIN均呈显著正相关，说明DOM与氮元素的迁移转化密切相关. 相似文献
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以巢湖蓝藻水华聚集地西半湖表层沉积物与蓝藻为对象,研究了表层沉积物重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Mn)总量的分布特征.同时,利用BCR连续提取法对沉积物中重金属Cd和Mn的形态进行分析,模拟探究蓝藻腐殖化过程中重金属含量的变化,探讨了蓝藻腐殖化对重金属吸附-释放的影响.结果表明,各采样点表层沉积物重金属含量均不同程度超出背景值,且距离南淝河越近越突出.潜在迁移指数表明整个西半湖沉积物中重金属Cd比Mn更易形成二次污染.相关性分析显示重金属Cd和Mn各形态含量和总量之间均表现出极显著正相关.巢湖西半湖属于典型的藻型湖,Cd和Mn的来源和分布均与蓝藻聚集密切相关,结合实验室模拟蓝藻腐殖化过程对重金属的吸附-释放规律,认为蓝藻腐殖化过程会对Cd和Mn的迁移释放产生影响. 相似文献
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土地利用与覆被变化对巢湖湖滨带土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示湖滨带土地利用与覆被改变对土壤有机碳库及生态功能的影响,本文选取了巢湖湖滨带（北岸）9个典型样方,分析和比较了表层（0~30 cm）土壤有机碳组分特征以及相关酶的活性.结果表明,巢湖湖滨带不同采样点土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量变化范围为2.88~11.2 g/kg,平均含量为9.12 g/kg,其中原生芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤TOC含量最高（11.2 g/kg）,而芦苇群落消失后形成的荒滩土壤TOC含量最低,仅为2.88 g/kg.表征湖滨带湿地缓冲性能的土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）也以原生芦苇湿地土壤为最高,并与TOC含量呈现明显正相关.湖滨带表层土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化范围分别为150~370 mg/kg和1.7~5.2 g/kg,其变化幅度明显高于TOC,其中DOC含量各采样点差异最为显著.除多酚氧化酶外,次生水柳林（Homonoia riparia Lour.）表层土壤几种酶的活性较原生芦苇湿地土壤皆有所上升,特别是蔗糖酶活性增加幅度最为明显.受人类活动干扰较大的湖滨绿地公园和人工草滩土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶酶活性普遍显著低于原生芦苇湿地.除多酚氧化酶外,土壤中几种酶活性与土壤有机碳组分EOC和DOC含量均呈现显著的正相关,其中蔗糖酶活性与DOC含量之间相关系数最高（r=0.907）,其相关性均达到极显著水平.土壤溶解性有机碳和蔗糖酶可以作为表征因土地利用与覆被变化导致湖滨带湿地退化以及生态恢复效果的敏感性指标. 相似文献
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利用连续提取分级的方法定量分析阳宗海表层沉积物磷赋存形态,阐明了沉积物C、N、H和O组成及溶解有机质(DOM)紫外-可见光谱特征,探讨沉积物元素组成及DOM组成结构对不同形态磷含量的影响.结果表明:(1)沉积物潜在可移动磷含量在68.67~124.70 mg/kg之间变化,平均占总磷含量的9.81%,表现为BD-PNa OH-nr PNH_4Cl-P;沉积物稳定磷含量在496.73~908.28 mg/kg之间变化,平均占总磷含量的60.86%.(2)沉积物C、N含量和疏水性DOM光谱参数A_(240-400)表现出北部高、南部低的变化趋势,但H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C摩尔比和亲水性DOM光谱参数A_(240-400)变化趋势则与之恰好相反.(3)沉积物NH4Cl-P含量与C、N和H含量之间呈显著正相关,但与H/C、O/C、(N+O)/C摩尔比和亲水性DOM光谱参数E_2/E_3值之间呈显著负相关;NaOH-rP和BD-P+NaOH-rP含量均与O含量及O/H摩尔比呈显著负相关;NaOH-rP、BD-P+NaOH-rP和HCl-P均与疏水性DOM光谱参数A_(240-400)值之间呈显著正相关.因此,天然有机质元素组成及官能团结构是影响沉积物磷赋存形态的重要因素. 相似文献
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湖泊表层沉积物可溶性有机氮含量及分布特性 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
选择鄱阳湖、洞庭湖等6个湖泊的15个表层沉积物样品,用1mol/L KCl溶液提取沉积物中的可溶性有机氮(SON),并研究了SON的含量、分布状况及特性.结果表明,所研究的沉积物SON含量变异较大,在17.18-292.31mg/kg之间波动,平均为134.45 mg/kg,占可溶性总氮(TSN)的51.86%,沉积物总氮的7.14%.污染程度重的沉积物中SON含量均较污染程度轻的高,且SON含量与TN、TSN含量呈正相关,即与沉积物氮污染程度呈正相关,分布状况则与湖泊污染程度、人类活动干扰强度等紧密相关,所研究表层湖泊沉积物巾游离氨基酸(FAA)含量处于4.69-42.04mg/kg间,平均为23.27mg/kg,占SON的18.80%,TN的1.24%,FAA与SON含量呈显著正相关,在沉积物中的平均含骨及在SON中的比例均较土壤中高,说明湖泊沉积物SON有较大的易分解组分,SON与沉积物可溶忭无机氮、有机质、CEC等显著相关,因此,SON是湖泊沉积物氮的重要组成部分,对湖泊富营养化具有重要的影响,特别是对污染严重的沉积物而言,更应重视其SON在湖泊氮循环及富营养化中的作用. 相似文献
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以云南洱海罗时江河口湿地为典型对象,利用柱状底泥分层采样器采集罗时江河口湿地表层(0~10 cm)沉积物样品,研究分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)的空间分布特征,并对沉积物进行污染风险评价.结果表明:表层沉积物TP含量在0.04~1.28 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅱ区Ⅰ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ;TN含量在0.33~2.96 g/kg之间,空间分布特征为:Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ,OM含量在32.43~233.03 g/kg之间,空间分布表现为Ⅰ区Ⅱ区,水道Ⅰ水道Ⅱ.结合综合污染指数与有机指数评价法可知,罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物氮、磷污染:Ⅰ区和水道Ⅰ属于中度污染,Ⅱ区和水道Ⅱ属于轻度污染;有机污染:水道Ⅰ和水道Ⅱ属于重度污染,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区属于中度污染.罗时江河口湿地表层沉积物空间分布受外源污染物、养殖活动和湿地水生植物的影响,氮、磷外源输入以水道Ⅰ为主,有机质输入以水道Ⅱ为主. 相似文献
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富营养化湖泊的藻类残体大量沉降到湖底,其中易降解成分的降解和转化快速消耗底层水体中的溶解氧,极易造成水土界面缺氧,影响湖泊生态系统的健康.于2014年对巢湖12个样点的表层沉积物进行周年跟踪研究,分析样品中有机质来源、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质、总糖、总脂以及生物聚合物碳(BPC)等成分含量,揭示易降解有机质的成分特征及在巢湖的分布规律.研究表明:巢湖表层沉积物TOC含量较高,全湖样点平均含量达到1.24%.BPC含量占TOC含量的30.99%~60.48%,有机质中易降解成分含量较高,并且在冬季和夏季时在巢湖西北部湖区有明显累积;有机质及其中的生物易降解部分均主要集中在粒径4~8μm的表层沉积物上,在应用工程技术手段处理、降解表层沉积物中的过量有机质时,更应该关注粒径为4~8μm的沉积物颗粒. 相似文献
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水体砷污染及其健康危害已成为一个备受关注的环境问题.本研究通过测定洞庭湖主要河口区表层沉积物砷含量、河蚬砷及砷形态（亚砷酸盐As（Ⅲ）、砷酸盐As（Ⅴ）、甲基砷酸MMA、二甲基砷酸DMA和砷甜菜碱AsB）含量，对表层沉积物砷的潜在生态风险和河蚬食用健康风险进行评价.结果表明，洞庭湖主要河口区表层沉积物砷含量在11.47~61.20 mg/kg之间，其水平分布规律表现为：南洞庭湖>东洞庭湖>西洞庭湖.河蚬砷含量范围为6.36~11.15 mg/kg，各砷形态含量排序为：AsB > As（Ⅴ） > DMA > As（Ⅲ） > MMA，各样地间不存在显著性差异.应用潜在生态风险指数法对表层沉积物中砷的潜在生态风险进行评价，各样地的潜在生态风险指数均值为23.09，潜在生态风险程度属于轻微级别.同时，利用致癌风险指数（CR）和危熵系数（HQ）评价经河蚬摄入无机砷给人体带来的潜在健康风险.洞庭湖主要河口区河蚬中无机砷的致癌风险CRiAs值达到了1.36×10-3~3.43×10-3（平均值为2.24×10-3），均显著超过USEPA推荐的可接受风险水平上限值（1×10-4），其危熵系数HQiAs值达到3.01~7.61（平均值为4.98，约为标准值的5倍），说明长期食用当地河蚬具有较高的致癌和非致癌健康风险.本研究结果对于了解洞庭湖沉积物和底栖动物的砷污染现状和风险水平具有重要意义，为该流域的砷污染控制及治理提供科学依据. 相似文献
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以艾比湖流域主要入湖河流为研究对象，在5月（丰水期）和8月（枯水期）分别沿博尔塔拉河（博河）和精河进行采样，采用平行因子模型（PARAFAC）和三维荧光区域积分法对水体三维荧光特性进行研究并对其与水质的关系在枯、丰水期下的变化进行探讨.结果表明①河流DOM在枯水期与丰水期都含有C1（240、425 nm） UVC类腐殖质，C2（225、290 nm）紫外区内络氨酸类有机物，C3（230/280、330 nm）蛋白类有机物，C4（265、260 nm）腐殖质类共4种组分.通过对水体三维荧光进行区域积分可以看出DOM荧光成分的占比在不同时期的变化.博河在枯水期时EEM光谱中的区域Ⅲ富里酸含量低于丰水期，枯水期时区域Ⅱ芳香类蛋白质、区域Ⅳ可溶性微生物代谢物以及区域Ⅴ类腐殖质酸高于丰水期；对于精河来说，区域Ⅱ芳香类蛋白质和区域Ⅳ可溶性微生物代谢物在枯水期的含量高于丰水期，区域Ⅲ富里酸和区域Ⅴ类腐殖质酸的含量枯水期低于丰水期，这表明水体腐质化程度较高.②本研究选取了一些常规的荧光指数来描述枯、丰水期水体的荧光指数特性.经研究发现，精河的荧光指数、自生源指数和腐殖化指数在不同时期的变化幅度较小，而博河的变化幅度较大.③将荧光指数与水质参数进行相关性分析并建模，结果表明枯水期自生源指数（BIX）与化学需氧量呈显著正相关，相关系数R=0.688；丰水期时BIX与铵态氮浓度呈显著负相关，相关系数R=-0.493.通过对比分析艾比湖主要入湖河流的三维荧光光谱特性与水质在枯、丰水期时的关系进一步表明水体中DOM的特性以及在枯、丰水期下的差异，为艾比湖流域的治理改善提供一定的理论支持和参考依据. 相似文献
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Abstract Various siliceous rocks are found in the Ohdoji, Akaishi and Maido Formations from the western Aomori basin, and the Yotsuzawa and Wadagawa Formations from the eastern Aomori basin of northern Honshu, Japan. These rocks are classified into diatomite, siliceous shale and chert.
Diatomite is composed of abundant amorphous silica and has porosity between 50 and 65%. Siliceous shale is composed of a large amount of quartz, and has porosity ranging from 25 to 35%. Chert is chiefly composed of cristobalite or quartz, and has porosity between 20 to 30%.
Average contents of total organic carbon, S1 and S2 generally increase from argillaceous rocks → diatomites → siliceous shales → cherts. Maturation of organic matter in these rocks is generally lower than that in average source rocks. Diatoms, which appeared in the late Cretaceous and became increasingly important in the Miocene, are the principal primary producers of organic matter in the marine environment during the Cenozoic. Excellent organic components and higher biological productivity show that diatoms might be the most important source of petroleum during the Neogene in Japan.
Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in diatoms have been transformed into fulvic acids, humic acids and humin by polycondensation and polymerization. Later, these humin materials could be changed into insoluble kerogen under the effect of mild temperature and pressure. A part of the lipids would transform to geochemical fossils (biomarkers). Amorphous silica in cells of diatoms would change to low-cristobalite and low-quartz by the increase of geothermal temperature. 相似文献
Diatomite is composed of abundant amorphous silica and has porosity between 50 and 65%. Siliceous shale is composed of a large amount of quartz, and has porosity ranging from 25 to 35%. Chert is chiefly composed of cristobalite or quartz, and has porosity between 20 to 30%.
Average contents of total organic carbon, S
Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in diatoms have been transformed into fulvic acids, humic acids and humin by polycondensation and polymerization. Later, these humin materials could be changed into insoluble kerogen under the effect of mild temperature and pressure. A part of the lipids would transform to geochemical fossils (biomarkers). Amorphous silica in cells of diatoms would change to low-cristobalite and low-quartz by the increase of geothermal temperature. 相似文献
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Nikolaus J. Kuhn 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(5):794-802
The enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is well documented; however, the respective roles of soil organic matter (SOM) and interrill erosion processes for the enrichment are unclear. In this study, organic matter content of sediment generated on two silts with almost identical textures, but different organic matter contents and aggregations, was tested. Artificial rainfall was applied to the soils in wet, dry and crusted initial conditions to determine the effects of soil moisture and rainfall and drying history on organic matter enrichment in interrill sediment. While erosional response of the soils varied significantly, organic matter enrichment of sediment was not sensitive to initial soil conditions. However, enrichment was higher on the silt with a lower organic matter content and lower interrill erodibility. The results show that enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is not directly related to either SOM content or soil interrill erodibility, but is dominated by interrill erosion processes. As a consequence of the complex interaction between soil, organic matter and interrill erosion processes, erodibility of organic matter should be treated as a separate variable in erosion models. Further research on aggregate breakdown, in particular the content and fate of the organic matter in the soil fragments, is required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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洱海沉积物有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)三维荧光空间分布特性及指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用荧光光谱区域体积积分法定量研究洱海沉积物有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）三维荧光空间分布特性，结果表明，洱海沉积物CDOM中类腐殖酸组分占比最高（44.5%~74.2%），其次为溶解性微生物代谢产物（10.7%~20.4%）和类富里酸物质（8.19%~19.7%），而类蛋白组分占比最低，类腐殖酸占比与H/C和N/C均呈显著负相关；南部湖心平台区域沉积物类富里酸和类蛋白组分占比较高，其CDOM自生源占比较高；北部水生植物分布区溶解性微生物代谢产物占比较高，CDOM陆源性较强；中部深水区及南北湖湾区域类腐殖酸占比较高，随水深增加沉积物CDOM自生源特征增强.随沉积物深度增加类腐殖酸和溶解性微生物代谢产物占比呈下降趋势，类富里酸占比呈上升趋势，CDOM自生源特征增强，脂肪化程度增高.随湖泊富营养化程度增加沉积物CDOM受微生物代谢产物影响增强，陆源性增加，而自生源性降低，湖泊沉积物CDOM具有富营养化指示意义. 相似文献
14.
以艾比湖主要入湖河流——精河与博尔塔拉河为研究对象,分别分析了精河与博尔塔拉河的水体溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成结构及水质参数与荧光指数的关系.利用平行因子分析法对三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析发现,精河与博尔塔拉河均含有C1(260/420 nm)腐殖酸等有机质、C2(240,240/490 nm)UVC类腐殖质、C3(220/280,300/450 nm)蛋白质类有机质和C4(260,270/530 nm)类腐殖质,且不同荧光组分结构具有一定差异性.为了进一步了解DOM组分特征,采用三维荧光区域积分法分析各区域标准体积百分比,结果表明精河与博尔塔拉河EEM的区域Ⅰ与区域Ⅱ蛋白质有机质含量最高,区域Ⅲ富里酸含量最低.相关性分析表明,主要入湖河流的水质参数与荧光指数中,自生源指数(BIX)与总氮(TN)浓度以及腐殖化指数(HIX)与铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度的相关性较强,相关系数分别为0.831和0.684,且具有显著性;HIX与TN浓度的相关系数为0.604,达到显著性水平.进而对相关性较强的水质参数与荧光指数进行3次拟合,其中HIX与NH_4~+-N浓度的拟合效果最好,相关性系数为0.908,其次是BIX与TN浓度,相关性系数为0.844.总之,通过分析精河与博尔塔拉河三维荧光特征,以及探讨荧光指数与水质参数的关系,可为治理干旱区水环境问题提供理论依据和参考. 相似文献
15.
Attributing the start of peat growth to an absolute timescale requires dating the bottom of peat deposits overlying mineral sediment, often called the basal peat. Peat initiation is reflected in the stratigraphy as a gradual transition from mineral sediment to increasingly organic material, up to where it is called peat. So far, varying criteria have been used to define basal peat, resulting in divergent approaches to date peat initiation. The lack of a universally applicable and quantitative definition, combined with multiple concerns that have been raised previously regarding the radiocarbon dating of peat, may result in apparent ages that are either too old or too young for the timing of peat initiation. Here, we aim to formulate updated recommendations for dating peat initiation. We provide a conceptual framework that supports the use of the organic matter (OM) gradient for a quantitative and reproducible definition of the mineral-to-peat transition (i.e., the stratigraphical range reflecting the timespan of the peat initiation process) and the layer defined as basal peat (i.e., the stratigraphical layer that is defined as the bottom of a peat deposit). Selection of dating samples is often challenging due to poor preservation of plant macrofossils in basal peat, and the representativity of humic and humin dates for the age of basal peat is uncertain. We therefore analyse the mineral-to-peat transition based on three highly detailed sequences of radiocarbon dates, including dates of plant macrofossils and the humic and humin fractions obtained from bulk samples. Our case study peatland in the Netherlands currently harbours a bog vegetation, but biostratigraphical analyses show that during peat initiation the vegetation was mesotrophic. Results show that plant macrofossils provide the most accurate age in the mineral-to-peat transition and are therefore recommendable to use for 14C dating basal peat. If these are unattainable, the humic fraction provides the best alternative and is interpreted as a terminus-ante-quem for peat initiation. The potential large age difference between dates of plant macrofossils and humic or humin dates (up to ∼1700 years between macrofossil and humic ages, and with even larger differences for humins) suggests that studies reusing existing bulk dates of basal peat should take great care in data interpretation. The potentially long timespan of the peat initiation process (with medians of ∼1000, ∼1300 and ∼1500 years within our case study peatland) demonstrates that choices regarding sampling size and resolution need to be well substantiated. We summarise our findings as a set of recommendations for dating basal peats, and advocate the widespread use of OM determination to obtain a low-cost, quantitative and reproducible definition of basal peat that eases intercomparison of studies. 相似文献
16.
After an explanation of the complex composition of the system of humic substances, some gravel deposits are described from whose open-pit boundaries there were taken water samples, their content of components of humic matter having been determined. Since spectroscopic analysis techniques yield spectra which are difficult to analyse and have a relatively low detection sensitivity, an indirect polarographic method was applied by which water-soluble humic substances can be determined very selectively down to a lower limit of 5 μg/1. Thus, enrichment in water or in adsorbing columns is not required. From the results found there are derived several statements concerning the occurrence of humic substances and fulvic acids in waters and conclusions about the possible influence on the hardening of concrete are given. 相似文献
17.
Several analytical techniques have been studied for the analysis and characterization of humic and fulvic compounds of freshwaters.
DOC analysis, thermogravimetry, UV absorbance, fluorescence, cascade ultrafiltration, freezing concentration techniques are
particularly discussed. The effects of several important factors, e.g. nature and concentration of organic matters, pH, and
concentrations of several important factors, e.g. nature and concentration of organic matters, pH, and concentrations of inorganic
constituents (particularly Fe(III), Si(IV), Ca(II), HCO
3
−
) on the analytical results, were studied.
Determination of A/DOC, F/DOC and fractionation by cascade ultrafiltration were found to be useful means to characterize the
nature of organic matter. But it must be noted that the results of these techniques can be strongly affected by the concentration
of fulvic compounds. Adsorption on freshly precipitated CaCO3 could be one of the important processes of elimination of organic matter. 相似文献
18.
Stefania Mazzuoli Steven Loiselle Vincent Hull Luca Bracchini Claudio Rossi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2003,31(6):461-468
The spatial and temporal distribution of humic substances in aquatic ecosystems can have important effects on ecosystem productivity, negatively impacting primary productivity while positively impacting secondary productivity. In the present investigation, a large shallow lake ecosystem was studied to determine the spatial and seasonal variation of the composition and concentration of humic substances. Concentrations of total dissolved organic matter, humic acid, and fulvic acid were found to display significant spatial distributions (1.3…13.5 mg/L, DOM; 0.1…5.4 mg/L, HA). The distribution is described by using mapping techniques and the analysis of the spatial distribution of the lake. An analysis of the seasonal variations also indicated the dependence of the occurrence of these compounds on meteorological and hydrological conditions. To identify the potential sources of these organic materials, an analysis was made of the ratio of humic and fulvic acid fractions and total DOM. It was found that areas of high DOM concentration coincided with the areas of highest HA percentage of total DOM. Furthermore using the ratio of the normalised concentrations of HA, FA, and residual DOM (< 5000 g/mol) it was found that areas dominated by each are spatially distinct. This confirms the hypothesis that in these shallow lakes, photodegradation and bacterioplankton activity will create a residence time dependent zonation of each component of the total DOM. 相似文献
19.
恢复沉水植被是湖泊生态修复工程中的关键环节，明确沉水植物生长和锚定的环境条件是恢复沉水植被的重要前提。本研究以湖泊生态修复常用的沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）为例，结合文献分析、控制实验和野外调查3种方法研究了其生长和锚定的沉积物条件需求。结果表明，黑藻在沉积物有机质含量为0.16%～38.36%、密度为1.08～2.06g/cm3、含水率为19.80%～78.14%的范围内能正常生长，在沉积物有机质含量为0.64%～21.84%、密度为1.09～2.06 g/cm3、含水率为25.32%～72.06%的范围内适宜生长；在沉积物有机质含量为0.29%～18.30%、密度为1.16～2.06 g/cm3、含水率为19.80%～72.17%的范围内，黑藻植株能够稳定定植。本研究结果可为恢复黑藻提供初步的边界条件数据，也可为其它生态修复常用沉水植物的类似研究提供方法上的借鉴。 相似文献